ENI - Drilling Fluids Operations Manual

ARPO ORGANISING TYPE OF ISSUING DOC. REFER TO PAGE.
1
ENI S.p.A. DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY' DEPT. TYPE SECTION N.
Agip Division OF 155

STAP P 1 M 6160
TITLE
DRILLING FLUIDS OPERATIONS MANUAL
DISTRIBUTION LIST
Eni - Agip Division Italian Districts

Eni - Agip Division Affiliated Companies
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Drilling & Completion Units
STAP Archive
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Subsurface Geology Units
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Reservoir Units
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Coordination Units for Italian Activities
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Coordination Units for Foreign Activities
NOTE: The present document is available in Eni Agip Intranet (http://wwwarpo.in.agip.it) and a
CD-Rom version can also be distributed (requests will be addressed to STAP Dept. in
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter)
Date of issue: 28/06/99
f
e
d
c
b Issued by G. Ferrari C. Lanzetta A. Galletta
28/06/99 28/06/99 28/06/99
REVISIONS PREP'D CHK'D APPR'D
The present document is CONFIDENTIAL and it is property of AGIP It shall not be shown to third parties nor shall it be used for
reasons different from those owing to which it was given
ARPO IDENTIFICATION CODE PAGE 2 OF 155
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division REVISION
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INDEX
1. MANUAL USER’S GUIDE 5

1.1 INTRODUCTION 5
1.2 GUIDE TO USING THE MANUAL 6
1.3 UPDATING, AMENDMENT, CONTROL & DEROGATION 8
2. GUIDE TO DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMMING 9

2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMME 10
2.2 CHOICE OF DRILLING FLUIDS 11
2.2.1 Non-Circulating, Start-Up Drilling Fluids 11
2.2.2 Circulating, Start-Up Drilling Fluids 11
2
2.2.3 Drilling Formations With Gradients Less Than 1.0kg/cm /10m 11
2.2.4 Drilling Fluids For Non-Reactive Formations 11
2.2.5 Drilling Fluids For Reactive Formations 12
o
2.2.6 Drilling Fluids For Temperatures Greater Than 200 C 12
2.2.7 Inhibitive And/Or Environmentally Friendly Speciality Fluids 13
2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLUID SYSTEM 14
2.4 EXAMPLES OF DRILLING FLUID CHOICE 16
2.4.1 Concomitant Problems 16
2.4.2 Type Of Drilling Fluid Preferred 16
2.5 CHOICE OF THE FLUID SYSTEM (Dependent On Its Main Variables) 16
2.6 DRILLING FLUID CHARACTERISTIC PROGRAMMING 17
2.7 WATER-BASED FLUIDS 18
2.7.1 Optimum Values Of Marsh Viscosity, Solids And Gel 18
2.7.2 Optimum Values Of Plastic Viscosity And Yeld Point 19
3. FLUID CHARACTERISTICS 20
3.1 NON-INHIBITIVE WATER BASED FLUIDS 20
3.2 INHIBITED WATER-BASE FLUIDS 37
3.3 OIL BASED FLUID 50
3.4 INHIBITED AND/OR ENVIRONMENTAL FLUIDS 55
4. FLUID MAINTENANCE 72
4.1 WATER BASED FLUIDS MAINTENANCE 73
4.1.1 Analysing Flow Chart For Water Based Fluid Reports 73
4.1.2 Maintenance Problems 74
4.1.3 Chemical Treatment of Contaminents 77
4.1.4 H2S Scavengers 78
4.1.5 Poylmer Structures/Relationship 79
4.2 OIL BASED FLUIDS MAINTENANCE 80
4.2.1 Analysing Flow Chart For Oil Based Fluid Reports 80
4.2.2 Maintenance Problems 81
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5. SOLIDS CONTROL 84
5.1 SOLIDS REMOVAL EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS 84
5.2 STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOLIDS 84
5.3 EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE 84
5.4 EQUIPMENT RECOMENDATIONS 85
5.4.1 Double Shale Shakers 86
5.4.2 Single Deck Shale Shakers 87
5.5 SCREEN SPECIFICATION 88
5.5.1 Nomenclature 88
5.6 CYCLONE SYSTEMS 89
5.7 CENTRIFUGE SYSTEMS 90
5.7.1 PrInciple Of Operation 90
5.7.2 Centrifuge Processing 91
6. TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE 92
6.1 LOST CIRCULATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES 93
6.2 LOSSES IN VARIOUS FORMATION TYPES 94
6.3 CHOICE OF LCM SPOT PILLS 94
6.3.1 LCM Information 95
6.3.2 LCM Efficiency 95
6.4 TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE 96
6.4.1 Loss Of Circulation With Water Based Fluids 96
6.4.2 Loss Of Circulation With Oil Based Fluids 98
7. STUCK PIPE TREATMENT/PREVENTITIVE ACTIONS 101

7.1 STUCK PIPE TREATMENT/PREVENTION 102
8. DRILLING FLUID TRADEMARK COMPARISONS 105

8.1 DRILLING FLUID PRODUCT TRADEMARKS 106
8.1.1 Weighting Materials 106
8.1.2 Viscosifiers 106
8.1.3 Thinners 106
8.1.4 Filtrate Reducers 107
8.1.5 Lubricants 107
8.1.6 Detergents/Emulsifiers/Surfactants 107
8.1.7 Stuckpipe Surfactants 108
8.1.8 Borehole Wall Coaters 108
8.1.9 Defoamers/Foamers 108
8.1.10 Corrosion Inhibitors 108
8.1.11 Bactericides 109
8.1.12 Lost Control Materials 109
8.1.13 Chemical Products 109
8.1.14 Oil Based Fluid Products 110
8.1.15 Base Liquids And Corrections 112
9. DRILLING FLUIDS APPLICATION GUIDE 113

9.1 APPLICATIONS GUIDE 114
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10. DRILLING FLUID ANALYSIS 132

10.1 DRILLING FLUIDS 133
10.1.1 Density (Fluid Weight) 133
10.1.2 Marsh Viscosity 133
10.1.3 Viscosity, Yield Point, Gel Strength 134
10.1.4 API Filtrate 135
10.1.5 HPHT Filtrate 136
10.1.6 Oil, Water, Solids Measurement 137
10.2 WATER-BASED FLUIDS 138
10.2.1 Sand Content Estimate 138
10.2.2 pH Measurment 139
10.2.3 Methylene Blue Capacity Determination 140
10.2.4 Chloride Content Determination 141
10.2.5 Calcium Hardness Determination 142
10.2.6 Calcium And Magnesium Determination 143
10.2.7 Alcalinity, Excess Lime, Pf, Mf, Pm Measurment 144
10.2.8 Excess Gypsum Measurment 145
10.2.9 Semiquantitative Determination Of Sulphurs (Hatch Test) 146
10.2.10 Fluid Corrosivity Analysis 147
10.3 OIL BASED FLUIDS 148
10.3.1 Electrical Stability Determination 148
10.3.2 Fluid Alkalinity Determination 149
10.3.3 Fluid Chloride Determination 150
10.3.4 Calcium Determination 151
APPENDIX A - DRILLING FLUID CODING SYSTEM 152

A.1. CODE GROUPS 152
A.2. EXAMPLE CODING 153
APPENDIX B - ABBREVIATIONS 154

B.1. FLUID CODE ABBREVIATIONS 154
B.2. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS 155
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1. MANUAL USER’S GUIDE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This manual is not a training document, but is intended to be instructional and aimed at
engineers and technicians who are already familiar with drilling fluid technology. It is
particularly intended to meet with Eni-Agip’s operational requirements.
This manual addresses the Company’s fluid operators, drilling engineers and all those
involved in the supervision of the work carried out by contractor companies and in the
planning or evaluation of the drilling fluids to be employed. However, it does not aim to be
a comprehensive all encompassing document giving information on the entire subject, but
aims to provide sufficient information to support the company’s technicians in better use
of fluid technology.
Therefore, this manual does not instruct on how to prepare or maintain drilling fluids, but
only to aid in these tasks by providing the information needed to evaluate the advantages
and limitations of the various fluid systems, hence maximising drilling performance,
reducing reservoir damage in an environmentally friendly and cost effective manner.
This document does not describe the decision making process but summarises it through
the use of flow charts and forms, organised in a logical sequence. The reader may select
a single form or use the entire sequence in order to determine the best solution to their
requirements. The method adopted herein, will be explained in the following ‘Guide to
Using the Manual’. This document does not include standard industry calculations or
charts relating to volumes and capacities or information relating to drilling fluids which are
available in industry handbooks.
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1.2 GUIDE TO USING THE MANUAL

This manual aims to:
1) Help in the choice of the most applicable drilling fluids necessary to meet with
requirements for a well in a targeted area (Refer to section 2) and specifically it’s
sub-sections relating to the different types of drilling fluids available. The flowchart
below shows the selection process to be followed.
GATHER
INFORMATION AS PER THE FLOW

CHART IN SECTION 2.1
IDENTIFY
THE TYPE(S) OF FLUID AS PER THE

CHARTS IN SECTION 2.2
VERIFY
THE FEASIBLE CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE SYSTEM IN SECTION 2.3
CHECK
THE CHOICE MADE FROM THE

DESCRIPTION OF FLUIDS IN SECTIONS
3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4
DEFINE
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS AS THE

PER CHARTS IN SECTIONS 2.6, 2.7
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2) Provide practical guidelines for:

• Drilling fluid formulations:
These are described in sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and relate to the description of
those drilling fluids which are considered the most applicable and economic for
use in various operating conditions. Particular operating conditions may entail
modification to these fluid formulations, hence their characteristics, specifically
the densities.
• Fluid Maintenance:
This references the most important aspects of the specific fluid systems
described and not any procedures relating to general maintenance common to
all fluid systems.
• Contaminating Effects to Drilling Fluids:
Other information on contanminants can be found in sections 4.1 ‘Maintenance
of Water Based Fluids’ and 4.2 ‘Maintenance of Oil Based Fluids’.
• Analysis of Daily Fluid Reports:
Use the flow charts relating to the fluids described in sections 4.1.1 and 4.1.2
where drilling fluid maintenance problems are identified. These charts follow the
general rules in problem solving summarised as follows in the analysis of daily
fluid reports.
IS THERE A PROBLEM ?
YES/NO
IF YES, WHAT IS THE PROBLEM ?
ANSWER
WHAT HAS BEEN DONE TO SOLVE IT ?
EVALUATE
WHAT ELSE CAN BE MADE TO SOLVE IT

WHICH HAS NOT BEEN MADE YET ?
TAKE ACTION
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3) Provide information about solids removal equipment, which may aid in the choice of
equipment type and the size. The solids removal equipment in the description of the
fluid systems provides equipment recommend nations, see section 5.
4) Describe problems relating to lost circulation and stuck pipe, section 6. Regarding
lost circulation, a troubleshooting guide describes remedial actions for various types
of losses, in addition to some information concerning lost control materials. For
stuck pipe, recommendations on preventive measures are included and treatment to
be undertaken.
5) Provide information about drilling fluid products, section 8.1 ‘Comparable Charts of
Competitive Drilling Fluid Product Trademark’ compares similar products and their
functional performances and consequently the various products, at different
concentrations. This indicates the different product concentrations and costs.
Therefore technical and/or economical analysis of these different products should
be carried out the concentrations necessary in similar operational conditions and
results.
6) Provide analysis procedures in section 10 ‘Drilling Fluid Analysis’ provides analysis
procedures which complies with API RP 13B-1 regulations dated June 1, 1990. The
procedures with state listed on order to simplify the execution of various analysis
showing the results achieved the conversion factors.
1.3 UPDATING, AMENDMENT, CONTROL & DEROGATION

This manual is a ‘live’ controlled document and, as such, it will only be amended and
improved by the Corporate Company, in accordance with the development of Eni-Agip
Division and Affiliates operational experience. Accordingly, it will be the responsibility of
everyone concerned in the use and application of this manual to review the policies and
related procedures on an ongoing basis.
Locally dictated derogations from the manual shall be approved solely in writing by the
Manager of the local Drilling and Completion Department (D&C Dept.) after the
District/Affiliate Manager and the Corporate Drilling & Completion Standards Department
in Eni-Agip Division Head Office have been advised in writing.
The Corporate Drilling & Completion Standards Department will consider such approved
derogations for future amendments and improvements of the manual, when the updating
of the document will be advisable.
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2. GUIDE TO DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMMING
This section is integrated with the following sub sections and covers all the various types
of drilling fluids.
GATHER
INFORMATION AS PER FLOW CHART

SECTION
IDENTIFY
THE TYPE(S) OF FLUID AS PER CHARTS

AT SECTION
VERIFY
THE FEASIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE SYSTEM AT SECTION
CHECK
THE CHOICE MADE FROM THE

DESCRIPTION OF FLUIDS IN DOCUMENTS
DEFINE
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS AS

PER CHARTS
The Eni-Agip codes are fully described in Appendix A.

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2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMME
GEOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIROMENTAL

INFORMATION LOCATION PROTECTION
DEPH
LITHOLOGY ON/OFF SHORE
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MINERALOHY
LEGISLATION
WASTE REMOVAL MODALITES
DRILLING PROGRAMME
GRADIENT
DRILL TUBING PROFILES
DEVIATION PROGRAM
HYDRAULIC PROGRAM WASTE REMOVAL COSTS
LENGTH
TARGET WELL TYPE OF PLANT

DATA
LOGISTICS
TYPE OF WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
REQUIRED
PHYSICAL CHAR.
SOLIDS REMOVAL EQUIPMENT
MIXING FACILITIES
CHARACTERISTICS STORING AREAS
REQUIRED SUPPLY
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
LAB TESTING
INTERACTIONS
FORMATION/FLUID
TYPE(S) OF FLUID
FLOW LINES:
MAIN DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMME

IF REQUIRED AND/OR
AVAILABLE
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2.2 CHOICE OF DRILLING FLUIDS

2.2.1 Non-Circulating, Start-Up Drilling Fluids
Systems Agip Code AVA Bariod Dowell MI BH Inteq
AVA Spud
Fresh Water FW-GE- FW+Gel Pills FW+Gel Pills FW+Gel Pills FW+Gel Pills
Mud
LI+FW
SW Spud SW+H.VIS SW+H.VIS SW+H.VIS
Seawater FW-GE+SW SW+H.VIS
Mud Pills Pills Pills
Pills
SW-GG AVAGUM LO-LOSS SM(X) LO-LOSS LO-LOSS
2.2.2 Circulating, Start-Up Drilling Fluids

Fresh Water FW-GE AVAGEL Spud Mud Spud Mud Spud Mud Spud Mud
Prehydrated Prehydrated Prehydrated Prehydrated
Seawater SW-GE AVAGEL
Gel Gel Gel Gel
2.2.3 Drilling Formations With Gradients Less Than 1.0kg/cm2/10m

Aerated FW/SW-AT
Foam Base FW-SF
Mixed AR-MM
Air/Foam-
AR-SF
Base
Air-Base AR-AR
2.2.4 Drilling Fluids For Non-Reactive Formations

2
With Gradient Between 1.03 - 1.5kg/cm /10m
Bentonite- FW/SW- AVAGEL-
Gel/Polymer Gel/Polymer Gel/Polymer Gel/Polymer
Base GE-PO POL
FW/SW-LS AVAFLUID Q-BROXIN FCL Muds Spersene UNI-CAL
GELEX Low-Solid/
FW-LW AVABEX X-TEND II
Systems BENEX
2
With Gradient > 1.5kg/ cm /10m
Bentonite- AVA Q-Broxin Spersene /XP- UNICAL/
FW/SW-LS- FCL/CL
Base Fluid/LIG /CC16 20 LIGCO
CL
FW/SW-TA Desco Desco Desco Desco Desco
o
With Gradient >1.5 High Temperature (+/- 150-200 C)
Bentonite- FW/SW- OC16/DUREN FCL/CL/HI- SPER/XP20/R LIGCO/CHEM
AVAREX
Base CL-RX TEMP ESINEX TRO-X
FW/SW- +POLICELL +THERMA- +PYROTROL
+POLYTEMP +POLY RX
CL-PC ACR CHECK
Oil-Base DS-IE AVOIL Invermul Interdril Versadril Carbodril
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2.2.5 Drilling Fluids For Reactive Formations

Systems Agip Code AVA Bariod Dowell MI BH Inteq
2
With Gradient Between 1.03 - 1.5kg/cm /10m
Encapsulators FW-PK
PAC Polymer FLR Polymer Polypac Muds MIL-PAC
FW/SW-PA AVAPAC
Muds Muds
FW/SW-PC Polivis EZMUD ID-Bond Polyplus New-Drill
Inhibitors POT Chloride
FW/SW-KC AVA-PC K Chloride K Chloride K Chloride
FW/SW-BR
Salt Saturated Salt Saturated Salt Saturated Salt Saturated
FW/SW-SS AVA-Polysalt
FW/SW-MR
AVAKLM KLM KLM KLM KLM
FW/SW-GY AVAFLUID/G GYP/Q- Gypsum Mud GYP/SPERSE Gypsum Mud
YPS BROXIN NE
AVAFLUID
FW/SW-LI Lime Muds Lime Muds Lime Muds Lime Muds
/LIME
Oil-Base DS-IE AVOIL Invermul Interdril Versadril Carbodrill
2
With Gradient >1.5kg/cm /10m
Encapsulators FW/SW-PC
POLVIS EZ-Mud ID-Bond Polyplus New-Drill
Inhibitors FW/SW-KB-
K/POLIVIS K/EZ-MUD K/ID-Bond K/ Polyplus K/ New-Drill
PC
FW/SW-MR
AVAKLM KLM KLM KLM KLM
AVAPOLYSA Salt Saturated Salt Saturated Salt Saturated Salt Saturated
FW/SW-SS
LT
FW/SW-GY AVAFLUID/G GYP/Q Gypsum Mud Gyp/Spersene Gypsum Mud
YS BROXIN
FW/SW-LI AVAFLUID
Lime Muds Lime Muds Lime Muds Lime Muds
/LIME
Oil-Base DS-IE AVOIL Invermul Interdril Versadril Carbotec
o )
With Gradient >1.5 And High Temperature (150-200 C
2.2.6 Drilling Fluids For Temperatures Greater Than 200oC

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2.2.7 Inhibitive And/Or Environmentally Friendly Speciality Fluids

Systems Agip Code AVA Baroid Dowell Mi B.H.Inteq
2
Formations With Gradient Between 1.03 - 1.5kg/cm /10m
Inhibitors FW/SW-K2 AVA-PC2 K Carbonate K Carbonate K Carbonate K Carbonate
FW/SW-KA AVA-PA K Acetate K Acetate K Acetate K Acetate
FW/SW-GL HF 100 Sansoil Biodrill
FW/SW-CT AVA-CAT CAT I M CAT
Oil-Base LT-IE AVOIL-LT Enviromul Interdril Nt Versaclean Carbodril Sea
LT-IE-50 Baroid 50/50 Interdril 50/50 Carb.Sea
50/50
EB-IE Petrofree
OF-IE Novadriill
UT-IE Ultidrill
2
Formations With Gradient>1.5kg/cm /10m
Oil-Base LT-IE AVOIL-LT Enviromul Interdrill Nt Versaclean Carbotec Sea
OF-IE Novadrill
UT-IE Ultidrill
o
Formations With Gradient>1.5 AND HIGH TEMPERATURE (150-200 C)
Oil-Base LT-IE AVOIL-LT Enviromul Interdrill Nt Versaclean Carbodril Sea
OF-IE Novadrill
UT-IE Ultidrill
o
Drilling Fluids For Temperature More Than 200 C
Bentonite- FW/SW-HT-GE AVAGEL- Duratherm Pyro-Drill
Base TERM
Polymer-Base FW/SW-HT AVATEX Thermadril Polytemp Envirotherm Pyro-Drill
Oil-Base LT-IE AVOIL-LT Enviromul Interdril Nt Versaclean Carbotec Sea
2.3
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLUID SYSTEM
refers to the equipment recommended in section 5.
The level of solids removal equipment as indicated in the ‘Description of Fluid Systems’
BASE FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM ENV.
Agip Division
ENI S.p.A.
CHARACTERISTICS
lubricant properties
formation inhibition
solids-removal eq.
OF THE FLUIDS SYSTEMS
maint. difference
logisti difference
cutting inhibition
LGS tolerance
non-dispersed
alternative oil
temperature
CUTTINGS
fresh water
convertible
sea water
dispersed
COSTS
density
ARPO
re-use
AGIP
diesel
SYSTEM
LT oil
MUD
CODE
FW SW-GE BENTONITE X X X B B B B B A B T1 D1 B B B B
SW-GG GUAR GUM SUSPENSION X X X
IDENTIFICATION CODE
FW SW-GE-PO BENTONITICO-CMC X X X B B B B B A M T1 D1 B B B B
FW SW-LS X X X B B A B B M B T2 D4 B B B M
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LIGNOSOLFONATE
FW-LW LOW SOLIDS WITH BENT.EXTENDER X X M B B M B A A T1 D1 B B B B
FW SW-CL CROMOLIGNIN X X X B B A B B B M T3 D4 B B B M
FW-PK AGIPAK (KCMC) X X M B B B M A A T1 D1 B B B B
FW SW-PA PAC (DRISPAC) X X X M B B M M A A T2 D1 B M B B
FW SW-PC PHPA X X X M B M M B A A T2 D3 B M B B
FW SW-KC POTASSIUM CHLORIDE X X X (X) A M M/B M A B A T2 D3 B A M A
FW-K2 POTASSIUM CARBONATE X X A M B A A B A T2 D3 B A B B
FW-KA POTASSIUM ACETATE X X A M M/B M A B A T2 D3 B A B B
FW SW-SS SALT SATURATED X X X A M B A A B A T2 D4 B M A A
FW SW-GL CLYCOL X X X M B B A A M A T2 D3 A A B B
FW SW-CT CATIONIC X X X A A A A A A T2 D3 B A A A
0
FW SW-MR MOR-EX (KLM) X (X) X A B A A A A T2 D4 B A B M
FW SW-GY GYPSUM X (X) X A M A M B B M T3 D4 B B B M
PAGE
REVISION
A = HIGH TEMPERATURE T1 = 100 °C MAX DENSITY' Kg/l D1 = 1.2 MAX
14 OF 155
M = MEDIUM T2 = 150 °C MAX D2 = 1.5 MAX
B = LOW T3 = 200 °C MAX D3 = 1.8 MAX
T4 = 250 °C MAX D4 = 2.1 MAX
= ENVIRONMENTALLY IMPACT D5
ENV. = 2.4 MAX
refers to the equipment recommended in section 5.
The level of solids removal equipment as indicated in the ‘Description of Fluid Systems’
Agip Division
ENI S.p.A.
CHARACTERISTICS
lubricant properties
formation inhibition
solids-removal eq.
OF THE FLUID SYSTEMS
logistic difference
maint. difference
cutting inhibition
LGS tolerance
non-dispersed
alternative oil
temperature
CUTTINGS
fresh water
convertible
sea water
dispersed
COSTS
ARPO
density
AGIP
re-use
SYSTEM
diesel
LT oil
MUD
CODE
FW SW-LI LIME X X X M B A M B M M T2 D4 B B B M
X X X B B B A M A A T4 D3 B A B B
FW SW-HT FOR T. MORE THAN 200 °C
IDENTIFICATION CODE
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DS-IE DIESEL INVERT EMULSION X A A A M A B A A T4 D5 A B A A
LT-IE LOW TOXICITY OIL I.E. X A A A M A A A A T4 D5 A M M A
LT-IE-50 E.I. 50/50 X A A M A M M A A T2 D2 A M M A
EB-IE ESTER-BASE I.E. X A A A M A B A A T2 D3 A A B A

OF-IE POLYOLEFINE I.E. X A A A M A M A T3 D4 A A B A
A
UT-IE ULTRA LT OIL I.E. X A A A M A M A A T2 D4 A A B A
DS-IE-100 100% DIESEL I.E. X A A A M A A A A T4 D5 A A A A

LT-IE-100 100% LT OIL I.E. X A A A M A A A A T4 D5 A A A A
PAGE
REVISION
D1
15 OF 155
A = HIGH TEMPERATURE T1 = 100 °C MAX DENSITY Kg/l = 1.2 MAX
M = MEDIUM T2 = 150 °C MAX D2 = 1.5 MAX
B = LOW T3 = 200 °C MAX D3 = 1.8 MAX
T4 = 250 °C MAX D4 = 2.1 MAX
ENV. = ENVIRONMENTALLY IMPACT D5 = 2.4 MAX
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2.4 EXAMPLES OF DRILLING FLUID CHOICE

(dependent on the drilling performance needs)
2.4.1 Concomitant Problems

o
High Deviation (>30 ) X X X X X X X X
Very Reactive Formations X X X X X X X X X X X
High Differential Pressure X X X X X X X X
Risk Of Lost Circulation X X X X X X
High Density (>1.9 SG) X X X X X X X
High Temperature (>150 ) X X X X X
Risk Of Hydrated Gas X X X X
Order of preference: 1>2>3. Vertical reading, i.e., high density, high temperature; 1st OBM, 2nd LS.
2.4.2 Type Of Drilling Fluid Preferred

Oil-Base Fluid (DS, LT, EB, PO) 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Lignosulfonate Fluid 1 2 1 2 2
Polymer-Base Fluids 2 3 2 3 1 3
Inhibitive Fluids 1 1 1 1 2 3 2
Order of preference: 1>2>3. Vertical reading, i.e., high density, high temperature; 1st OBM, 2nd LS.
2.5 CHOICE OF THE FLUID SYSTEM (Dependent On Its Main Variables)

Density Temperature Maintenance
Inhibition System o Cost
Max. (kg/I) Max. ( C) Difficulty
None FW-GE 1.2 100 Low Low
FW-LS 2.2 170 Low Low
I
N Encapsulative FW-CMC 1.2 100 Low Low
C FW-PA 1.6+ 150 Medium Medium
R
FW-PC 1.8+ 150 Medium Medium
E
A Inhibitive FW-PK 1.2 100 Low Low
S FW-LI 2.1 130 Medium Low
E
FW/SW-GY 2.1 170 Medium Low
FW/SW-KC- 1.8+ 150 High High
PC
FW-MR 2.1+ 100 High High
DS-IE 2.4 >250 Medium Low/Medium
Note: The systems examined above are only a portion of that available.
Note: The high, medium, or low cost is evaluated with consideration of the inhibition grade.
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2.6 DRILLING FLUID CHARACTERISTIC PROGRAMMING

Characteristics Surface Phases Intermediate Phases Final Phases
Main Problems • Hole Cleaning • Gradients • Formation Damage
• Losses • Reactivity
Density Minimum to avoid More than pore and/or As low as possible
losses. collapse gradients, less compatibly with pore
than fracture. and/or collapse
gradients, less than
fracture gradient.
Plastic Viscosity This value depends upon density and fluid type. Maintain density as low as
possible (in both technical and economic terms).
Yield Point Sufficiently high to Same parameters as Same parameters as
clean the hole, but not initial phases initial phases
so high to limit solids (+/-6-10gr/100cmq). (+/- 3-8gr/100cmq).
removal
(+/- 10-15gr/100cmq).
Gels Sufficiently high to Sufficient to avoid Sufficient to avoid
suspend cuttings and settling without settling without stressing
yield point. stressing the formation the formation while
Formulate them to well while tripping. tripping.
conditions.
Api Filtrate Particular controls are Carefully evaluate the Commonly low to limit
HP/HT Filtrate not generally required formations and fluid seepage formation and
(15-20cc/30’), estimate density damage.
for each case. (average values 4-10
cc/30’).
Cake Suitable to support As low as possible. Less damaging as
unconsolidated possible.
formations.
Solids% Dependent on the Dependent on the Use of non damaging
system chosen, system chosen, weighting agents ( which
optimise HGS, LGS and optimise HGS, LGS and can be acidfield) or brine
MBT. Each system has MBT. Each system has is preferred. Maintain
a different solids a different solids LGS values at minimum.
tolerance. tolerance.
3
MBT (kg/m ) Dependent on the minimum value and/or system tolerance to the drilling fluid
chosen.
pH 8<pH<12+; Value 8 min. helps reduce corrosion. The other values depend
upon the fluid system chosen.
Chemical Dependent on the Compatible to the fluids
Characteristics drilling fluid chosen. and shales of the
reservoir.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
2.7 WATER-BASED FLUIDS

2.7.1 Optimum Values Of Marsh Viscosity, Solids And Gel
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
2.7.2 Optimum Values Of Plastic Viscosity And Yeld Point

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
3. FLUID CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 NON-INHIBITIVE WATER BASED FLUIDS

This section contains descriptions of the various water based drilling fluids, their
applications and limitations.
The Eni-Agip codes, abbreviations and symbols used in this section are listed in Appendix
A and Appendix B.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM AGIP CODE
BENTONITE BASED FLUID FW-GE
Lubricant Properties
Mainten. Difference
Formation Inhibition
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Cutting Inhibition
Non-dispersed
LGS Tolerance
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Dispersed
Sea Water
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Cost
Mud
X X B B B B B A B T1 D1 B B B B
APPLICATION
- Drilling start-up;
- Viscose pills; A clay base should be provided to more complex polymer-base fluid;
- After prehydrating, sea water can be added;
- Specific treatments may adapt characteristics to the needs;
- Easily convertible to more complex systems.
LIMITATIONS
- Highly sensitve to chemical contaminants;
- Low solids tolerance;
- Unadequate characteristics for situations other than drilling start-up.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRILLING FLUID

Yield point (gr/100cm2 )
Electrical stability (volt)

Funnel visc. (sec/qt)
Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2)
API Filtrate (cc/30')
MBT(Kg/m3 equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
NaCl (gr/l)
O/W ratio
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
30
1.3 40 6 5 1 6 12 8.5
1.15 60 10 10 3 15 20 9.5 320 50
FORMULATION PRODUCTION kg-l/m 3
FRESH WATER
BENTONITE (OCMA) 40-70
CAUSTIC SODA 1-2
MIXING TIME: +/- 25 m 3 /hr

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE:
- Maintain an adequate solids percentage;

- Use water and bentonite to control viscosity and/or vary pH.
CONTAMINANTS REMEDIALS
Pf / Pm
Density
Filtrate
%Sand
Solids
Yield
NaCl
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
SAND GROUNDS + =/+ =/+ + - DESANDERS
SHALES + + + =/-- -- -- =/-- + + - CENTRIFUGE

- DILUTION
- CONVERT TO FW-LS
--
SO - DILUTION
4
GYPSUM/ANHYDRITE = +/-- + + + =/-- -- + + - Na CARBONATE
- CONVERT TO FW-LS
- CONVERT TO FW-GY
SALT =/+ +/-- + + + + - DILUTION, CMC

- CONVERT TO FW -SS
CEMENT +/-- + + + + + -- + - DILUTION

- Na BICARBONATE
CO 2 -- + + -- -- + - DEGAS
- ALTERNATE TREATMENT
WITH NaOH and Ca(OH)2
H S -- + + + + -- -- -- STINKING SMELL - PREVENTIVE TREATMENT

2 GREEN OR BLACK COLOUR WITH SCAVENGER.
- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE +
NaOH.
- DEGAS
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
GUAR-GUM SUSPENSION SW-GG
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tollerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Mud
Cost
X X T1 D1 B B B
DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION

- Drilling start-up
- Viscose pills in sea water or in presence of electorlytes;
- Can be used as Bentonite extender (in low concentrations);
- Reduced logistical problems in drlling start-up.
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

- Fresh water is needed for hydration;
- Low cost;
- Low concentration usage;
- Fermention;
- Non resistant to high temperatures;
- Suitable for viscose pills only.f
Electrical Stability (volt)

Yield Point (gr/100cm2)
Funnel Visc. (sec/qt)
Gel 10" (gr/100cm2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2)

Plastic Visc. (cps)
MBT(kg/m3 equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.03 100+ 20 30 15 15 NC 7
FORMULATION PRODUCT kg-l/m 3
SEA WATER
GUAR GUM 10
BACTERICIDE as needed

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
PREPARATION
- Avoid adding NaOH to the system;
- Use a bactericideif not used immediately;
- For hydrations, stir at high speed for approx. 1hr;
- 'Fish eyes' can be easily observed.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
BENTONITE-AND CMC-BASE FLUID FW-GE-PO
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Mud
Cost
X X X B B B B B A B T1 D1 B B B B
- Drilling start-up when FW-GE characteristics are not sufficient;

- Drilling non reactive formations with gradient <1.1 kg/cm2.

- Easy maintenance and low cost;
- Highly sensitive to chemical contaminants;
- Low solids tolerance.

Yield Point (gr/100cm 2)

Excess Lime (kg/m3)
Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2)
MBT(kg/m3 equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Calcium (gr/l)
Density (SG)
NaCl (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.03 40 5 4 2 8 10 8.5 20
1.15 80 15 15 4 15 2 9.5 60
FRESH/SALT WATER
BENTONITE 20 - 60
CAUSTIC SODA 1-3
CMC HV 0-6
CMC LV 2 - 10

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE:
To control RHEOLOGY:
- Increase: Bentonite, CMC HV;
- Decrease: Solids-Removal, Dilution, Lignosulfonates.
To control FILTRATE:
- CMC LV and/or Bentonite.
Pf / Pm
Density
REMEDIALS
%Sand
CONTAMINANTS
Filtrate
Solids
Yield
NaCl
MBT
Gels
PV
Ca
pH
Mf
SAND GROUNDS + =/+ =/+ + - DESANDERS
- CENTRIFUGE
SHALES + + + =/-- -- -- =/-- + +
- DILUTION
- CONVERT TO FW LS
--
GYPSUM/ANHYDRITE = +/-- + + + =/-- -- + SO4 - DILUTION
+ - Na CARBONATE
- CONVERT TO FW-LS
- CONVERT TO FW-GY
SALT =/+ +/-- + + + + - DILUTION, CMC
- CONVERTIRE IN FW SS
CEMENT +/-- + + + + + -- + - DILUTION
- Na BICARBONATE
CO 2 -- + + -- -- + - DEGAS
H2 S -- + + + + -- -- -- STINCKING SMELL - PREVENTIVE TREATMENT

GREEN OR BLACK COLOUR
WITH SCAVENGER.
- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE +
NaOH
- DEGAS
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

LOW-SOLIDS FLUID WITH BENTONITE EXTENDER FW-LW
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM ENV.

BASE FLUID
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Cutting Inhibition
Maint. Diference
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Cost
Mud
X X M B B M B A A T1 D1 B B B B

- Low density and high viscocity with a reduced solids-contents;
- Reduced transportation problems;
- Optimum for drilling start-up or when high mixing time is required.

- Sensitive to chemical contaminants;
- Sensitive to chlorides;
Electrical Stability. (volt)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
MBT(kg/m 3equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
3 8 0.1
1.03 45 5 8 2 5 15 9.5
6 MAX MAX
FRESH WATER
BENTONITE 30
BENT. EXTENDER 0,12
NaOH/KOH 1-1,2
(CMC LV) 2-10
MIXING TIME: m3 /h : 50
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Prehydrate bentonite before adding extencer;

- Extender should be prehydrated before adding to the active system;
- Addition ratio is1 kg of extender every 250 kg of bentonite;
- Control solids as per range indicated;
- Efficiency of shale shakers and cyclones is important;
- High quantity of extender is an energic encapsulating agent.
Pf / Pm
Density
% Sand
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
NaCl
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
SALT,
+/- + + + + =/- = = + CONVERT TO SW-PO
SALT WATER
CaSO4 = - - - + =/- + SODA ASH + EXTENDER
SOLIDS + + + + + + + ADD EXTENDER, DILUTE
EXCESS = - - - - - ADD. BENTONITE

POLYMER
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
LIGNOSULPHONATE-BASE FLUIDS FW/SW-LS
Logistic Tolerance
Maint. Tolerance
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Solids-removal
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Convertible
Fresh Water
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Re-use
Density
Diesel
LTOil
Cost
Mud
Eq.
X X X B B A B B M B T2 D4 B B B M
DESCRIPTION
- Most versatile fluid. Ideal for exploration wells;
- High solids-tolerance. Easy maintenance;
- High tolerance to chemical contaminants;
- Convertible to Lime or Gypsum-based fluids.
- Environmental impact concerns;

- Lignosulphonates are uneffective in salt saturated fluids;
- Optimum pH is 10, this value helps shale dispersion;
- Lignosulphonate stabilises the collidal dispersion of shale in water reducing the
effectiveness of any encapsulators.

Yield Point (gr/100cm2 )

Gel 10" (gr/100cm2 )
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2 )
MBT(kg/m3 equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.1 38 5 2 1 5 10 7 9.5 1 0.5 20

2.1 60 45 12 2 15 2 10 40 60 10.5 3 0.7 70

FRESH (SALT) WATER
BENTONITE 20 - 70
FCL 10 - 30
NaOH 1-4
CMC LV / LIGNIN 2-10 / 10 - 20
BARITE as needed
MIXING TIME: +/- 20 m 3 /hr + weighting time

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE:
- Dependent on the solids percentage;

- Thanks to the system flexibility characteristics may be adapted according to the needs by simply
adding additives;
- For high temperature and/or high density, use lignin as an alternative to CMC to control filtrate.
Density
% Sand
Pf / Pm
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
Yield
NaCl
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
- SOLIDS CONTROL
- TREATMENT WITH FCL+SODA
SHALE + + + + =/- =/- - =/- + +
GYPSUM/ANHYDRITE = +/- + + =/- - =/- + - FCL + SODA ASH

- ADD CMC LV
- CONVERT TO FW-GY
SALT =/+ + + + - - + -FCL + SODA ASH

-CMC LV
-CONVERT TO SS
CO2 - + + + =/+ - - + - FCL + C.SODA and/or LIME
CEMENT = +/- + + + + + =/- +/= -PRETR. WITH NaHCO3

- FCL+CMC
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
(CHROME)-LIGNIN-BASE FLUIDS FW/SW-CL
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Dispersed
Sea Water
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Mud
Cost
X (X) X B B A B B B M T3 D4 B B B M

- Development of Lignosulphonate-based fluids at high temperatures:
To aid filtrate control add chrome Lignin which integrates the thinning effect of
Lignosulphonate.

- Versatile and economical system;
- High solids tolerance;
- Cr-Lignin is a less effective scavenger than lignosulphonate. Its effectivness is further reduced in
sea water and becomes completely uneffective in presence of calcium;
- Environmental impact concerns.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DRILLING FLUIDS

Yield Point (gr/100cm )

2
Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
MBT(kg/m 3equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.08 40 8 5 1 4 10 30 8 9.5 1 0.3 0.5 0.2 60
2.1 60 40 8 1 10 2 10 40 11 3 0.7 1.5 MAX 10

FRESH WATER
BENTONITE 20-70
FCL 10-30
CL 10-30
NaOH 0.5-5
POLYMERS (CMC, PAC) 0-10
BARITE as needed
3
MIXING TIME: m /h 20 + WEIGHTING TIME
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- High solids tolerance;

- Up to 150°C, deflocculant effect is due to FCL; over this temperature CL is most commonly employed;
- Alkalinity control is highly important to guarantee Cr-Lignin solubility;
- Dump if contamination from carbonates or bicarbonates is present.
- RHEOLOGY
- Decrease: add FCL/CL/ Soda, dilute only in case of excess solids;

- Increase: add prehydrated and FCL protected Bentonite carefully. Evaluate the addition of polyacrylates.
- FILTRATE
- Maintain a reduced quantity of Bentonite, add CL, and HPHT polymers.

Density
Pf / Pm
% Sand
Solids
Filtrate
REMEDIAL
NaCl
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
SHALE + + + + - - - =/- + + - CENTRIFUGE

- +FCL + CL + NaOH
- DILUTION
CEMENT = +/- + + + + + =/+ - + NaHCO3 O Na2CO3

- + FCL + CL
CaSO4 = +/- + + + +/- = =/+ + - + Na2SO4 E/0 NaOH

- + FCL + CL
- CONVER.IN FW-GY
SALT =/+ +/- + + + - - - + - + FCL + CL

- CONVER.IN FW-SS
- FOR T. >150° C
UTILIZZARE DS-IE
CARBONATES/ = + + + =/- +/- + +/- - + LIME AND/OR C. SODA

BICARBONATES
TEMPERATURE + + + + - + FCL + CL
- + DEFLOC. AT HT
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
P.A.C.- BASE FLUIDS (DRISPAC) FW/SW-PA
Logistic Difference
Cutting Inhibition
Maint. Diffrence
LGS Tolerance
Solids-removal
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Sea Water
Formation
Dispersed
Inhibition
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Mud
Cost
Eq.
X X X M B B M A A T2 D4 B M B B

- Encapsulating system, optimum base for inhibitive polymer systems;
- High concentrations may limit cutting dispersion;
- Same application as FW-PO, but has a better efficiency at high concentrations of monovalent salts.
- Encapsulating system which needs the addition of an inhibitive salt for inhibition;
- High sensitvity to contaminations from polyvalent salts;
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DRILLING FLUIDS
Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)

Gel 10'(gr/100cm2 )
MBT(kg/m3 equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.05 45 10 6 3 10 8 6 8.5 0.4 20
1.5 60 20 10 5 15 2 16 9.5 MAX 20
FRESH/SALT WATER
BENTONITE 20-40
P.A.C.(REGULAR) 2-5
P.A.C.LV 0-5
NaOH 1,0-1,5
BARITE as needed
3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Mainly encapsulating, this system needs an adequate concentration of polymer (>3 kg/m3) to limit cutting
dispersion and high increase of viscosity;
- Easily convertible to a Potassium-base system, both Polymer-base and dispersed;
- If a density increase above optimum range is desired, convert the system to a more solids-tolerant one.
- RHEOLOGY
- Decrease: Deflocculate using a short chain polymer (i.e.: short chain CMC LV, PHPA); Dilute; add CL
and/or FCL.
- FILTRATE
- Use PAC Regular/LV and/or CMC LV dependent on rheology desired. High salt content fluids can result
economical if employed with starches.
Pf / Pm
Density
Filtrate
% Sand
Solids
REMEDIAL
Yield
NaCl
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
SHALE + + + + - - - + + - DILUTION
- CONV. TO A MORE
INHIBITIVE SYSTEM
CEMENT = +/- + + + + + + - PRETREAT WITH SODIUM

BICARBONATE
CaSO4 = +/- + + + - = =/+ + - ADD. SODA ASH.

- CONV IN FW/SW GY
- ADD FCL
SALT =/+ +/- + + + - - - + - CONTAMINANT IS

DEPENDENT ON OBM
- CONV. TO FW/SW-SS
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
PHPA-BASE FLUIDS FW/SW-PC
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM ENV.

BASE FLUID
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
Non-dispersed
LGS Tolerance
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Cost
Mud
X X X M B M M M A A T2 D3 B M B B
- Pre-soluble polymers are required to viscosify and encapsulating cuttings;

- High solids-tolerance;
- Optimum base for a KCI-base fluid;
- Encapsulating system which needs the addition of an inhibitive salt for inhibition;
- High sensitivity to contaminations from polyvalent salts;


Gel 10" (gr/100cm2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2)
MBT(kg/m3equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.03 45 10 5 2 15 8 8.5 0.4 50

27
1.8 60 30 15 5 20 2 10.5 MAX 20
FORMULATION PRODUCT kg-l/m3
FRESH/SALT WATER
BENTONITE 30
PHPA 5
CMC LV (CL) 0-7 (10)
NaOH/KOH 0.1-0.5
BARITE as nedeed
MIXING TIME: m3/h 25 + WEIGHTING TIME

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Encapsulating system: An adequate concentration of polymer (3>kg/M3) is needed to limit cutting

- Easily convertible to a potassium-base system;
- Polymer may be added wherever but not through the hopper to avoid foam formation;
- Can tolerate up to 170°C by using additives.
- RHEOLOGY
- Decrease: Deflocculate using a short chain polymer (i.e.: short chain CMC LV, PHPA);
Dilute; If a more energic action is needed, them add CL and/or FCL.
FILTRATE
- Use the most adequate a filtrate reducer according to the usage: (temperature, density, salinity).
% Sand
Pf / Pm
Density
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
NaCl
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
Ca
pH
Mf
SHALE + + + + +/- - - + + - ADD PHPA

- ADD. PHPA LMW.
-INCREASE INHIBITION
CEMENT = +/- + + + + + + - PRETREAT WITH

NaHCO3
CaSO4 = +/- + + + - = =/+ + - ADD. Na2CO3

- CONV IN FW/SW GY
- ADD FCL

DEPENDENT ON MBT
- CONV. TO FW/SW-SS
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
3.2 INHIBITED WATER-BASE FLUIDS

• This section contains descriptions of the various inhibited water based drilling fluids,
their applications and limitations.
• Fluid formation herein described, relating to drilling fluids, are the most simple and
economical. Particular operating conditions may greatly modify them, so characteristics
are reffered to the density indicated.
• Suggestions relating to fluid maintenance only refer to the most important aspect of the
system described and do not include those relating to the general maintenance which
are common to all systems.
• Containment effects refer to the fluid type. Other information on contamination can be
found in section 4.1 ’Water Based Fluid Maintenance’.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
SALT SATURATED FLUID FW/SW-SS
BASE FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLUID ENV.
Logistic Difference
Solid-removal eq.
Cutting Inhibition
Maint. Difference
LGS Tolerance
Non-Dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
CUTTINGS
Formation
Dispersed
Sea Water
Inhibition
COSTO
Density
Re-use
MUD
Diesel
LT Oil
X X X A M B A A B A T2 D4 B M A A

- Conditioned with NaCl, generally saturated;
- Mainly used to drill salt formations. More rarely as an inhibitive fluid in shale formations.;
- Viscosified salt solutions are employed as W.O. fluid.

- Lower cost and east availability of NaCl;
- Na+ has an inhibition effect only in high concentrations. In low concentrations it helps shale
dispersion;
- Salt saturated fluid is a special discarding fluid;
- High salt content will affect the product performance. Dispersants, i.e. FCL, are low-effective. Dilution
is required tp maintain the system.

Yield point (gr/100cm 2)
Electrical stability (volt)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
MBT(Kg/m 3equiv.)
API filtrate (cc/30')
API HTHP (cc/30')

Plastic visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
NaCl (gr/l)
O/W ratio
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
10
1.2 38 10 4 0 5 2 8.5 320 10
10
2.1 80 50 10 2 15 1 38 9.5 320
FORMULATION PRODUCT Kg-l/m 3
BENTONITE PREIDRATATA 40-60

SODA CAUSTICA 3-6
AMIDO 10-20
SALE 350
(PAC REG, LOVIS) (3-6)
BARITE as needed
3
MIXING TIME: m /h 15 +WEIGHTING TIME
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Traditionally maintained with dilution;

- In absence of Mg++ salts, keep Pf>1;
- System maintenance may result more complex in drilling complex salt formations (i.e. zechstein). In this case
contact expert technicians.
RHEOLOGY
- Prior to dilution, try to use small concentrations of short chain polymer (i.e. CMC LV), or FCL (prehydrated in
fresh water) ;
- Rheology is generally maintained by adding prehydrated protected Bentonite (with a polymer or Lignosulphate)
and starch; If needed use a Bio-polymer.
FILTRATE
- Up to approx. 100 °C Temperature, use starch; For hgiher temperatures, PAC and/or CMC;
for temperatures more than 140 °C, estimate the use of oil-based fluid.
Density
Pf / Pm
% Sand
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
Cl
SHALE + + + + =/- - - + + - CENTRIFUGE

- DILUTE
CEMENT = +/- +/- +/- + + + + - PRETREAT WITH

NaHCO3
Ca++ = +/- +/= +/= +/= -/= + - USE PRODUCT TOLERANT

TO Ca ++
- AVOID DIRECT ADDITION OF
ALKALINE AGENTS
Mg++ = + + + - - - - IF DUE TO COMPLEX SALTS
pH 8 IS MAX WITH MgO.
DO NOT ADD ALKALINE
AGENTS IN CIRCULATION.
HIGH + + + - - + - USE PAC

TEMPERATURES - SUBSTITUTE WITH OBM.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

AGIPAK (KCMC)-BASE FLUID
FW-PK
Logistic Difference
Solid-removal eq.
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-Dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
CUTTINGS
Convertible
Sea Water
Formation
Dispersed
Inhibition
COSTO
Density
Re-use
Diesel
MUD
LT Oil
X X M B B B M A A T1 D1 B B B B

- A certain inhibition grade is given to the system by replacing the sodium base with the potassium one;
- Same applications as FW-PO;
- May be used as a dispersed polymer and potassium-base system.

- Slightly encapsulating and inhibitive system;
- Can only be used in fresh water, as salt water affects the potassium-base effect;
- Low-solid tolerance.

Electrical stability. (volt)
Yield point (gr/100cm2)
Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)

Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
MBT(Kg/m3equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
NaCl (gr/l)
O/W ratio
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.03 40 5 4 2 8 10 5 8.5 20
_.
.
1.15 80 15 15 3 15 2 15 9.5 60
FORMULATION PRODUCT Kg-l/m 3
FRESH WATER
BENTONITE 20-60
KCMC / AGIPAC HV 2-6
KCMC / AGIPAK LV 2-10
KOH 2-4
3
MIXING TIME: m /h 25
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Low-solids tolerance;
- Good operating performance of the solids-removal equipment is needed to limit dilutions;
- Easily convertible to a dispersed potassium and polymer base system.
RHEOLOGY
- Decrease: dilution, KCMC-LV has a light deflocculating effect;

- Increase: addition of KCMC-HV.
FILTRATE
- Maintain a minimum quantity of bentonite, add KCMC-LV.

Density
% Sand
Pf / Pm
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
Yield
NaCl
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
SHALE + + + + - - - =/- + + - Dilute

- Add K+
- Add FCL E/O CL
CEMENT = +/- + + + + + + -Pretreat with KHCO3
CaSO4 = +/- + + + - = =/+ + - Add K2CO3

- + KCMC-LV
- Convert to FW-GY
SALT =/+ +/- + + + - - - + - Convert to SW-PO

- Convert to FW-SS
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE- BASE FLUID FW/SW-KC
Solid-Removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-Dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
dispersed
Re-Use
Density
Cuttings
LT Oil
Diesel
Mud
Cost
X X X (X) A M B/M A M M A T2 D3 B A B M

- Conditioned with KCI, which is added preferably to polymer and non-dispersed;
- Mainly employed in drilling shales like gumbo;
- Drilling formations which, when hydrated have swelling and sloughing tendencies.

- KCl is an available and low-cost salt;
- Inhibitive ion concentrations can be easily adapted to the formation reactivity;
- K+concentration should be constantly monitored ;
- High salt concentration may create disposal problems;
- K+destabilises high caolinitecontent formations.


Gel 10" (gr/100cm2 )
Gel 10' (gr/100cm2)
MBT(kg/m3 equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol.)
Oil (% in vol.)
Calcium (gr/l)
Funnel V isc.
Density (SG)
Plastic Visc.
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
(sec/qt)
(cps)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.05
THE CHARACTERISTICS ARE THOSE TYPICAL OF THE BASE SYSTEM EMPLOYED.
1.8
- The formulations are those typical of the base systems employed.

- Product concentrations are traditionally higher.
- A biopolymer is used as a base viscosifier to provide the system with adequate suspending
characteristics.
3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Adequate concentration of KCI must be maintained and monitored through laboratory tests, as well as by
observing the cuttings over the shale shakers;
- Fluid maintenance is that of the system to which KCI is added;
- System may be optimised by replacing the soda-base products with potassium-base ones;
- In sea water higher concentrations of KCI are required.
RHEOLOGY AND FILTRATE

- Refer to the base-system used.
NOTE: KCl-BASE SYSTEM, ESPECIALLY IF POLYMERIC, TRADITIONALLY HAS HIGH RATES OF CORROSION.
% Sand
Pf / Pm
Density
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
Ca
pH
Mf
Cl
_
Shale + + + + +/- - - + + - Add. K+
- Increase concentration (K+)
Cement = +/- + + + + + + - Pretreat with

KHCO3
CaSO4 = +/- +/= +/= +/= -/= + - Use products tolerant Ca++
Salt =/+ +/- +/- +/- = - - - + - Generally minimum

contamination
- Increase K+
- Convert to SS
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
GYPSUM-BASE FLUIDS FW/SW-GY
Lubricant properties
Formation inhibition
Llogistic difference
Solid-removal eq.
Maint. difference
Cutting inhibition
LGS tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative oil
Temperature
Fresh water
Convertible
CUTTING
Sea water
Dispersed
COSTO
Density
Re-use
MUD
Diesel
LT oil
X (X) X A B A M B B M T3 D4 B B B M

- Used for drilling reactive shales and massive formations of CaSO4:
- Gypsum is used as a Ca++ source;
- Dispersed, Lignosulphonate base system;
- The system may be more inhibitive if used in fresh water.
ADAVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

- High solids and good cutting inhibition;
- Can be weighted up to elevated values;
- Can also be used at high temperatures;
- Low cost;
- Effectiveness can be enhanced by using KOH or Ca(OH)2 as alkaline agent;
- Gelation problems may occur to high solids content fluid at high temperatures.

Excess lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
MBT(kg/m 3
Density (SG)
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.1 40 10 3 1 5 8 5 9.5 0.2 1.2 70 10
2.1 60 45 8 1 15 2 35 10.5 15 0.5 0.6 30 20
3
FORMULATION PRODUCT kg-l/m
FRESH/SALT WATER
BENTONITE 50
ALCALINE AGENT 4
FC-LIGNOSOLFONATE 6-12
GYPSUM 10-20
CMC-LV/LIGNITE 3-7
BARITE as needed
MIXING TIME m3/h 20 + WEIGHTING TIME

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Maintain excess Gypsum ranging from 10 to 20 kg/m3, regulate soluble Ca++ by varying pH from 9 to 10.5.
When pH is low, Ca++ is more soluble, and inhibition and maintenance difficulty become higher.
RHEOLOGY
- Use FCL as a thinning agent. If Ca++ is high, gelation problems may occur, especially with
high-solids content and temperatures near the system limit (150 °C).
FILTRATE
- CMC LV is an optimum filtrate reducer. The concentration of soluble Ca++ affects the quantity of filtrate
reducer needed;
- For elevated temperatures use lignite to control the filtrate.
Density
Pf / Pm
% Sand
Solids
Filtrate
REMEDIAL
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
Cl
SHALE + + + + =/- - - + + - INCREASE CaSO4 EXCESS

- DECREASE MBT
CEMENT = +/- +/- + + + - - ADD. FCL

- DECREASE pH WITH
NaHCO3
SALT/SALTED +/- +/- +/- + - - =/+ + - MODERATE
WATER CONTAMINATION
- ADD FCL E CMC-LV
- CONVERT TO FW-SS
HIGH + + + - - - DECREASE MBT.
TEMPERATURE - DECREASE EXCESS
GYPSUM
- ADD LIGNIN
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
LIME-BASE FLUIDS FW/SW-LI
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Density
Re-use
Cutting
Diesel
LT Oil
Cost
Mud
X X X M B A M B M M T2 D4 B B B M

- Used for drilling reactive shale formations, even at high temperatures;
- Lime is used as the source of Ca++;
- Dispersed, lignosulphonate-base system;
- Two basic formulations: Low-Lime content and high-Lime content, varying from 5 to 20 kg/m3 of
excess Lime respectively.

- High-solids tolerance and medium cutting inhibition;
- Can be weighted up to high values;
- Fairly good resistance to chemical contaminants;
- Low cost;
- Reduced calcium inhibitive effect due to the pH dispersing action;
- Gelation problems may occur near temperature limit (130 °C).
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRILLING FLUIDS

Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
MBT(kg/m3 equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.1 38 8 4 1 3 10 5 12 8 2 0,1 70 5
2.15 65 55 10 1 15 2 40 12.5 20 5 0,4 20 23

WATER
BENTONITE 70-120
ALCALE 3-8
FC-LIGNOSOLFONATE 6-12
LIME 8-30
STARCH/CMC-LV 20/7
BARITE as needed

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Excess lime to be used depends on the formation reactivity;
- The relationship betwen Pm/Pf with Pm>3Pf is vital as it provides exact indication of excess lime.
RHEOLOGY
- Increase: Prehydrated, lignosulphonate protected bentonite;
- Decrease: Maintain excess lime within optimum values, add lignosulphonate, dilute.
FILTRATE
- CMC LV is an optimum filtrate reducer. The concentration of soluble Ca++ affects the quantity of filtrate
reducer needed;
- For elevated temperatures use lignite to control the filtrate.
Density
% Sand
Pf / Pm
Filtrate
Solids
CONTAMINANTS REMEDIAL
Yield
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
Cl
SHALE + + + + =/- = - + + - INCREASE EXCESS Ca(OH)2

- REDUCE MBT
CEMENT = = = = +/= + -/= - MODERATE CONTAM.
SALT/SALT +/- +/- +/- + - - =/+ + - MODERATE CONTAM.

WATER - ADD FCL AND STARCH
- CONVERT TO FW-SS
HIGH + + + - - - REDUCE MBT.

TEMPERATURE - RED. Pm AND Pf.
- ADD. CMC LV AND LIGNIN
GYPSUM = + + + - -/+ + - :ADD. NaOH

- COVERT TO FW-GY
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MOR-REX-BASE FLUID (KLM) FW/SW-MR
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Dispersed
Sea Water
Density
Cuttings
Re-use
Diesel
LT oil
Mud
Cost
X (X) X A B A A A B A T1 D4 B A B M

- Used for drilling reactive shale formations, even at high temperatures;
- Calcium and Potassium are added as KOH and Ca(OH)2, while Morex as a deflocculant and
calcium chelant polymer;
- Optimum application is in freshwater fluids with high ROP and density, but not too high
temperatures.

- High solids tolerance and ;ood cutting inhibition;
- Can be weighted up to high values;
- Complex system, expert technicians are needed for maintenance;
- Several products are needed for its formulation and maintenance, this may
create supply problems;
- Gelation problems may occur in high solids content fluids near temperature
limit (130 °C).

Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2)
MBT(kg/m3equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.1 40 15 4 1 2 10 5 12.5 15 2-3 2-4 0.4 60 10
2.1 55 50 8 3 15 6 35 12.5 15 2-3 2-4 0.8 MAX 15

FRESH/SALT WATER
PREHYDRATED BENTONITE 40
(BIOPOLYMER) (1-3)
MOR-REX 6-12
KOH 3
LIME 12-17
MOD. STARCHES/LIGNITE 10-15
BARITE as needed
MIXING TIME: 3
m /h 15 + WEIGHTING TIME
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- System with floculation controlled by the balance between two salts and a polymer: Highly important to
maintain the balance between Pf, Pm and Morex;
- Always add Lime and Morex simultaneously in a ratio of 4/2 and 3/2 dependent on the characteristics
desired and temperature.
RHEOLOGY
- Flocculation control is due to the ratio Lime/Morex. Do not use dispersers;

- Keep MBT below 10%; For high densities and temperatures > 135 °C, do not exceed 4-6%.
FILTRATE
- Use starch as main filtrate reducer up to a temperature of 100 °C, for higher temperatures use starch and
lignite in a ratio of 2/1 and 1/1;
- Do not add alkaline agent to starch simultaneously as it may cause an increase of viscosity. Pre-solubilised
lignite may be convienvent.
Density
Pf / Pm
% Sand
REMEDIAL
Filtrate
Solids
Yield
CONTAMINANT
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
Cl
SHALE + + + + =/- - - + + - Ca++ AND MOR-REX

- DECREASE MBT
CEMENT = + + + + + + - ADD. LIME + MOR-REX

+ WATER + LIGNITE +
+KOH.
CaSO4 + + + - -/+ + - IF Ca++ > 1200 ppm
ADD. K2CO3
- CONV. TO FW-GY
SALT +/- + + + - - + + - CONV. TO FW-SS
HIGH + + + - - - DECREASE MBT.

TEMPERATURE - ADD. LIGNITE FOR
FILTRATE.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
3.3 OIL BASED FLUID

This section contains descriptions of the oil based fluids systems, their applications and
limitations.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
DIESEL INVERT EMULSION FLUID DS-IE
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Formation
Inhibition
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Mud
Cost
X X A A A M A B A M T4 D3 A M A A

- Water emulsion in Oil with Oil as the filtrate;
- Used for drilling shales, high temperatures, salt formations, deviated wells, water-damaging reservoir,
completion fluid;
- High density drilling fluids used when fluid recovery and re-use is advantageous.

- The emulsion has a nonionic continuous phase and does not interact with shale layers and the most
common chemical contaminants;
- Due to high environmental restrictions, the zero charge is needed;
- Compared to other drilling fluids or zero discharge areas, it has the advantage of a low dilution ratio
and the possibility to be re-used;
- Lost circulation control, and Gas kick detection and maintenance may create some problems.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRILLING FLUID @ 120 °F


Pom (cc H2SO4 N/10)
Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm2 )
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2 )
API HTHP (cc/30')

Plastic Visc. (cps)
Water (% in vol.)
Solids (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
CaCl2 (%)
pH
Mf
Pf
1.2 40 15 5 2 5 0 10 8 64 28 3 30 70/30 6 600
2.2 60 42 8 1.5 6 0 3 40 54 6 8 30 90/10 13 2000
FORMULAtion PRODUCT kg-l/m 3

DIESEL FORMULATIONS AND QUANTITIES
EMULSIFIER/S DEPEND ON DENSITY, OIL/WATER
LIME RATIO AND SERVICE COMPANY'S
FILTRATE REDUCER (IF REQUIRED)
BRINE (20-30% CaCl2) FORMULATIONS.
VISCOSIFIER FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTION IN THE
WETTING AGENT (IF REQUIRED) SPECIFIC MANUAL.
BARITE

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- An Oil-base fluid is traditionally easy to maintain. Pay attention to record dilutions and product quantities
required in order to keep correct concentrations;
- To avoid problems, constantly monitor any modifications of the characteristics, especially the electrical
stability and HPHT filtrate. If any modifications, determine the possible causes and take prompt remedial
actions.
RHEOLOGY
- Should be determined at a temperature of 120 or 150oF. Do not use marsh viscosity for maintenance;
- Water is the principle viscosifier of Oil-base fluids. Its percent will vary depending on the characteristics
required. Other viscosifiers enhance yield point and Gels. Viscosity is also given by solids, thus it is essential
to decrease the water content in the fluid by increasing density.
FILTRATE
-The main filtrate reducer is given by the quality of emulsion. Other filtrate reducers may be needed for
high temperatures or for very low HPHT filtrate values.
EL. STAB.
F. HPHT
Cuttings
Density
Aspect
Wetting
CaCl2
Water
REMEDIALS
POM
CONTAMINANTS
Yield
Gels
0/W
PV
(?) (PLASTIC) - ADD.WETTING AGENT

SOLIDS + + + ++ =/- =
- DILUTE
WATER -/+ + + + + - - - - (+) (PLAST.) - IF O/W OK, + EMULSION.

IF O/W K.O., + OLIO X OK
CaCl2 > 35% +/- +/- + - =/+ (PLAST.) - LIGHT CONTAM.

- CONV. TO DS/LT-IE
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
)
DIESEL INVERT EMULSION, FILTRATE RELAXED FLUID DS-IE-RF
Logistic Difference
Solid-removal Eq.
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Re-use
Density
Diesel
LT Oil
Cost
Mud
X X A A A M A B A M T4 D3 A M A A

- Water emulsion in Oil with Oil as the filtrate
- Same applications as the conventional Oil-base fluid. Thanks to its characteristics of high filtrate it
helps improve penetration rates in permeable formations.

- Same advantages as a conventional Oil-base fluid with higher penetration rates;
- Due to a minor emulsion concentration, the range of temperature is limited to max 350 °F;
- Same environmental restrictions as DS-IE.
Electrical Stability. (volt)

Pom (cc H2SO4 N/10)
Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm2 )
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2 )
API HTHP (cc/30')

Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
CaCl2 (%)
pH
Mf
Pf
1.2 40 15 5 2 5 2 15 8 64 28 3 30 80/20 6 600
2.2 60 42 8 1.5 6 8 20 40 54 6 8 30 90/10 13 1000

DIESEL FORMULATIONS AND QUANTITIES
EMULSIFIER/S DEPENDS ON DENSITY, WATER/OIL
LIME RATIO AND ON THE SERVICE
FILTRATE REDUCER (IF REQUESTED)
BRINE (20-30% CaCl2) COMPANY'S FORMULATIONS.
VISCOSIFIER FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS IN THE
WETTING AGENT (IF REQUIRED) SPECIFIC MANUAL.
BARITE

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
100% DIESEL INVERT EMULSION FLUID DS/LT-IE-100
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Density
Cuttings
Re-use
LT Oil
Diesel
Mud
Cost
X X A A A M A A A A T4 D5 A A A A

- 100% Diesel or low toxiticity Oil, Oil-base fluid;
- A small quantity of emulsifier helps tolerate up to 10% water invasion;
- Non-damaging Oil-base fluid system, purposely designed for coring and drilling Oil mineralised
formation.

- The lack of water and energic emulsifiers limits damages to the Oil-mineralised formation;
- Easily convertible to a simple Oil-base fluid or to a packer-fluid;
- Purposely prepared, it is not possible to recover the original oil-based fluid, because of the high
concentrations of surfanctants;
- If prepared with Diesel it shows the same environmental restrictions as DS-IE.

Pom (cc H2SO4 N/10)
Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm2 )
Gel 10'(gr/100cm )
API HTHP (cc/30')

2
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
Plastic Visc.
O/W Ratio
CaCl2 (%)
(cps)
pH
Mf
Pf
1.4 12 5 2 3 0 10 18 82 0 100/0 2000+

DIESEL/LT OIL FORMULATIONS AND QUANTITIES
EMULSIFIER/S DEPEND ON DENSITY, AND SERVICE
LIME COMPANY'S FORMULATIONS.
FILTRATE REDUCER FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS ON THE
WETTING AGENT
VISCOSIFIER SPECIFIC MANUAL.
BARITE / CaCO3
3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
3.4 INHIBITED AND/OR ENVIRONMENTAL FLUIDS

This section contains descriptions of inhibited and environmentally friendly fluid systems,
their applications and limitations.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
POTASSIUM CARBONATE-BASE FLUID FW-K2
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
LT Oil
Diesel
Cost
Mud
X X A M B A A B A T2 D3 B A B B

- Conditioned with non-dispersed K2CO3 which has been added to KCMC and KPAC;
- Used for drilling reactive shales;
- Drilling formations which, when hydrated, have sloughing and/or swelling tendencies;
- Can be used as a completion fluid or as a no-solids drilling fluid up to a density of 1,58 sg.

- Non-corrosive;
- No environmental limitations as per KCl;
- At >100 °C CO2 is freed;
- Can interfere with the cement plug;
- If used as a W.O. fluid, then avoid using in presence of Lime waters;
- K+ has a destabilising effect on caolinic formations.


Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
API HTHP (cc/30')
MBT(kg/m 3equiv.)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
Plastic Visc.
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
(cps)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.1 40 8 4 1 4 6 0 10.5 0 30
1.8 50 36 8 2 12 25 11.5 MAX

FRESH WATER
BENTONITE 40
(K)PAC 4-6
(K)CMC 5-7
K2CO3 20-30
BARITE as needed
(BIOPOLYMER) as needed
3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Encapsulating system: An adequate concentration of polymer (3>kg/M3) is needed to limit cutting

- Easily convertible to a potassium-base system;
- Polymer may be added wherever but not through the hopper to avoid foam formation;
- Can tolerate up to 170°C by using additives.
- RHEOLOGY
- Decrease: Deflocculate using a short chain polymer (i.e.: short chain CMC LV, PHPA);
Dilute; If a more energic action is needed, them add CL and/or FCL.
FILTRATE
- Use the most adequate a filtrate reducer according to the usage: (temperature, density, salinity).
% Sand
Pf / Pm
Density
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
NaCl
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
Ca
pH
Mf
SHALE + + + + +/- - - + + - ADD PHPA

- ADD. PHPA LMW.
- INCREASE INHIBITION
CEMENT = +/- + + + + + + - PRETREAT WITH

NaHCO3
CaSO4 = +/- + + + - = =/+ + - ADD. Na2CO3

- CONV IN FW/SW GY
- ADD FCL

DEPENDENT ON MBT
- CONV. TO FW/SW-SS
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
POTASSIUM ACETATE-BASE FLUID FW-KA
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Difference
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Formation
Inhibition
Cutings
Density
Re-use
LT Oil
Diesel
Mud
Cost
X X (X) A M M A M M A T3 B A B M

- Conditioned with K-Acetate, preferably to polymers and non-dispersed;
- K can be also added to high density and HT systems;
- Safe alternative to KCI in environmental sensitive areas;
- Same applications as KCl.

- KAC is a high cost salt (5-6 times KCl);
- Less corrosive than KCl;
- Disposal difficulties due to a high COD;
- Same K+ concentrations as KCI addition of +KAC (+30%) is required.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLUIDS


Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2 )
MBT(kg/m 3equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
Plastic Visc.
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
(cps)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.05 THE CHARACTERISTICS ARE TRADITIONALLY THOSE OF THE BASE SYSTEM USED.
2.0 Pf AND Pm EVALUATIONS ALTERED BY ACETATE.
- FORMULATIONS ARE TRADITIONALLY THOSE OF THE BASE SYSTEMS USED;
- PRODUCT CONCENTRATIONS ARE GENERALLY HIGH;
- A BIOPOLYMER IS OFTEN USED AS A VISCOSIFIER TO PROVIDE THE SYSTEM WITH ADEQUATE

SUSPENDING CHARACTERISTICS.
3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- More than other K+ base system, it is particulary designed for use in dispersed high density and/or high
temperature fluids;
- Estimate the the cuttings over shale shakers and adapt K+ concentrations.
- RHEOLOGY AND FILTRATE
- Controlled as per the base fluid system used.

DENSITY
FILTRATE
SOLIDS
% SAND
Pf / Pm
YIELD
GELS
REMEDIAL ACTIONS
NaCl
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
PV
Ca
pH
Mf
SHALE + + + + =/- - - + + - Increase K+ concentration.

- Deflocculate or disperse.
- Dilute.
CEMENT +/- + + + + + - Pretreat with KHCO3
CaSO4 +/- +/- + + =/- + - Add K2CO3

- Use polymers resistant to
CA++.
NaCl/SALT WATER +/- +/- +/- +/- + - + - Adapt K+.

- Convert to KCl.
- Convert to FW/SW-SS
HIGH + + + - - - Reduce MBT,

TEMPERATURES - Disperse with CL/FCL
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
HIGH TEMPERATURE (> 200 °C) WATER-BASE FLUIDS FW/SW-HT
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Tolerance
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-Dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Properties
Lubricant
Density
Re-use
Cutting
LT Oil
Diesel
Mud
Cost
X X X X B B B M M A A T4 D3 B AA B B

- Designed for elevate temperatures and/or geothermic wells; alternative to DS-IE.
- The basic formulation depends on the use of bentonite and a deflocculant polymer (SSMA) suitable
for elevate temperatures;
- Lower costs and difficulties to control filtrate compared to systems employing sepiolite and/or
polymer as viscosifiers.

- Safe alternative to Oil-base fluids in environmental sensitive areas;
- Lower maintenance costs compared to HT water-base formulations;
- Can also be employed in salt saturated fluids, and in presence of biavelent ions.

Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
MBT(kg/m 3equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.1 38 10 4 1 5 10 30 5 9.5 0.3 30
1.8 50 55 8 1 12 2 10 30 10.5 0.7 30

WATER
BENTONITE (no peptine added) 30-35
NaOH 3-4
SSMA POL. 1-2
LIGNITE 10-30
HT POLYMER MIXTURE 1-5
BARITE as needed

ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Solids control is highly important, therefore always monitor solids percentage, reactivity, and size by means of
adequate analyses;
- Verify rheology at 120 °F;
- Maintain the fluid chemical parameters within the values. At high temperature all reactions may result
accelerated.
RHEOLOGY
- Increase: Prehydrated and SSMA protected bentonite;

- Decrease: Dilution.
FILTRATE
- Filtrate reducers must be chosen according to temperature and ionic environment, such as: Chromelignin,
HT polymer mixture (i.e. Resinex), polyacrylates and polyacriyamides. In case of high concentrations of
bivalent ions, use copolymers based on amps.
% Sand
Pf / Pm
Density
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
Cl
SOLIDS + + + + =/- = - + +/- - DILUTE
CEMENT = = = + + + + - CONTAMINATION DEP. ON

POLYMERS USED
- ADD. Na2CO3
SALT/SALT WATER +/- +/- +/- + - - =/+ + - LIGHT CONTAMINATION

- CONV. TO DS/LT-IE
HIGH + + +/= - +/- + - REDUCE MBT

TEMPERATURE - REDUCE Pf AND Mf TO
VALUES EQUIVALENT TO
OH- IN THE FLUID.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
CATION-BASE FLUID FW/SW-CT
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Tolerance
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Properties
Lubricant
Density
Re-use
Cutting
Diesel
LT Oil
Mud
Cost
X X X A M A A A A T2 D3 B AA A A

- Fluid with cationic polymers which, thanks to their positive charge, are inhibitive and flocculant;
- It inhibits the reactive shales without using an inhibitive salt.

- Inhibition is due to the absorption of polymers on the shale surface;
- Cationic polymers, though toxic, have fewer environmental restrictions than conventional water-base
fluids;
- Cationic polymers are not compatible with conventional anionic polymers. Therefore, maintain some
anion concentrations (Cl-, from NaCl or KC) in the fluid in order to overcome incompatibility. Always
verify incompatibility.

Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm 2)
MBT(kg/m3equiv.)
API HTHP (cc/30')
Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.1 45 10 2 1 2 7 30 10 9 (50)
1.8 60 40 10 2 10 3 12 30 MAX (MIN.)

()FOR SOME FORMULATION ONLY

VISCOSIFIER
FORMULATIONS ARE
ALKALINITY AGENT
STRICTLY DEPENDENT ON
CATIONIC POLYMER THE CATIONIC POLYMERS
FILTRATE REDUCER CHOSEN. EACH COMPANY
DEFLOCCULANT HAS A SPECIFIC
WAIGHTING FORMULATION.
INHIBITIVE SALT
MIXING TIME: 3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Tolerance between cationic and conventional (anionic) polymers should be verified. Tolerance is traditionally
possible for formulations with a certain content of chloride ion;
- Never use lignosulphonates or other anionic polymers, even in presence of chlorides. Do not increase pH
above 9.5 value.
RHEOLOGY
- System maintenance may be difficult due to the poor availability of compatible products with cationic
polymers;
- Generally a biopolymer and/or HEC is used as a viscosifier;
- Solids control is highly important.
FILTRATE
- The most used filtrate reducers are: Modificated starches, kaolinte, prehydrated and PVA (Polyvinil alcohol)
protected bentonite;
- PAC can be employed in presence of electrolytes.
Density
Pf / Pm
%Sand
Filtrate
Solids
Yield
REMEDIAL
MBT
Gels
CONTAMINANTS
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
Cl
SHALE + + + + =/- - - + + - ADD.CATIONIC POLYMER

- DILUTE
CEMENT = + + + + + + - ADD. CH3COOH

- ADD. NaHCO3
CaSO4 + - NO CONTAMINATION
SALT/SALT WATER +/- + - NO CONTAMINATION
HIGH + + + - - + - REDUCE MBT.

TEMPERATURE - DEFLOCCULATE
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM CODICE AGIP
GLYCOL-BASE FLUID FW/SW-GL
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Maint. Tolerance
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Formation
Inhibition
Density
Re-use
Cutting
LT Oil
Diesel
Mud
Cost
X X X M B B A A M A T2 D2 M A B B

- Polymer-base fluid conditioned with glycol which may contain inhibitive ions;
- Designed as an environmentally safe alternative to conventional oil-base fluid and as a shale
formation inhibitor;
- May help with problems relating to the formation of 'Hydrated gases'.
N.B. This system is being developed.

- In product usage percentages of 3-5%. It behaves as a lubricant, in percentages varying from 10 to
40%. It is comparable to FW-KC for its inhibition characteristics;
- Very high costs, considering low solids tolerance;
- Not a competitive alternative to oil-base fluid, and even when OBM cannot be employed, preferably
estimate to use other systems before choosing the glycol-base fluid.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLUID

Gel 10" (gr/100cm2 )
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2 )
API HTHP (cc/30')
MBT(g/m3 equiv.)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
Plastic Visc.
O/W Ratio
NaCl (gr/l)
Ca (gr/l)
(cps)
Pm
pH
Mf
Pf
1.1 CHARACTERISTICS, ESPECIALLY THE PV, ARE DEPENDENT ON THE % OF GLYCOL AND BASE
SYSTEM USED (TRADITIONALLY PHPA).
1.8
BENTONITE 10-30
CAUSTIC SODA 3
PHPA and/or PAC 8/3
GLYCOL 10-400
MODIFIED STARCH and/or Na POLYACRYLATES 6/2
BIOPOLYMER 2
BARITE as needed
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Fluid maintenance is that of the base system used;
- Determination of glycol content may result difficult;
- If glycol percentage increases, Then PV increases dramatically, thus limiting the
solids content allowed in the system (density and LGS limits).
RHEOLOGY
- Prior to dilution, try to use small concentrations of short-chain polymer (i.e. CMC LV), or chrome-free
lignosulphonate.
FILTRAT
- Use starch up to approx. 100 oC, for higher temperatures PAC and/or CMC for temperatures more
than 140-150 oC, Napolyacrylate is recommended.
N.B.This system is being developed. The information given is general and subject to
modification.
Density
Pf / Pm
%Sand
Filtrate
Solids
REMEDIAL
Yield
CONTAMINANTS
MBT
Gels
PV
pH
Ca
Mf
Cl
SHALE + + + + =/- - - + + - DEFLOCCULATE

- DILUTE
CEMENT = + + + + + + - PRETREAT WITH

NaHCO3
CaSO4 = + + + + - USE PRODUCT

TOLERANT Ca++
- ADD. Na2CO3
SALT/SALT. +/- +/- +/- + - - + - CONTAMINATION DEPEND

WATER ON BMT, AND POLYMER
TYPE.
HIGH + + + - - + - USE HT BASE SYSTEM

TEMPERATURE
- REDUCE MBT.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

LOW TOXICITY OIL, INVERT EMULSION DRILLING FLUID LT-IE
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Cutting Inhibition
Maint. Tolerance
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
Diesel
LT Oil
Mud
Cost
X A A A M A B A M T4 D3 A M M A

- Exactly the same as DS-IE, except for the mineral oil base fluid which is low-aromatic,
hydrocarbon content, and low toxiticity.

- May be more advantageous than DS-IE if used in some areas where off-shore discharge is allowed
for the max percentage of cuttings from traditional oil-base fluids;
- In areas where disposal percentage is near zero or 'zero', LT oil-base fluid is not convenient;
- Higher product concentrations compared to DS-IE.


Pom (cc H2SO4 N/10)
Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)
2
Gel 10'(gr/100cm )
API HTHP (cc/30')

Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
CaCl2 (%)
O/W Ratio
pH
Mf
Pf
1.2 40 15 5 4 5 0 10 8 64 28 3 30 70/30 6 600
2.2 60 42 8 1.5 6 0 3 40 54 6 10 30 90/10 13 1500

LOW-AROMATIC CONTENT MINERAL OIL FORMULATION AND QUANTITIES
EMULSIFIER/S DEPEND ON DENSITY, WATER/OIL
LIME RATIO, AND SERVICE COMPANY'S
FILTRATE REDUCER (if required)
BRINE (20-30% CaCl2) FORMULATIONS IN THE SPECIFIC
VISCOSIFIER MANUAL.
WETTING AGENT (if required)
BARITE
MIXING TIME: 3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Refer to DS-IE for maintenance procedures;
- Control if oil percentage of cuttings from oil-base fluid is within the values to allow the discharge. Take
all actions to maintain this percentage low;
- Optimise solids-removal equipment;
- Maintain the lowest oil/water ratio, compatible to the characteristics required.
HPHT F.
El. Stab.
Density
Cuttings
Wetting
CaCl2
Water
Aspect
REMEDIAL
POM
CONTAMINANTS
Yield
Gels
0/W
PV
SOLIDS + + + ++ =/- = (?) (PLAST.) - ADD. WETTING AGENT

- DILUTE
WATER -/+ + + + + - - - - (+) (PLAST.) -IF O/W IS OK,

THAN RESTORE ADDITIVE
PERCENTAGE
-IF O/W IS NOT OK

THAN ADD LT OIL+ ADDIT. %
-IF O/W IS OK,

OIL - - - - - = + - - THEN RESTORE ADDITIVE
PERCENTAGE
- IF O/W IS NOT OK THEN

ADD WATER + ADDIT.%
CaCl2 > 35% +/- +/- + - (+) (PLAST.) - ADD. FRESH WATER
- ADD. WETTING AGENT
HIGH - - + - - = - - ADDEMULSIFIERS
TEMPERATURE
- ADD FILTRATE REDUCERS
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
50/50 O/W INVERT EMULSION DRILLING FLUID LT-IE-50
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Cutting Inhibition
Maint. Tolerance
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
LT Oil
Diesel
Mud
Cost
X A A M A M M A A T2 D2 A M M A

- LT-IE fluid, purposely designed with a high water content to reduce cuttings from oil-base fluids
and discharge them offshore within the limits allowed;
- Used in off-shore areas where discharge of fluid is allowed with +/- 10% residual oil.

- Easier control of low-residual oil from cuttings compared to conventional LT-IE ;
- Highest inhibition grade of any water-base fluid ;
- Difficult maintenance as it is not possible to decrease density above 1.4 - 1.5 values when solids
tolerance is low;
- Unstable to high temperatures.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRILLING FLUID @ 120°F

Pom (cc H2SO4 N/10)
Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm2 )
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2 )
API HTHP (cc/30')

Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
O/W Ratio
CaCl2 (%)
pH
Mf
Pf
1.45 +/- 40 10 4 10 0 8 20 40 40 1 20 50/50 4 +/-
80 50 15 8 0 10 25 2.5 25 10 500

LOW AROMATIC CONTENT, MINERAL OIL FORMULATIONS AND QUANTITIES
EMULSIFIER/S DEPEND ON DENSITY, WATER/OIL RATIO,
LIME AND SERVICE COMPANY'S
FORMULATIONS.
BRINE (20-25% CaCl2) REFER TO INSTRUCTION IN THE
VISCOSIFIER SPECIFIC MANUAL.
BARITE
MIXING TIME: 3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
MAINTENANCE
- Generally maintained as an oil-base fluid;
- Unstable due to the high water percentage and more difficult to maintain than
a conventional oil-base fluid;
- Low electrical stability. Emulsion quality is evaluated from HPHT filtrate by verifying
the absence of water.
RHEOLOGY
- Very high rheology;
- High viscosity may allow a high percentage of residual fluid, and oil from cuttings. To
reduce viscosity, increase the O/W ratio. However, this may also increase oil from
cuttings, find a right balance between the two factors.
FILTRATE
- HPHT filtrate provides stability to the system. Its maintenance is highly important. Avoid
overtreatment with emulsifiers or filtrate reducers for excessive viscosity.
F. HPHT
EL. Stab.
Density
Wetting
CaCl2
Aspect
Water
Cuttings
POM
Yield
CONTAMINANTS REMEDIAL
Gels
0/W
PV
SOLIDS + + + ++ =/- = (PLAST.) - ADD. WETTING AGENT

(?) - DILUTE
WATER -/+ + + + + - - - - (+) (PLAST.) -IF O/W RATIO IS OK, THEN

RESTORE ADDITIVE%.
-IF THE O/W IS NOT OK,

THEN ADD LT OIL +
ADDITIVE%.
OIL - - - - - = + - - - IF O/W IS OK, THEN

RESTORE ADDITIVE %.
-IF THE O/W IS NOT OK,

THEN ADD WATER +
ADDITIVE %.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

INVERT EMULSION, ESTER-BASE FLUID EB-IE
Logistic Difference
Solid-removal Eq.
Cutting Inhibition
LGS Tolerance
Maint Diffrence
Alternative Oil
Non-dispersed
Temperature
Fresh Water
Convertible
Dispersed
Formation
Sea Water
Properties
Lubricant
Inhibition
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
LT Oil
Diesel
Mud
Cost
X A A A M A B A M T2 D3 A AA B A

- Ester-base emulsion;
- Thanks to no-aromatic content and biodegradability, cuttings can be discharged as per water-base
fluids;
- In off-shore areas where discharge of cuttings from oil-base fluids is restricted as well as for the high
costs on-shore transportations, it is a valid alternative to water-base fluids.

- All advantages of an oil-base fluid but lower environmental restrictions;
- Can be used up to 150 °C and a max density of 1,8 kg/l;
- High cost.


Pom (cc H2SO4 N/10)
Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm )

2
Gel 10'(gr/100cm )

2
API HTHP (cc/30')
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density (SG)
Plastic Visc.
O/W Ratio
CaCl2 (%)
(cps)
pH
Mf
Pf
+/- 2 1 15 4 600
1.5 35 13 2 10 0 80/20
80 5 2 25 8 1000

ESTER 613
WATER 148
EMULSIFIER 25
FILTRATE REDUCER (if required) 25
LIME 6
VISCOSIFIER 6
THINNER/S 6
CaCl2 65
BARITE c.n.
MIXING TIME: 3
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
INVERT EMULSION, POLIOLEFINE-BASE FLUID PO-IE
Solids-removal Eq.
Logistic Difference
Cutting Inhibition
Maint. Tolerance
LGS Tolerance
Non-dispersed
Alternative Oil
Fresh Water
Temperature
Convertible
Sea Water
Dispersed
Cuttings
Density
Re-use
LT Oil
Diesel
Mud
Cost
X A A A M A B A A T3 D4 A AA B A

- Polyolefine-base emulsion;
- Thanks to no-aromatic-content and biodegradability, cuttings can be disposed of 'zero' discharge;
- In off-shore areas where discharge of cuttings from oil-base fluids is restricted as well as for the high
costs on-shore transportations, it is a valid alternative to water-base fluids.

- All advantages of an oil-base fluid but lower environmental restrictions;
- Better compatility to rubber parts compared to DS/LT-IE;
- Can be used up to 180 °C an max density of approx. 2.2 kg/l;
- High cost;
- H igher viscosity than a conventional DS/LT-IE.

Pom (cc H2SO4 N/10)
Excess Lime (kg/m3)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm2)
Gel 10'(gr/100cm2 )
API HTHP (cc/30')

Plastic Visc. (cps)
Solids (% in vol.)
Water (% in vol.)
Sand (% in vol)
Oil (% in vol.)
Density(SG)
O/W Ratio
CaCl2 (%)
pH
Mf
Pf
1.32 +/- 30 5 2 5 0 5 1 25 70/30 +/-
70 600
FORMULATION PRODUCT Kg-l/m3
POLIOLEFINE 580
BRINE (CaCl2)) 275
EMULSIFIER 15
WETTING AGENT 6
LIME 17
VISCOSIFIER 6
FILTRATE REDUCER AS NEEDED
BARITE AS NEEDED
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
4. FLUID MAINTENANCE
In this section are flow charts related to the reading of water based fluid daily drilling
reports. These charts are should be read according to the general decision process as
follows:
IS THERE A PROBLEM ?
YES/NO
IF YES, WHAT IS THE PROBLEM ?
ANSWER
WHAT HAS BEEN DONE TO SOLVE IT ?
EVALUATE
WHAT ELSE CAN BE MADE TO SOLVE IT

WHICH HAS NOT BEEN MADE YET ?
TAKE ACTION
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
4.1 WATER BASED FLUIDS MAINTENANCE

4.1.1 Analysing Flow Chart For Water Based Fluid Reports
GELS
FLAT (es.: 2/4) FLASH

PROGRESSIVE
and/or as per ( es.: 6/12)
(es.: 1/15)
Programme
ESTIMATE:
YIELD POINT +
PV
DENSITY
% SOLIDS
LGS/HGS FILTRATE =/- FILTRATE +
MBT
CAKE =/- CAKE +
SOLIDS
CONTAMINATION
EXCESS CHEMICAL
VISCOSIFIER CONTAMINATION
ESTIMATE:
ESTIMATE:
Solids Removal
Equipment
and notes on pH
Dilution
PM,PF,MF
Cl-
Ca++
Mg++
etc....
- READ COMMENTS
- ANALIZE WELL PROBLEMS
- MATERIALS USED
- ANALIZE ANY VARATIONS OF

CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN 24 HOURS.
Note: Inadequate characteristics may cause well problems. It is important to

understand what and how many variations are needed to solve any
problems occur .
LEGEND: ( + increase; - decrease; = unchanged.)
MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS OF WATER-BASE FLUIDS 4.1.2
EFFECT ON FLUID CAUSE REMEDIAL ACTIONS

ENI S.p.A.
DENSITY
PV
YIELD
GELS
FILTRATE
pH/Pf
SOLIDS
IONS
OTHER
HIGH VISCOSITY WITH
FLOCCULATED FLUID. + + + +
Agip Division
Ca CEMENT AND/OR LIME PRETREAT OR TREAT WITH BICARBONATE;

POLYMER-BASE FLUIDS MAY
HAVE A STRONG VISCOSITY. OH CONTAMINATED BARITE POLYMER-BASE FLUIDS NEED PRETREATMENT.
ARPO
MONITOR EXCESS LIME TO CONTROL CONTAMINATION

REMOVAL, DO NOT RELY ONLY ON Ca++.
Maintenance Problems
USE DESANDERS OR CENTRIFUGE TO REMOVE

CONTAMINANT PARTICLES;
ADD DEFLOCCULANTS AND FILTRATE REDUCERS.
DILUTE; DUMP THE CONTAMINATED PILL, IF
FLOCCULATION CANNOT BE CONTROLLED.
CONVERT TO LIME FLUID.
IN SOME CASES (i.e. CaCl2 SOLUTIONS AND POLYMERS)
USES ACIDS SUCH AS HCl.
SODIUM CARBONATE CAN ALSO BE USED, BUT REMOVES
CALCIUM AND NOT OH-.
STAP -P-1-M-6160
HIGH VISCOSITY WITH

IDENTIFICATION CODE
PROGRESSIVE INCREASE. + + + GYPSUM/ANHYDRIDE PRETREAT/TREAT WITH SODIUM CARBONATE

Ca IF REDUCED QUANTITIES; CONVERT TO A FLUID TOLERANT
SO4 OF GYPSUM: FW-GY, FW-SS, DS-IE.
0
HIGH VISCOSITY WITH

OR WITHOUT PIT + + + (+) NaCl, FORMATION: DILUTE WITH FRESH WATER.
VOLUME INCREASE. Cl SALT DOME, SALT USE THINNERS AND FILTRATE REDUCER FOR SALINE
LEVELS, ENVIRONMENT.
FORMATION OR CONVERT TO SALT FLUID OR SALT SATURATED FLUID.
MAKE-UP WATER. ESTIMATE TO DUMP IF CONTAMINATION IS LIMITED TO A
PAGE
PILL.
REVISION
74 OF 155
MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS OF WATER-BASE FLUIDS
EFFECT ON FLUID CAUSE REMEDIAL
DENSITY
PV
YIELD
GELS
pH/Pf
OTHER
FILTRATE
SOLIDS
IONS
ENI S.p.A.
VISCOSITY INCREASE
WITH/WITHOUT VOLUME
Agip Division
INCREASE. + + + -/- Mg MgCl2, FROM TREAT WITH CAUSTIC SODA FOR LIGHT CONTAMINATION AND
ARPO
DIFFICULTY TO MAINTAIN FORMATION: MAINTAIN pH >/= 10.

pH. Cl WATER WITH MgCl2 CONVERT TO A FLUID TOLERANT OF MAGNESIUM (SALT
COMPLEX SALTS, SEA SATURATED, LOW pH, MIXED SALT SATURATED OR OIL-BASE
WATER. FLUID) IF CONTAMINATION IS SEVERE.
ATTENTION: CONTINUED ADDITIONS OF Mg(OH)2 TO THE
SYSTEM WILL RESULT IN A GREAT VISCOSITY INCREASE.
HIGH VISCOSITY,
PARTICULARLY YIELD
AND GELS AT 10". CONTAMINATION DIFFICULT TO RECOGNIZE, ESPECIALLY IN
UNEFCETVE + + =/+ Mf+ FORMATION CO2:
THERMAL COLORED FILTRATES.
TREATMENTS. INCREASE pH WITH NaOH, IF CONTAMINATION IS DUE TO
STAP -P-1-M-6160
DEGRADATION OF
POLYMERS: HCO3 AND Ca++ IS PRESENT THE FLUID;
IDENTIFICATION CODE
CONTAMINATED USE Ca(OH)2, IF Ca++ IS NOT PRESENT OR USE CaSO4 IF pH

BARITE, INCREASE IS NOT DESIRED;
OVERTRATMENT WITH USE cACl2 FOR BRINE OR CHLORIDE CONTENT FLUIDS.
BICARBONATE OR
CARBONATE, NaCO3 ATTENTION: DUMP ALL CONTAMINANTS THOROUGHLY, AS
0
ADDED BENTONITE. SMALL CONCENTRATION MAY CREATE PROBLEM TO FLUID

MAINTENANCE, AVOID OVERTREATING WITH SEQUESTRING
ION (Ca++).
PAY ATTENTION TO HIGH TEMPERATURE, HIGH DENSITY
AND/OR POLYMER-BASE FLUID.
PAGE
REVISION
75 OF 155
MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS OF WATER-BASE FLUIDS
EFFECT ON FLUID CAUSE REMEDIAL
DENSITY
OTHER
PV
YIELD
GELS
FILTRATE
pH/Pf
SOLIDS
IONS
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
STINKING WELL + + + - s-- H2S FROM FROMATION IF FROM FROMATION,TREAT WITH SCAVENGERS;IN RISKY
VISCOSITY INCREASE. THERMAL OR BACTERIAL AREAS PRETREAT AND/OR MAINTAIN ALKALINITY.
ARPO
DEGRADATION IF FROM THE THERMAL DEGRADATION, REPLACE PRODUCTS.

IF FROM BACTERIAL DEGRADATION, PRETREAT WITH
BACTERICIDE.
DIFFICULTY TO CONTINUE + + + + -/- HIGH TEMPERATURE REDUCE DILL SOLIDS CONCENTRATION; INCREASE
DRILLING AFTER TRIPPING, DISPERSER CONCENTRATION; USE FILTRATE REDUCERS
DIFFICULTY TO RUN TOOLS ADEQUATE TO TEMPERATURE, BY KEEPING HPHT FILTRATE
IN HOLE, HIGHLY AT VALUES SUFFICIENT TO PREVENT FLUID DEHYDRATION
GELATINIZED BOTTOM PILL. WHILE TRIPPING.
DISPLACING A PRETREATED FLUID PILL IN THE OPEN HOLE
STAP -P-1-M-6160
MAY RESULT CONVENIENT.

IDENTIFICATION CODE
VISCOSITY INCREASE =/ + + = + INERT SOLIDS SOLIDS-REMOVAL EQUIPMENT, DILUTION ANS/OR INHIBTION

(DESITY INCREASE FOR NOT ADEQUATE TO PENTRATION RATES, REMEDIAL
UNWEIGHTED FLUIDS) ACTIONS a) ADEQUATE ABOVE PARAMETERS; b) USE A
0
SOLIDS-TOLERANT FLUID; c) REDUCE PENETRATION RATES.
VISCOSITY INCREASE =/ + + SOLIDS-REMOVAL EQUIPMENT, DILUTION AND/OR

+ + - + MBT CLAY GROUNDS
PAGE
(DESITY INCREASE FOR INHIBITION NOT ADEQUATE TO FROMATION OR

UNWEIGHTED FLUIDS) PENETRATION RATES. REMEDIAL ACTION: AS PER
SOLIDS-CONTROL, MOREOVE IT IS IMPORTANT TO PROVIDE
OR ADEQUATE FLUID INHIBITION.
REVISION
76 OF 155
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
4.1.3 Chemical Treatment of Contaminents
3
Contaminants Contaminant Ion Corrective Scavengers Quantitative (kg/M )
To Remove 1gr/L
Of Contaminant Ion
Gypsum Or Calcium (Ca++) • Soda Ash (Na2CO3) 2.64
Anhydrite • SAPP (Na2H2P207) 2.77
• Sodium Bicarbonate 2.09
(Na2CO3)
Cement/Lime Calcium (Ca++) + • SAPP 2.77
Hydroxil (OH-)
• Sodium Bicarbonate 2.09
Hard Water Magnesium (Mg++) • A) NaOH and increase Ph To 3.3
10.5
Calcium (Ca++) • B) Soda Ash 2.65
H2S S-- Maintain Ph Above 10.5 Refer to indication
• Zinc Oxide (Zn0) given for each
product.
• Zinc Carbonate (ZnCO3)
• Chelate Zinc
• Ironite Sponge (Fe304)
Carbon Dioxide Carbonates (CO3--) • Gypsum (CaSO4) 2.85
(CO2) Bicarbonates (HCO3-) • Lime (CaOH2) 1.23
• Lime 1.21
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
4.1.4 H2S Scavengers
Product AVA Bariod Dowell MI BH Inteq

Description
Fe based H2S Ironite Sponge Ironite Sponge Ironite Sponge Ironite Sponge Ironite Sponge
Scavenger 1.35gr/1grH2S 1.35gr/1grH2S 1.35gr/1grH2S 1.35gr/1grH2S 1.35gr/1grH2S
Pre-treatment Pre-treatment Pre-treatment Pre-treatment Pre-treatment
3 3 3 3 3
30kg/m 30kg/m 30kg/m 30kg/m 30kg/m
Zinc Carbonate Zinc Carbonate Zinc Carbonate Zinc Carbonate Zinc Carbonate Mil-Gard
5gr/1grH2S 5gr/1grH2S 4gr/1grH2S 5gr/1grH2S 6gr/1grH2S
Pre-treatment Pre-treatment Pre-treatment Pre-treatment Pre-treatment
3 3 3 3 3
5-8kg/m 5-8kg/m 4-8kg/m 5-8kg/m 6-9kg/m
*Zinc Chelate Coat-RD IDZAC L SV-120
(liquid) 20gr/1grH2S 13gr/1grH2S 13gr/1grH2S
Pre-treatment Pre-treatment Pre-treatment
3 3 3
5-10kg/m 14-29kg/m 3-6kg/m
*Zinc Chelate IDZAC L Fer-Ox Milgard R
(powder) 8gr/1grH2S 19gr/1grH2S
Pre-treatment Pre-treatment
3 3
14-23kg/m 23-24kg/m
Zinc Oxide Oxide Zinc Sulf-X
(Polvere) 2.3gr/1grH2S 2.3gr/1grH2S
Pre-treatment Pre-treatment
3 3
3-6kg/m 3-6kg/m
Zinc Mixture No-Sulf
Pre-treatment
3
5-15kg/m
Oil Dispersant SOS 200
Scavenger 14gr/1grH2S
Pre-treatment
3
6-12kg/m
Note: 1ppm = 1mgr/1,000gr: 1gr/1,000kg. etc.
Treatment is referred to H2S determined in drilling fluid (not to ppm but

to detector).
* for non-viscofied fluids.

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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
4.1.5 Poylmer Structures/Relationship
POLYMERS: STRUCTURE/FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP

FUNCTION MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
VISCOSITY HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT
VISCOSITY AND HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MIXED STRUCTURE OR CROSS-LINKING

THIXOTROPY
VISCOSITY IN BRINE SOLUTIONS HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT, NON IONIC OR ANIONIC, CAN BE EASILY REPLACED
DEFLOCCULANT, DISPERSER, LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT WITH ALCALINEpH, NEGATIVE CHARGE
FLOCCULANT HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT WITH IONIC CHARGES ABSORBABLE FROM SHALES
SURFANCTANT LYOPHIL OR HYDROPHIL GROUP IN THE SAME MOLECULE
FILTRATE REDUCER COLLOIDAL PARTICLE FORMATION AND/OR SOLIDS BRIDGING ACTION
FUNZIONI
DEFLOCCULAN.
VISCOSIZZANTI
TYPE
RID. FILTRATO
FLOCCULANTI
RACCOMENDED
OF
EXTENDER
TREATMENT LIMITATIONS
POLYMER Kg/m
3 NOTES
STARCH S P 10-20 TEMP. MAX 12O °C ,+ BATTERICIDA
GUAR GUM P 10 TEMP MAX 100 °C + BATTERICIDA
BIOPOLYMERS P 1.5-6 pH< 10.5
CMC HV P S 1.5-6 Ca++ < 1200 ppm
CMC LV P 1.5-6 Ca++ < 1200 ppm
HEC P 3-4 TEMP.. MAX 95 °C
PAC REGULAR S P S 1.5-6 Ca++ < 2000 ppm
PAC LOVIS S P 1.0-6 Ca++ < 2000 ppm
PHPA P P P 0.7-4.5 Ca++< 400 ppm
PHPA LMW P 0.6-4.5 Ca++ < 400 ppm
POLYACRYLATES P P 0.7-6 Ca++ < 400 ppm
VAMA P S 0.14-0.9 Ca++ < 400 ppm
SSMA S P 3-9 DEFLOCCULANT FOR T. UP 260 °C

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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
4.2 OIL BASED FLUIDS MAINTENANCE

4.2.1 Analysing Flow Chart For Oil Based Fluid Reports
WELL PROBLEMS
VARIATION OF NOTES ON SOLIDS

MAINTENANCE
PROBLEMS CHARACTERISTICS TREATMENTS
ADDITIVES USED TO
MAINTAIN
CHARACTERISTICS
The stability of oil based fluid characteristics does not allow the same evaluation of
contaminants carried out on water based fluids.
Problems are dealt with through a comparison of the characteristics by recording changes
on a consumption basis, as for example:
dry and fragile cuttings, salinity fall and/or excessive additions of CaCl2 to maintain
salinity, water content increase and/or additions of oils and emulsifiers to maintain W/O
ratio at correct levels which may indicate an excessive salinity.
However, evaluation is simplified by the limited amount of problems encountered.
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
4.2.2 Maintenance Problems
Effect On Fluid Problems Cause Remedial Actions
• Dull, grainy appearance Low emulsion 1) Low emulsifier 1) Add emulsifier with lime.
of fluid. stability content. 2) Dilute with fresh water if
• High HP/HT filtrate fluid 2) Super-saturated with needed. Add secondary
with water. CaCl2. emulsifier.
• Barite settling 3) Add emulsifiers and lime
3) Water flows. if needed recover o/w
• Blinding of shaker ratio.
screens.
4) Maximise agitation.
• Extreme cases can Check electrolytes
4) Fluid from mud plant
cause water wetting of content, the higher the
or wrong make up.
solids. contents, the harder the
emulsifier is to form
• Flocculation of barite Water wetting of 1) Inadequate 1) Add secondary emulsifier

on sand-content test. solids. emulsifiers. for water wetting of
solids or wetting agents.
• Sticky cuttings on the
shaker screens. 2) Water-base fluid 2) As indicated in point 1.
contamination.
• Blinding of the shaker
screens. 3) Super-saturated with 3) Dilute with fresh water
CaCl2. and add secondary
• Barite settling. emulsifier.
• Dull, grainy appearance
of fluid.
• Low electrical stability.
• Free water in HP/HT
filtrate.
• High HP/HT filtrate with High filtrate 1) Low emulsifier 1) Add emulsifier and lime.
water. content.
• Low ES. Fill on bottom- 2) Low concentration of 2) Add adequate filtrate
hole. filtrate reducer. reducer.
• Sloughing shale. 3) High bottom hole 3) Increase concentration of
temperature emulsifier if a relaxed
filtrate system, convert to
a conventional system.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
• High PV, high yp, High viscosity 1) High solid percentage 1) Dilute with oil; optimise
increase of solids solids-removal
and/or water. equipment; add
emulsifiers.
2) Water contamination 2) Add emulsifiers.
3) Overtreatment with 3) Dilute with oil.
emulsifiers, especially
primary emulsifier.
• Fill at drill pipe change Sloughing 1) Drilling underbalance. 1) Increase fluid weight.
and after tripping; Shales 2) Excessive filtrate. 2) Increase emulsifier
torque and drag content, add filtrate
reducers.
• Increase of cuttings 3) Activity too low. 3) Increase CaCl2 contents
over shakers to match formation
activity.
4) Inadequate hole 4) Add viscosifiers.
cleaning.
• Low YP and gels, barite Barite settling 1) Poor oil wetting of 1) Add secondary emulsifier
settling in the barite. and/or wetting agent;
viscometer cup. slow addition of barite.
2) Too low gels. 2) Add most adequate
viscosifier.
• Pit volume decrease. Lost Circulation 1) Hydrostatic pressure 1) Add mica or granulars.
• Return losses. is more than Never add fibrous or
formation pressure. synthetic materials (i.e.
Nylon).
• Problem of mixing fluid. Low settling of 1) Inadequate shear. 1) Maximise shear.

barite. 2) Very cold. 2) Lengthen mixing time.
Very thin fluid 3) Poor wetting of barite. 3) Slow addition of barite. If
with no yield or not sufficient increase
gels. percentage of secondary
Dull, grainy fluid. emulsifier.
4) CaCI2 >350,000 ppm. 1. Dilute with fresh water.
Once emulsion is
formed, adjust CaCl2 if
needed.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
• Soft cuttings, blinding Too low activity 1) Too low concentration 1) Allow concentration to
tendencies of shaker can result in hole of CaCl2. balance by itself if not
screens. Decrease of instability. severe, report CaCl2 in
water content. percentage. Report
where water migration
stops as the balance
point. Recover the
correct o/w ratio with the
above percentage.
• Dry and fragile cuttings Too high activity. 1) Excessive 1) Allow concentration to
fall of salinity and/or Embrittlement of concentration of balance by itself if not
excessive additions of cuttings helps CaCI2. severe, add oil and
CaCI2 to maintain the build up of surfactants until balance
salinity, water content fine solids. point has been reached.
increase or several Formation can
additions of oil to keep be weakened.
O/W ratio.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
5. SOLIDS CONTROL
This section provides information relating to solids removal equipment aiding to the
selection of choice and size of equipment required.
5.1 SOLIDS REMOVAL EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

Hole Diameter Max. ROP Feed Rate Of Fluid To Be Drilled Solids Of Fluid To
Processed Be Processed
26" +/- 30m/hr +/- 4500ltr/min 25-40t/hr
1
17 /2" +/- 30m/hr +/- 3800ltr/min 12-30t/hr
1
12 /4" +/- 30m/hr +/- 3000ltr/min 5-12t/hr
1
8 /2” +/- 15m/hr +/- 1500ltr/min 0.5-1t/hr
5.2 STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOLIDS
% Solids
100
CENTRIFUGE
80 CYCLONES
SHALE
SHAKERS
60
40
20
Total solids Drill solids Barite
0%
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275
Solids Size (Micron)
Figure 5.A - Statistical Distribution Of Solids
5.3 EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE

Centrifuge D-Silter D-Sander Shale Shaker
Feature Barite High High Cone Feed Rate Cone Feed Rate Screen Cut Processed
Recovery Volume Speed Size (per unit Size (per unit Mesh Point Volume
Centrifuge l/min) l/min) Microns (l/min)
Usage Barite Large Liquid 2” 60-80 5” 300 20 x 20 465 3800
Recovery, Volumes Phase 6” 370 30 x 30 541 3600
4” 180-340 8” 500 30 x 40 381 3400
LGS Recovery
Removal 10” 1900 40 x 36 300 3000
G’ 500-700 +/- 800 2100-3000 12” 1900 50 x 50 279 2800
60 x 60 234 2650
80 x 60 178 2300
Cut Point 6-10 per 5-7 2-5 100x100 140 1500
Microns LGS, 4-7 per 120x120 117 950
HGS 150x150 104 750
Feed 40-80 380-750 150-300 200x200 74 450
Rates l/min
RPM 1600-1800 1900-2200 2500-3300
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
5.4 EQUIPMENT RECOMENDATIONS
SOLIDS-REMOVAL EQUIPMENT
FROM WELL
SCALPING
SHALE
SHAKERS
HIGH PERFORMANCE
SHALE SHAKERS
(PREMIUM)
D-GASER D-SANDER D-SILTER CENTRIFUGE/S

(MUD CLEANER)
MAIN ALTERNATIVE
WATER-BASE FLUIDS
OIL-BASEFLUIDS
WATER-BASE MUD
INHIBITIVE SALTS
OIL-BASE FLUIDS
POLYMER FLUIDS
LOW GRAVITY
POLYMER-BASE
SOLIDS-REMOVAL
HIGH DENSITY
LOW DENSITY
(<1.3 s.g.)
HIGH DENSITY
FLUIDS WITH
(> 1,3 )
RECOMMENDED EQUIPMENT
PER FLUID TYPE
STANDARD SHALE SHAKERS x (*) x* x* x * x * x *

PREMIUM SHALE SHAKERS (x) x x x x x
D-GASER x x x x x x
D-SANDER x x x x
D-SILTER x
MUD CLEANER (x) x x x x x
CENTRIFUGES:
-BARITE RECOVERY x x
- HIGH VOLUME x x x
- HIGH SPEED (x) x
*
()
SCALPING SHALE SHEKERS
NOT OBLIGATORY
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
5.4.1 Double Shale Shakers
COARSE SCREEN COARSE SCREEN
BACKFLOW PLATE
FINE SCREEN FINE SCREEN
Figure 5.B - No Backflow Plated Shale Figure 5.C - Backflow Plated Shale Shaker
Shaker
Description:
Description:
Two-layer screen shale shaker with an
Two-layer screen shale shaker with a course inclined plate located between them which
upper screen and a fine lower screen. allows fluid to flow back to the beginning of
the fine lower screen.
Advantages:
Simple and economical to use and maintain Advantages:
coarse screen removes most of the cuttings, Same as the no-backflow plated shale shaker
thus limiting the wearing out of the fine with better use of the lower finer screen.
screens. Cuttings removed by the fine lower screen
are drier than those of the no-backflow plated
Limitations: shale shaker system. Fairly good
performance with reduced sizes
Fluid losses from the lower screen. Wet
cuttings due to the short stay on screens.
Limitations:
Recommended for: Replacement of the lower screens may be
difficult. Cuttings are not as dry of a single
• Marginal well plants, with low cost water deck shale shaker integrated with a scalping
base fluids and lower costs of waste shale shaker.
discharge.
• Same as scalping shale shaker used in
Recommended for:
single deck, high performance
configurations. • As a primary shale shaker, especially
for water based fluids and non-
cascading plants (scalping, single deck,
premium shale shaker).
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
5.4.2 Single Deck Shale Shakers
COARSE SCREEN FINE SCREEN
Figure 5.E - Underflow Screens

Figure 5.D - Multiple Screens
Description:
Description:
Single deck, single screen with the initial
Single deck, linear shaker with two more section completely underflowed by fluid.
screens of different weave placed
sequentially from the finer to the coarser. The Screen vibration allows cuttings to overflow
screens can be positioned forwards or up the final inclined section.
backwards.
Advantages:
Advantages: Designed to obtain very dry cuttings. 8-30
Efficient and especially reliable with cuttings sized screens are installed when it is used as
from hard formations or oil based fluids. If a scalping shaker.
used properly, cuttings discarded are dry.
Limitations:
Limitations: Is solely a speciality shale shaker to reduce
All cuttings are processed by the fine screen residual oil, from cuttings.
which wears out more often, especially if If used with water based fluids and plastic
cuttings are plastic (drilled clays with water formations, the screens can be easily
based fluid). This problem can be solved by plugged.
using a another shale shaker placed in front
in sequence acting as a scalping shale
shaker. Recommended for:
• Exclusive use with oil based fluids and
Recommended for: when cutting discharge is allowed with
an oil residue percentage which can be
• Use as a primary shale shaker for oil achievable.
based fluids.
• With the use of very fine screens their
efficiency can be exploited by using a
bank of shale shakers sufficient for the
capacity required. This processes the
volume of fluid an efficient cost.
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
5.5 SCREEN SPECIFICATION

Type Of Screen Mesh Per Inch Wire Diameter Mesh Opening Flow Area
(ins) (Microns) (%)
Square Mesh Screens
S10 10 X 10 0.025 1905 X1905 56.3
S20 20 X 20 0.017 838 X838 43.6
S40 40 X 40 0.010 381 X 81 36.0
S80 80 X 80 0.0055 178 X 78 31.4
S120 120 X 120 0.0037 117 X 17 30.9
S150 150 X 150 0.0026 105 X 5 37.9
S200 200 X 200 0.0021 74 X 4 33.6
Rectangular Mesh Screens
B20 8 X 20 0.032/0.02 762 X 3362 45.7
B40 20 X 30 0.015/0.015 465 X 89 39.1
B60 20 X 40 0.014 310 X 910 36.8
B80 20 X 60 0.013/0.009 190 X 1037 34.0
B100 40 X 60 0.009 200 X 406 31.1
B120 40 X 80 0.0075 457 X 140 35.6
5.5.1 Nomenclature
Derrick Nomenclature
Description Panel SWG 3 layered, derrick standard screens, non-repairable.
PWP 3 layered screens mounted on a rigid support, repairable with
fitted plugs or silicon. The support takes up 35% of the flow area.
GBG 3 layered screens bonded to a non-rigid support, temporarily
repairable. The support takes up 10% of the flow area.
Pyramid Corrugated screens on a rigid support gives approx. a 50%
increase in flow area.
Screen DC Coarse mesh screens.
DF Fine mesh screens.
DX Extra fine mesh screens
HP High performance screens.
SCGR Rectangular mesh screens
Example: GBG HP 200 - Multiple, high performance screen mounted on a non-rigid support. 200
indicates that the equivalent mesh size does not correspond exactly to mesh number.
Derrick Nomenclature
Description BLS 3 layered screens with plastic strips between the coarse screen and the others.
BXL 3 layered screens mounted on a plastic grid.
S Square meshed screens.
B Rectangular meshed screens.
Example: The letter designation is followed by a number which, as in ‘BLS’, ‘BXL’ and ‘S’ screens,
indicates the mesh number. For ‘B’ designation, it is the sum of the mesh in both directions.
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5.6 CYCLONE SYSTEMS
VISCOSITY/CYCLOPE PERFORMANCE (4")
PV 6 cps, YP 1 gr/100cm2
EFFICIENCY GRADE (%)
100
PV 25 cps, YP 5 gr/100cm2
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
SOLIDS SIZE (MICRON)
Figure 5.F - Typical Viscosity/Cyclone Performance (4”)
Equipment Treatment Capacity Weight Difference Feed Pressure Volume Discharged

Required Entrance/Discharge From Equipment
3
Desander 1.25 (Max. Perf. Q) 0.3-0.6kg/l 30-45psi +/- 1.5m /h
3
Desilter 1.5 (Max. Perf Q) 0.3-0.4kg/l 30-45psi +/- 3.5m h
3
Mud-Cleaner 1.5 (Max. Perf. Q) 0.3-0.4kg/l 30-45psi +/- 1m /h
SPRAY DROP NO
DISCHARGE DISCHARGE DISCHARGE
EXCESSIVE OPENING PROPER FUNCTIONING EXCESSIVE CLOSING
Figure 5.G - Calibration Of Water Discharge Cyclones
'B' 'B'
'A'
SPRAY
DISCHARGE
'C'
AIR CONE
PROPER FUNCTIONING WASHING AWAY FLOOD DRY DISCHARGE
-CONE HOLED IN "A" - CONE OR COLLECTOR - HIGH SOLIDS PERCENTAGE
- PARTIALLY PLUGGED CONE IN "B" PLUGGED IN "B". - CLOSED DISCHARGE.
- TOO HIGH IN "C".
Figure 5.H - Typical Cyclone Malfunctions

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5.7 CENTRIFUGE SYSTEMS
DECANTATION DEHYDRATION
OF SOLIDS OF SOLIDS
(POND) (BEACH)
LIQUID DISCHARGE SOLIDS FEED PIPE

DISCHARGE
ROTATING BOWL SCROLL
OVERFLOW PORTS SOLIDS FLUID FEED

DISCHARGE
Figure 5.I - Centrifuge Operating Principle
5.7.1 PrInciple Of Operation

a) Fluid to be processed is delivered to the centrifuge through the feed pipe.
b) The rotating bowl creates a very high centrifugal force which increases the
gravitational separation effects of the of fluids and solids.
c) The solids being heavier gather on the drum walls and when build up are
moved by the scroll to the solids discharge port.
d) The liquids move through the unit to the liquid discharge port nozzles.
The liquids decanting effect and solids dehydration depends on the following:
• ‘g’ centrifugal force.
• Settling time of the solids on the drum.
Increasing Feed Rate/H ‘G’ Micron Solids Solids Fluid %

Feed Capacity + = + +
RPM = + - -
RPM Difference Between = = = +
Rotor/Scroll
Height Of Underflow Ports = = + +
Table 5.A- Effects Of Variables
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5.7.2 Centrifuge Processing
FLUID TO BE
PROCESSED
LGS DISCHARGE LGS DISCHARGE
PROCESSED FLUID
Figure 5.J - Unweighted Fluid-Parallel Processing
LOW "G" HIGH "G"

FLUID TO BE
PROCESSED
BARITE RECOVERY LGS

DISCHARGE
PROCESSED FLUID
Figure 5.K - Weighted Fluid-Sequential Processing

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6. TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
This section is a troubleshooting guide which addresses loss of circulation, describing

remedial actions to be taken for the various types of losses and includes some
information on the use of LCM and the appropriate procedures.
6.1
SEEPAGE
LOSS ALMOST TOTAL TOTAL HYDRAULICALLY-INDUCED
less than 50% more than 50% FRACTURES
ENI S.p.A.
Agip Division
ARPO
SURFACE HIGHLY LOW DENSITY HIGH DENSITY

PERMEABLE FRACTURES FRACTURES FRACTURES CAVERNS
AREAS FLUIDS FLUIDS
HIGH FLUID THINNING

SPOT PILLS FILTRATION GEL-CEMENT SET TIME LOW
AND/OR
HIGH VISCOSITY HIGH VISCOSITY WITH LCM MIXTURE SLURRIES LOADING
FLUID AND HIGH UNWEIGHTING
FLUID
GELS
LOST CIRCULATION CONTROL TECHNIQUES
- LCM IN CIRCULATION HIGH CEMENT/GEL HIGH

CEMENT + HIGH FILTRATION
STAP -P-1-M-6160
FILTRATION CEMENT GELSONITE FILTRATION

- HIGH FILTRATION FLUID MIXTURE SLURRIES MIXTURE
MIXTURE
IDENTIFICATION CODE
SPOT PILL WITH LCM GEL CEMENT DOB

DOBC DOBC
0
DOBC
DOBC
AERETED FLUIDS
Figure 6.A - Lost Circulation Control Flow Chart

HIGH/VERY HIGH FILTRATION AERETED FLUIDS AERETED FLUIDS
MIXTURE STIFF-FOAM STIFF-FOAM STIFF-FOAM
PAGE
REVISION
93 OF 155
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6.2 LOSSES IN VARIOUS FORMATION TYPES
Loss Determination In Various Formation Types

Unconsolidated Formations Sands, gravel beds, etc. Gradual increase in loss which may
develop and increase with penetration.
If permeability is less than 4/5 darcy, the
loss is maybe due to formation fracture.
Natural Fractures Every type of elastic rock. Gradual increase in losses which may
develop and increase with penetration
Cavernous Or Macrovugular Limestones, dolomites, Sudden and severe, to complete loss, of
Formations reef, volcanic rocks. returns.
The bit may fall from a few centimetres to
some metres at the moment of loss.
Perforations may be 'disturbed' before the
losses.
Induced Fractures May occur to all formations. Sudden and sever to complete losses.
It is likely to occur to Fluids with density more than 1.3 SG may
preferred plans of fractures. help create fractures.
Fracture may occur during, or
subsequent, to rough drilling.
If it occurs in one single well and does not
occur to the nearby wells, fracture may be
the cause
6.3 CHOICE OF LCM SPOT PILLS
RESULTS
GOOD
IF USED
CEMENT WITH...
GOOD NO GOOD NONE
"PLASTIC" PLUGS
PERLITE
GRANULAR
(COTTON) FLAKE
FIBROUS
CELLOPHANE
MICA
MACROFRACTURES/CARSIMS FRACTURES GRAVEL SAND PORES
Figure 6.B - LCM Spot Pill Selection Chart

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6.3.1 LCM Information
Materials Type Granulometry Seepage Partial Total Can Be Can Be

(mm) Loss Loss Loss Acidised Used In
OBM
CaCO3 Granular 50% @ +/- 0.05 X X X X
CaCO3 Granular 50% @ +/- 0.1 X X X
CaCO3 Granular 50% @ +/- 0.6 a3 X X X X
Fine Nuts Granular 0.16 - 0.5 X X
Medium Granular 0.5 - 1.6 X X
Nuts
Coarse Nuts Granular 1.6 - 5 X X X
Fine Mica Lamellar 2-3 X X X
Coarse Mica Lamellar 4-6 X X X X
Vegetal Fibrous 5 - 15 X X
Fibres
Cellophane Lamellar 10 - 20 X X
6.3.2 LCM Efficiency
60 60
50 50
40 40
Kg/m3 OF LCM
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
FRACTURE WIDTH (mm)
FIBROUS LAMELLAR GRANULAR
Figure 6.C - Fracture Dependent Efficiency Of LCM

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6.4 TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE

6.4.1 Loss Of Circulation With Water Based Fluids
Treatment Formulation Operational Remarks
Stand-By/Set Time Allow 4-8 hours set time. Plan
further action to be taken.
High Viscosity Fluids Add contaminants (lime, salt, Viscosity at +/- 100sec.
etc.) to circulating fluids (lime,
salt, etc.) by increasing viscosity
and filtrate.
LCM In Circulation Approximately: Shale shakers max., 10-12 mesh.
• Fine mica 2%
• Fine granulars 2%
High Filtration Fluids • Bentonite 5% Do not use with unstable
• Caustic Soda/Lime 10% formations.
• Diatomite 10%
• Filtrate 30-50 cc
3
Spot Pills With LCM Volume, from 15 to 80 m of high Displace loss zone if there is
filtration fluid conditioned with 6- excessive solids loading in the
8% of LCM adequate for loss. annulus. Squeeze slowly with a low
pressure (50psi). Displace by
means of bit with no nozzle or with
nozzles >14/32".
High Filtration Mixtures • Attapulgite 3-6% RIH or EDP on top loss, squeeze
(200-400cc API) • (bentonite 1.5-6%) with low pressure (starting with +/-
• Lime 0.15% 50psi @ 150ltr/min). Do not exceed
fracture pressure and maintain for
• Diatomite 15%
6-8hrs.
• *Mica 1-1.5%
• *Granular 1-2.5%
• *Fibrous 0.3-1%
*(chosen dependent on loss).
Very High Filtration Slurries • Diatomite 30% Same application procedure as
(>600cc API) • Lime 15% high filtration slurries with
o
• Attapulgite 0-4% temperature >60 C. It may develop
mechanical resistance.
• *Granular 1-2.5%
• *Fibrous 1%
• *Lamellar 1%
*(chosen dependent on loss)
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Diaseal M (Filtrate >1000cc Formulation for the preparation of Same application procedure as
3
API) 1m final Diaseal M high filtration slurries.
Density Diaseal Barite Water
3
kg/l sacks t m
1.08 6 0 0.9
1.45 5 0.2 0.8
1.80 4 1.0 0.7
2.15 3 1.5 0.6
GEL Cement (Prehydrated Formula for preparing slurries ('G' A higher slurry must be
Bentonite) cement) prepared. The percentages
Bent Water Slurry Density indicated, provide mechanical
Yield resistance. Formation of slurries
% weight% l/100kg kg/l
with higher percentages of
Bentonite may improve LCM
0 44 75.7 1.9
characteristics while decreasing
2 84 116.5 1.6
mechanical resistance
3 104 136.9 1.51
4 112 157.25 1.45
Cement Gilsonite Formulation for preparing slurries Good mechanical resistance
('G' cement) associated with material control
action of gilsonite. As for
Bent Water Slurry Density
cement plugs, it is advisable to
Yield
% weight% l/100kg kg/l
drill the loss zone and carry out
the remedial procedure when
0 44 75.7 1.9
finished.
50 61 139.5 1.51
WOC for at least 8hrs.
100 78 203.9 1.37
200 112 330.25 1.25
DOBC Squeeze (Diesel Oil Materials required for final vol. 1 Apply DOBC/DOB squeeze
3
Bentonite) m procedure. RIH or EDP on top
• Diesel 0.72m
3 of loss zone. Plastic plug
• Cement 450kg volume to equal, or be greater
than, the hole below the loss
• Bentonite 450kg zone first and second plug, both
3
about 1m diesel.
DOB Squeeze Materials required for final vol. When plug exits drill string,
3
1m close annular preventer and
• Diesel 0.70m
3 pump fluids into annulus while
displacing the plug from the DP.
• Bentonite 800kg
Drillpipe/ annulus ratio is 2:1,
about 600 l/min from drillpie and
300 l/min from annulus. After
displacing half the plug, reduce
pump rate by half. After
displacing 3/4 of the plug,
attempt a 'hesitation squeeze
pressure' with 100-500psi.
Underdisplace plug by one
barrel, POOH, allow 8-10hrs set
time.
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6.4.2 Loss Of Circulation With Oil Based Fluids

Additions Of Colloid Reduce HP/HT filtrate with Seepage loss is commonly due to
asphalt filtration control additives. low colloid contents of oil based.
Add CaCO3 to +/- 5-15 microns.
3
Spot Pills With LCM Volume, from 5 to 10m , added Displace loss zone if there is
with LCM adequate for the loss excessive solids loading in the
and compatibility with the oil annulus, squeeze slowly with low
based fluid with a percentage pressure (50psi). Displace by
varying from 5 to 10%. means of bit with no nozzles or with
nozzles >14/32".
Diaseal M (Filtrate >1000 cc Formulation for preparing final Spot pill volume is double3 the hole
API)
3
vol. 1m of Diaseal M volume and at least 1.5m . To
3
avoid contamination 3-4m ,
Density Diaseal Barite Water separating pills are advisable after
3
kg/l sacks t m and before.
1.08 5 0.2 0.9 Final pressure should be equivalent
1.45 4 0.7 0.8 to the max. density.
1.80 3 1.1 0.7 If the pill viscosity is too high, add
2.15 2 1.6 0.6 wetting agent.
LCM may be added.
Plastic Plug With Formulation for preparing final Spot pill volume should be double
3
Organophil Clay vol. 1m3 the hole volume or at least 1.5m .
3
Density 1.2 1.45 2.15(kg/l) To avoid contamination, 3-4m ,
Water 0.67 0.72 0.54 (m3) separating pills in front and behind
FCL 9 7 7 (kg) are advisable.
NaOH 4 4 4 Final pressure should be equivalent
Org.clay 550 712 285 (kg) to the max. density.
Barite 1540 (kg)
If the pill viscosity is too high, add a
wetting agent.
LCM may be added.
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Fresh Water Barite Plug Formulation for preparing 1m3 • Determine the height of the
Density 2.16 2.4 2.64(kg/l)
plug, commonly 130-150m is
Water 0.64 0.57 0.5 (m3) sufficient.
SAPP 2 2 2 (kg) • Choose the desired density, the
NaOH 0.7 0.7 0.7 (kg) lower the density, the faster the
*(FCL) (6) (6) (6) setting time.
*(NaOH)(1.4) (1.4) (1.4) • Calculate the plug volume by
Barite 1530 1850 2155 adding 10 barrels.
• Calculate the amount of
* as alternative to SAPP and materials required.
Soda. • Evaluate displacement
• Mix with cement unit.
• Use bit with nozzles.
• Under displace leaving two
barrels.
• Pull out above plug and
Circulate as long as you can, in
order to allow plug to settle.
Note:
• The use of fresh water is
advisable, as sea water does
not allow a proper settling.
• Maintain mix water pH at 8-10.
• For preparing a pumpable fluid,
follow the indications herein
given using galena.
3
Oil Based Fluid Barite Plug Formulation for preparing 1m
Density 2.4 2.64 kg/l
Oil 0.51 0.49 (m3)
EZ MUL 20 17 (kg)
Water 27 26 (L)
Barite 1930 2530 (kg)
Water Based Fluid With Formulation for preparing 1m3

Galena Density 2.88 3.36 3.84 kg/l
Water 0.58 0.51 0.51 (m3)
Bent 23 8 5 (kg)
Na2CO3 4 5 5.7 (kg)
SAPP 2 2 5.7 (kg)
Galena 1325 1995 3320 (kg)
Barite 955 838 ....... (kg)
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3
Oil Based Fluid With Galena Formulation for preparing 1m
Base Fluid (Invermul)
Oil 0.85 (m3)
Water 0.15 (m3)
Driltreat 35 (kg)
Suspentone 52 (kg)
Gelitone II 10 (kg)
Duratone HT 35 (kg)
Formulation for preparing 1m3

Density 3.36 3.6 4.32 kg/l
Base 0.59 0.55 0.43 (m3)
Fluid
Driltreat --- --- 14 (kg)
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7. STUCK PIPE TREATMENT/PREVENTITIVE ACTIONS
This section gives recommendations on preventive measures to avoid stuck pipe in

addition to appropriate treatments to solve the problem.
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7.1 STUCK PIPE TREATMENT/PREVENTION
STUCK PIPE
PARAMETERS
FREE
DRILLSTRING
DOWN IN HOLE
OUT OF HOLE
CIRCOLATION
STUCKPIPE CAUSE TREATMENT/PREVENTIVE ACTIONS

ROTATING
TYPE
DIFFRENTIAL YES NO NO NO - HIGHLY PERMEABLE FORMATIONS TREATMENT

PRESSURE - EXCESSIVE CAKE
- DRILL STRING JAMMED - WORK DRILL STRING UP AND DOWN
- DEPLETED LEVELS.
CLAY-BASE WATER FLUIDS:

- DENSITY UP TO 1.35 Kg/l, USE DIESEL OR
LT OIL CONDITIONED WITH SURFANCTANT
(PIPELAX, OR PRESANTIL ETC..);
EZ SPOT FORMULATION FOR PREPARING 1 m3 - DENSITY MORE THAN 1.35 Kg/l, PREPARE A
SPOT PILL WITH WEIGHTED OIL (EZ-SPOT,
DENSITY Kg/l 0,9 1,2 1,44 1,68 1,92 2,16 PRESANTIL W, ORGANOPHIL CLAY PILLS,
ETC...);
EZ SPOT 80 80 80 80 80 80
GASOLIO 650 580 540 490 510 440
ACQUA 270 260 220 210 110 100
BARITE -- 396 710 995 1310 1620 POLYMER-BASE FLUIDS:
IF NEEDED ADD 1% SURFANCTANT (i.e. PRESANTIL) - IN ORDER TO DISGRAGATE THE CAKE, USE
SOLUTIONS OF CaCl2 AND/OR NaOH (pH>12);
ORGANOPHIL CLAY PILLS FOR PREPARING 1 m3
DENSITY Kg/l 1,4 1,5 1,6

OIL-BASE FLUIDS:
DIESEL 790 770 740 - MECHANICAL RELATED TREATMENT.
ORGANOPHIL CLAY 70 50 45 IF POSSIBLE, LOWER THE FLUID GRADIENT
BARITE 640 780 900 BY UNWEIGHTING THE FLUID OR
SURFANCTANT (i.e. PRESANTIL) 30 30 30 DECREASING THE HYDROSTATIC LOAD BY
MEANS OF UNWEIGHET PILLS OR OPEN
HOLE PACKER AND A VALVE TESTER.
OPERATIONAL REMARKS
MINIMUM VOLUME= 2.3 TIME DC-HOLE VOLUME (Vi)
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS:
- MINIMIZE THE FLUID WEIGHT AT THE LOWEST
DISPLACEMENT PROCEDURE: VALUE ALLOWED;
- REDUCED SURFACE CONTACT BETWEEN
- DISPLACE 1ST SEPARATING PILL + 1.3 Vi;
DRILLPIPE AND FORMATION (SPIRAL DC, HIGHLY
STABILIZED DRILL STRING ASSEMBLY, etc.);
- ALLOW 40-60 MINUTES SET TIME;
- MAINTAIN THE CAKE THICKNESS BY ADEQUATE
FILTRATE AND SOLIDS PERCENTAGE.
- DISPLACE 1/2 Vi.
- ALLOW 2-3 HOURS SET TIME.
N.B.REDUCED STUCKPIPE BROBLEMS WITH:

OIL-BASE FLUIDS, BUT INCREASED TREATMENT
- REPEAT TREATMENT IF NEEDED; DIFFICULTIES IN DISGREGATING CAKE.
- MAX NUMBER OF TREATMENTS ALLOWED = 4 (STATISTICAL FIGURE).

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STUCK PIPE
PARAMETERS
FREE DRILL
STRING
DOWN IN HOLE
OUT OF HOLE
CIRCOLATION
STUCK PIPE CAUSE TREATMENT/PREVENTIVE ACTIONS

ROTATING
TYPE
COLLAPSING NO NO NO NO - SHALE SWELLING; TREATMENT

- STRESSED BRITTLE SHALES; - RE-ESTABLISH CIRCULATION WITH PRESSURE
- UNSUFFICIENT FLUID WEIGHT; PEAKS AND DRILL STRING MOVEMENTS.
- FLUID AND/OR DRILL STRING CAUTION SHOULD BE EXERCISED TO AVOID
MECHANICAL EFFECT. FRACTURES TO THE FORMATION BELOW THE
STUCK POINT;
- ONCE CIRCULATION IS RE-ESTABLISHED,

PUMP VISCOUS PILLS BY WORKING DRILL
STRING UP/DOWN;
- DOG LEGS CANNOT BE USED;
- IF CIRCULATION CANNOT BE RE-ESTABLISHED,

THEN UTILIZE WASHING PIPES.
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
- REDUCE FILTRATE;
- ADD ASPHALT COATERS;
- REDUCE TURBOLENT FLOW AGAINST WALLS;
- EMPLOY FORMATION INHIBITION FLUIDS;
- INCREASE INITIAL GELS WHILE DECREASING
FINAL ONES;
- SLOWLY INCREASE DENSITY. IF INSTABILITY IS
NOT DUE TO OVERPRESSURE, THE BENEFICIAL
EFFECT WILL BE TEMPORARY.
COLLAPSING NO NO NO - POOR HOLE CLEANING TREATMENTS AS A COLLAPSING

DUE TO - LOADING/RHEOLOGY NOT
ADEQUATE PENETRATION RATES: PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
ACCUMULATION
- UTILIZE HIGH FEED RATES;
OF CUTTINGS - IT MAY OCCUR IN HIGH ANGLE
HOLES (35-60 DEGREES). - MAINTAIN ADEQUATE
RHEOLOGY, ESPECIALLY FOR
HIGH ANGLE HOLES WHERE
VISCOSITY SHOULD BE LOW
ENOUGH AND SHARE SPEEDS
SHOULD BE EQUIVALENT TO THE
ANNULUS BY MAINTAING
FAST/FLAT GELS IN ORDER TO
LIMIT CUTTING SETTLING AT THE
MOMENT OF CIRCULATION
ARREST. BY MEANS OF EXAMPLE:
LOW READINGS AT 100 RPM;
HIGH READINGS AT 6 AND 3 RPM
AND GELS AT 10".
- EVALUATE SOLIDS-REMOVAL
GRADE IN ORDER TO DEFINE THE
CORRECT VALUES OF READING.
THEREFORE, ANALIZE SOLIDS
RECOVERY ON THE SURFACE
DEPENDENTKY ON HOLE
VOLUME, BY CONSIDERING THE
DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED
WHILE TRIPPING AS THE INDEX
OF CUTTING QUANTITY INTO THE
BOREHOLE.
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STUCK PIPE
PARAMETERS
FREE DRILL
STRING
DOWN IN HOLE
OUT OF HOLE
CIRCOLATION
STUCK PIPE CAUSES TREATMENT/PREVENTIVE ACTIONS

ROTATING
TYPE
KEY SEAT YES YES (YES) NO - INCLINATION VARIATIONS; TREATMENT

- DEVIATED WELLS; - WORK DRILL STRING UP AND DOWN;
- SLOW ROP.
- DISPLACE A PILL:
A) FLUID CONDITIONED WITH 5-6% LUBRICANT
OR 10-20% EXAUST OIL OR DIESEL.
B) ACID PILL IF CARBONATE FORMATION.
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
- RE-RUN WITH KEY SEAT WIPER OR
UNDERGAUGE STABILIZER ON THE TOP DC.
- RE-RUM DOWN IN HOLE WHERE THE KEY SEAT

IS PRESUMABLY LOCATED;
- ADD LUBRICANTS TO THE FLUIDS.
DOG TREATMENT
LEGGING YES YES NO NO - SUDDEN VARIATIONS OF
- AS PER KEY SEATING
INCLINATION;
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS:
- TRIPPING DOWN IN HOLE WITH A - SLOWLY RUN IN HOLE AVOIDING WEIGHT LOSS
MORE RIGID DRILL STRING. OF DRILL STRING. RE-RUN IF NEEDED;
- ADD LUBRICANT TO THE FLUID.
UNDEGAGE YES NO NO NO - UNDERGAGE DRILL STRING INTERVENTO

HOLE - AS PER KEY SEATING
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS:
- CHECK STABILIZER BIT DIAMETER;
- RE-RUN THE DRILLING ZONE.
(YES) NO NO NO - TOO THICK CAKE TREATMENT

- WORK DRILL STRING UP/DOWN;
- RE-ESTABLISH CIRCULATION
- USE AN ANTI-STUCK PIPE PILL IN ORDER TO
DESGREGATE THE CAKE, IN ADDITION TO
LUBRICANTS.
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
- CONTROL CAKE THICKNESS AND
QUALITY.
(YES) NO NO NO - PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF SALINE TREATMENT

FORMATIONS OR GUMBO SHALES. - WORK DRILL STRING UP/DOWN;
- RE-ESTABLISH CIRCULATION;
- USE ANTI-STUCK PIPE PILL IN ORDER TO
DISGREGATE THE CAKE, IN ADDITION TO
LUBRICANT.
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
- MAINTAIN AN ADEQUATE FLUID WEIGHT.
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8. DRILLING FLUID TRADEMARK COMPARISONS
Comparison of similar products and functional performances are compared in this section.
This comparison evaluates the various products with the differing concentrations required
against their relevant costs. Technical and/or economical analyses of all differing products
should be carried out with the concentrations required in similar operational conditions
and results.
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8.1 DRILLING FLUID PRODUCT TRADEMARKS
Code Description AVA Bariod Dowell MI BH Inteq
8.1.1 Weighting Materials

0101 Barite Barite Baroid Barite M-I Bar Mil-Bar
0105 Siderite Baraweight Siderite
0107 Calcium AVACARB Baracarb Ca Carbonate Lo-Wate WO 30
Carbonate
0108 Ematite AVAEMATITE Barodense Id-Wate Fer-Ox Mil-Dense
8.1.2 Viscosifiers
0201 Bentonite AVAGEL Aquagel Bentonite M-I Gel Mil-Gel
0203 Attapulgite Dolsal B Zeogel Salt Gel Salt Gel Salt Water Gel
0204 Sepiolite Dolsal Geltemp Durogel
0413 HEC Natrasol 250 Baravis Idhec HEC WO 21
0415 Biopolymers Visco XC 84 Barazan Idvis XC-Polymer XC Polymer
Biopolymers Flo-Vis
PUR
0420 Bentonite AVABEX X-Tend II DV 68 Gelex Benex
Extender
0423 PHPA HM Polivis EZ-Mud Id-Bond Poly-Plus New Drill
Weight
8.1.3 Thinners
0501 Fe-Cr AVAFLUID Q-Broxin FCL Spersene Uni-Cal
Lignosulfonate G71
0502 Modified
Lignite
0503 Cr-Free Lignite AVAFLUID-NP Q-B II Chrome-Free Spersene CF Uni-Cal CF
LS
0506 Caustic Lignite CC 16 Caustilig Ligcon
0507 Lignite AVATHIN Carbonox Tannathin Ligco
0508 Potassium AVAK-LIG K-Lig K-17
Lignite
0509 Cr Lignite AVALIG Chrome Lignite XP-20
0510 Phosphates AVASAPP Barafos STP Phos/SAPP STP
0511 Tannins AVARED Quebracho Quebracho
0512 Cr Tannins Desco Desco Desco Desco Desco
Cr-Free Desco-CF Desco CF Desco CF
Tannins
0424 PHPA LMW Polifluid Thermathin ID Thin 500 Tackle New-Thin
0513 HT AVAZER-5000 Mil-Temp
Deflocculants
Ca Modified LS Lignox Rheomate Aquathinz
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8.1.4 Filtrate Reducers

0401 Technic CMC CMC Cellex CMC CMC CMC
HV/LV
0403 Semipurif. CMC-S CMC S CMC S
CMC HV/LV
0405 Purified CMC CMC-P CMC P CMC P Driscose
HV/LV
0407 K-CMC LV/HV Agipak
K-PAC R/LV Agipak
0409 Purified PAC Visco 83 PAC IDF-FLR Polypac Drispac
R/LV
0411 Semi Purified Policell Barpol IDPAC Milpac
PAC R/LV
0416 Na Policell ACR Polyac Polytemp SP 101 New-Trol
Polyacrylates
0418 Pregelat. Victogel AF Impermex IDFLO LT MY-LO-Gel Milstarch
Starches
Flo-Trol
0417 Non-Ferm. Victosal Dextrid IDFLO Polysal Permalose HT
Starches
0419 HT Starches AVATEMP IDFLO HTR Thermpac UL
Burastar
0421 HT Polyster AVAREX Baranex IDF HI-Temp Resinex Filtrex
Mixture
8.1.5 Lubricants
0301 Envir. Friendly Ecolube Tork Trim II Idlube Lube 167 Mil-Lube
Lubricant.
Stick Less Lube 100
0303 EP Lubricants AVALUB EP EP Mudlube Easy Drill EP Lube Lubrifilm
0302 Various AVA Green- Lubrabeads Graphite Walnut Shells
Lubricants Lube
8.1.6 Detergents/Emulsifiers/Surfactants
0307 Detergents AVADETER Condet Drilling Deter. DD MD
0308 Non-ionic TCS 30 Aktaflo E IDMULL 80 DME DME
Emulsifiers
0309 non-ionic AVAENION Aktaflo S Hymul DMS DMS
Surfactant.
Anionic Trimulso Salinex Atlosol
Surfactant
Clay Seal
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8.1.7 Stuckpipe Surfactants

0310 Oil-Soluble AVATENSIO Skotfree IDFREE (UW) Pipe-Lax Mil-Free
Surfanc.
0618 Oil Fluid AVATENSIO Envirospot IDFREE Pipe-Lax W Black Magic
Concentrate. W
Pipe-Lax Env
Spotting Oilfree
8.1.8 Borehole Wall Coaters

0303 Oil-Dispersable Stabilube AK 70 Asphalt Stabihole Protectomagic
Asphalt
BXR-L
0304 Water- AVATEX Barotroll Holecoat II Protectomagic
Dispersable M
Asphalt
0306 Sulphonate Soltex Soltex IDTEX W Soltex Soltex
Asphalt
Gilsonite AVAGILS-W Barbalok IDTEX Soltex
8.1.9 Defoamers/Foamers
0909 Stereate Al Stearal
0912 Silicon AVASIL SDI IDF Antifoam Defoam X LD 8
Defoamers S
0911 Alcohol AVADEFOAM Baradefoam IDF Defoamer Magconol WO Defoam
Defoamers W300
0913 Foamers AVAFOAM Quik-Foam HI Foam 440 Ampli foam
8.1.10 Corrosion Inhibitors

0901 PO Scavenger Sodium Barascav D Idscav 210 Oxygen Noxigen
Sulphite Scavanger
0907 Fe-Base Hydr. Ironite Sponge Ironite Sponge Ironite Sponge Ironite Sponge Ironite Sponge
Sul. Sc.
0918 Zn-Base Hydr. Zinc No-Sulf Idzac Sulf X Milgard
Sul. Sc. Carbonate
Filming Amines Incorr Barafilm Idfilm 220 Conqor 303 Aquatec
Filming DP Incorr-Q5 Barafilm Idfilm 120 Conqor 202 Amitec
0903 Anti-Scale AVA AS-1 Refer to specific literature

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8.1.11 Bactericides
0914 Paraformaldeide Paraform- Paraform- Paraform- Paraform- Paraform-
aldeide aldeide aldeide aldeide aldeide
0915 Liquid AVACID F25 Aldacide G IDCIDE Bacbane III Mil-Bio
Bactericide
8.1.12 Lost Control Materials

0701 Granular Granular Wallnut Wallnut Shells Nut Plug Mil-Plug
0702 Mica AVAMICA Micatex Mica Mica Mil-Mica
0703 Fibrous Lintax Fibertex Mud-Fiber Fiber Mil-Fiber
0704 Cellophene Jel-Flake Cellophene Flake Mil-Flake
Flakes
0705 Mixed Intamix Baroseal ID Seal Kwik-Seal Mil-Seal
0706 High Filtration Diascal M Diaseal M Diaseal M Diaseal M Diaseal M
0707 Diatomite Diatomite IDF D-Plug
0708 Acidified Intasol Baracarb Calcio Carbon
8.1.13 Chemical Products

1001 Caustic Soda
1002 Caustic
Potassium
1003 Hydrated Lime
1004 Sodium
Carbonate
1005 Potassium
Carbonate
1006 Barium
Carbonate
1007 Sodium Common to all suppliers.
Bicarbonate
1008 Potassium
Bicarbonate.
1009 Gypsum
1010 Sodium Chloride
1011 Calcium Chloride
1012 Potassium
Chloride
1013 Sodium Bromure
1014 Calcium
Bromure
ENI S.p.A.
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8.1.14 Oil Based Fluid Products

System Name AVAOIL Invermul Interdrill Versadril Carbo-Drill
0601 Primary AVAOIL-PE Invermul Emul Versamul Carbo-Tec
Emulsifiers
0602 Secondary AVAOIL-SE EZ-Mul FL Versacoat Carbo-Mull
Emulsion
0603 Wetting Agents AVAOIL-WA Driltreat OW Versawet Surf-cote
0605 Organophil AVABENTOIL Geltone II Vistone Versagel Carbo-Gel
Clays
0608 Asphalt Filtrate AVAOIL-FR- AK 70 S Versatrol Carbo-Trol
Reducers HT
Non-Asphalt AVAOIL-FC Duratone NA Versalig Carbo-Trol
Filtrate Reducers (A9)
0610 Thinners AVAOIL-TN OMC Defloc Versathin
Rheology AVAOIL-VS RM-63 IDF Truvis Versamod Charbo-Thix
Modifiers
System Name AVAOIL-LT Enviromul Interdrill NT Versaclean Carbo-SEA

0601 Primary AVAOIL-PE- Invermul NT Emul Versamul Carbo-Tec
Emulsifiers LT
0602 Secondary AVAOIL-SE- EZ-Mul NT FL Versacoat Carbo-Mull
Emuls. LT
0603 Wetting Agents AVAOIL-WA- Driltreat OW Versawet Surf-cote
LT
Organophil AVABENTOIL Geltone II Vistone Versagel Carbo-Gel
Clays
0605 Organophil Versagel HT
Clays/HT
0608 Asph. Filtr. AK 70 S Versatrol Carbo-Trol
Reducers
Non-Asph. Filtr. AVAOIL-FC- Duratone NA Versalig Carbo-Trol
Red. LT (A9)
0610 Thinners AVAOIL-TN- OMC Defloc Versathin
LT
Rheology AVAOIL-VS- RM-63 IDF Truvis Versamod Charbo-Thix
Modifiers LT
ENI S.p.A.
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System Name AVA Core Baroid 100 Trudrill Versacore Carbo-Core

0601 Primary EZ Core Trumul Versamul Carbo-Tec
Emulsifiers
0602 Secondary AVAOIL-SE Trusperse Carbo-Mull
Emuls.
0603 Wetting Agents AVAOIL-WA Trusperse Versa SWA
0605 Organophil AVABENTOIL- Geltone III Truvis VG 69 Carbo-Gel
Clays HY
0608 Asph. Filtr. AVAOIL-FR- AK 70 Trudrill S Versatrol Carbo-Trol
Reducers HT
Non-Asph. Filtr. AVABIOFIL- Baracarb Truloss Lo- Carbo-Trol
Red. HT Wate/Fazegel (A9)
0610 Thinners Defloc
Rheology AVAOIL-VS Truplex Versa HRP Carbo-Vis HT
Modifiers
System Name AVABIOL Petrofree Ultidrill Novadrill

0601 Primary AVABIO PRI. EZ Mul NTF Ultimul Novatec-P
Emulsifiers
0602 Secondary AVABIO Sec. Ultimul II Novatec-S
Emuls.
0603 Wetting Agents AVABIO Wet Ultisperse Novawet
0605 Organophil AVABIO Bent Geltone II Ultitone VG 69
Clays
0608 Asphalt Filtrate Vestrol
Reducers
Non-Asphalt AVABIOFIL- Duratone HT Ultiflo Versalig
Filtrate Reducers HT
0610 Thinners AVABIO Thin OMC 2/42
Rheology AVABIO VIS- Ultivis Novamod
Modifiers
ENI S.p.A.
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8.1.15 Base Liquids And Corrections

0801 Fresh Water
0802 Sea Water
0803 Brine
0804
0811 Diesel
0812 Fuel Oil
0813 Exhaust Oil
0814 Low Toxicity Oil Lamium/ Lamium BFF. Lamium
AVAOIL base
0815 Glycol GP AVABIOLUBE Gem-GP HF 100 N
0816 Glycol CP AVAGLICO Gem-CP Staplex Gliddrill-LC Aquacol TM
Aquacol TM-D
Aquacol TM-S
0817 Oil Base AVAOIL base
0818 Synthetic Base Synthec
0819
0820 KLA-Cure
Clay Inhibitor KLA-Gars
ENI S.p.A.
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9. DRILLING FLUIDS APPLICATION GUIDE
This document is an extract from a more comprehensive guide published by World Oil
relating to some of Eni-Agip's most important contractors, namely AVA, Baroid, Baker
Hughes Inteq, MI, Schlumberger, Dowell and IDF.
The product functions and systems, for which these products are employed, contained in
this section, are provided by the contractors named above.
ENI S.p.A.
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9.1APPLICATIONS GUIDE
APPLICATION GUIDE TO DRILLING FLUID PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS FLUID SYSTEMS FUNCTIONS
SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
AIR-AERATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
POLYMERS
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
ACTIGUM X X X X X X X SH SH
AKTAFLO-S X X X X X SU
ALDACIDE-C B
ALL-TEMP X X X TH FL
ALLUMINIUM STERATE X X X X X X X X D D D
AMITEC X X X X LU LU LU
AMPLI-FOAM X X X FO FO FO
ANTIFOAM-S X X X X X X X D
AP-21 X X X FI
AQUA-MAGIC X X X X LU LU LU
AQUA-SEAL X X X X X SH FI FI
ASPHALT X X X X X X X SH LU FI
ATTAPULGITE X X X X X X V SH
AVAGUM X X X X X X X V SH SU
AVALIG X X X X X TE TH FI
AVA PVA X X X X SH SH
AVAREX X X X X X X FI TE SH
AVASIL X X X X X X X D
AVATENSIO X X X X X X P
AVOIL-FC X FI
AVOIL-PE X E FI SU
AVOIL-SE X E FI SU
AVOIL-TN X TH FI TE
AVOIL-VS X V
AVOIL-WA X SU E
BACBAN III X X X X X X X X B CO
BARA-B466 X X X X X X X B
BARABLOK X X X X X X SH LU FI
BARA BRINE DEFOAM X X X X X X X D

BARABUF X X X X X A
BARACARB X X X X X X X X CO
Legend
A = Alkaline Agent LU = Lubricant
B = Bactericide P = Pipe Freeing Agent
CA = Ca Precipitant PA = Polar Activator
CO = Corrosion Inhibitor SH = Shale Inhibitor
D = Defoamer SU = Surfactant
E = Emusifier TE = HT Stabilising Agent
FI = Filtrate Reducer TH = Thinner
FL = Flocculant V = Viscofier
FO = Foamer W = Weighting Agent
LO = Loss Control Agent
ENI S.p.A.
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PRODUCTS MUD SYSTEMS FUNCTIONS
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIRATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
SALT SATUR.
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
BARACAT X X X X X SH
BARACOR-95 X X X X X X CO
BARACOR-100 X X X X X X X CO TE
BARACOR 113 X X X X X X X X CO
BARACOR 129 X X X X X X X CO
BARACOR 450 X X CO TE
BARACOR 700 X CO
BARACOR 1635 X X X X X CO
BARACTIVE X PA
BARA-DEFOAM-C X X X X X X X D
BARADEFOAM W-300 X X X X X X X D
BARAFILM X X X X X X X X CO
BARAFLOC X X FL
BARAFOAM X FO
BARAFOAM-K X X FO
BARAFOS X X X TH CA A
BARA-KLEAN SU
BARANEX X X X X X X FI TE
BARAPLUG X, XC X X X LO
BARARESIN GRANULE X X LO
BARARESIN-VIS X V
BARASCAV-D X X X X X X X CO
BARASCAV-L X X X X X X X CO
BARASCRUB SU
BARAVIS X X X X X V
BARAWEIGHT X W
BARAZAN X X X X X X X V
BARAZAN L X X X X X X X V
BARITE X X X X X X X X W
BARODENSE X X X X X X W
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
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PRODUCT FLUID SYSTEMS FUNCTIONS
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIRATED
SALT SATUR.
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
BARO-DRILL 1402 X X X X X X SH LU
BAROFIBRE X X X X X X X X LO
BAROID X X X X X X X X W
BARO-LUBE X X X X X X LU
BARO-SEAL X X X X X X X LO
BARO-SPOT X X X X X X P
BAROTHIN X X X TH SH FI
BARO-TROL X X X X X X SH LU E
BENTONITE X X X X X V SH
BIO-LOSE X X X X X X FI
BIO-PAQ X X X X FI FI FI
BIO-SPOT X X X X X X X P
BIO-SPOT II X X X X X X X P
BLACK SPOT MAGIC P
BLACK SPOT MAGIC CLEAN X X X X X X X X P
BLACK MAGIC LT X X X X X X X X P
BLACK MAGIC SFT X X X X X X X X P
BRINE-PAC X CO
BROMIMUL X X E
BROMI-VIS X X V
BRINE-PAC X CO
BROMIMUL X X E
BROMI-VIS X X V
BX-L X X X X X X SH FI FI
CANE FIBER X X X X X X LO
CARBO CORE X X E
CARBO-GEL X V FI
CARBO-GEL 2 X V
CARBO-GEL N X V
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
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NON DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIRATED
SALT SATUR.
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
CARBO-MIX X E
CARBO-MUL X E SU
CARBO-MUL A X E
CARBO-MUL HT X E SU TE
CARBONOX X X X X TH FI E
CARBOSAN-EF X X X X X X X X B
CARBO-TEC X E FI TE
CARBO-TEC HW X E
CARBOTHIX X V FI
CARBO-TROL X FI
CARBO-TROL A-9 X FI
CARBO-TROL A9 HT X FI
CARBOVIS X V
CARBO-SEAL X LO LO LO
CAT-300 X X X X X FI
CAT-GEL X X X X X FI
CAT-HI X X X X X X X FI V
CAT-LO X X X X X X FI
CAT-THIN X X X X X TH TE
CAUSTILIG X X X X TH FI TE
CC-16 X X X X X TH FI TE
CELLEX X X X X FI V
CELLOPHANE FLAKES X X X X X X LO
CHEK-LOSS X X X X X X X X LO
CHEMTROL X X X X X X X FL TE TH
CHROMEX X X X X X TE TH FI
CHROME FREE II X X X TH FI
CLAY-SEAL X X X X X X SH
CMO-568 X LU
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
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POLYMER-BASE
SALT SAURATED
AIR AIRATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
NON
CON-DET X SU E
CONQOR 101 X CO
CONQOR 202 X X X X X X X X CO
CONQOR 303 X X X X X X X CO
DCP-208 X X X X X X SH LU FI
D-D X X X X X X X X SU E LU
DE-BLOCK/S X X X X X X E LU P
DEFOAMER X X X X X X X X D
DEFOAM-X X X X X X X X X D
DENSIMIX X X X X X X X X W
DEXTRID X X X X X X FI V
DIASEAL M/DIEARTH LO
DIATOMITE X X X X X X X LO
DI-PLUG X X X X X X X LO
DOLSAL X X X X X X X V
DOLSAL B X X X X X X X V
DRILFOAM X FO LU
DRILLING PAPER X X X X X X LO
DRILTREAT X E FI
DRYOCIDE X X X X X X X X B
DURATONE HT X FI
DUROGEL X X X X X X X V TE FI
ECOL LUBE X X X X X X X LU FI SU
ENION X X X X X X E SU
ENVIRO SPOT X X X X X X X P LU
FI
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
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APPLICATION GIUDE TO DRILLING FLUID PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS FLUID SYSTEMS FUNCTION
SALT SATURATED
NON-DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIRATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
DRYOCIDE X X X X X X X X B
DURATONE HT X FI
DUROGEL X X X X X X X V TE FI
EASY DRILL X X X X X X X LU SU SH
ECOL LUBE X X X X X X X LU FI SU
ENION X X X X X X E SU
ENVIRO SPOT X X X X X X X P LU
ENVIRO THIN X X X X TH FI
ENVIRO TORQ X X X X X X LU
E.P. LUBE X X X X X X LU
E.P. MUDLUBE X X X X X X LU
EZ-CORE X E
EZ-MUD X X X X X X V SH FI
EZ MUD DP X X X X X SH V FI
EZ MUL-NT X E SU
EZ MUL-NTE X E
FER-OX X X X X X X X X W
FERROCHROME X X X X X X TH FI E
FIBERTEX X X X X X X LO
FILTER-CHECK X X X X X X FI V
FILTREX X X X X X FI TH
FLAKE X X X X X X LO
FLO-TROL X X X X X X V
FLO-VIS X X X X X X V
FLOXIT X X X FL SH
FOAM-BLASTER X X X X X X X D SU
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
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SALT SATURATED
NON- DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIRATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
GELEX X X X V FL
GELITE X X X X X X X V FI TE
GEL SUPREME X X X X X X X X V FI
GEL TEMP X X X X X X V SH
GELTONE X V FI
GELTONE II X V
GELTONE III X V
GEM-GP X X X X X SH LU
GEM-GP X X X X X SH LU FI
GL 1 DRILL LC X X X X X X SH LU FI
GRANULAR X X X X X X X X LO
HF 100-N X X X X X X SH LU FI
HOLECOAT X X X X X X X SH FI LU
H.T.P. X FI V
IDBOND X X X SH
IDBOND P X X X SH
IDBRIDGE CUSTOM X X X X X X X FI LO
IDBRIDGE L X X X X X X X FI LO
IDBRINE P X X X X CO A
IDCAP SH FI
IDCARB 75 X X X X X X X X W FI
IDCARB 150 X X X X X X X X FI LO W
IDCARB CUSTOM X X X X X X X X FI LO W
IDCIDE L X X X X X X X B
IDCIDE P X X X X X X X B
IDFAC SU
IDF ANTIFOAM S X X X X X X X D
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
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PRODUCTS FLUID SYSTEM FUNCTION
SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIRATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
IDF DEFOAMER X X X X X X X D
IDF DI-PLUG X X X X X X X LO
IDF DRILL. DETERGENT X X X X X X SU E

IDF DV-68 X X V FL
IDF FLOPLEX X X X X X X X FL
IDF FLR X X X X X X X V FI
IDF FLR XL X X X X X X X FI
IDF GEL TEMP X X X V
IDF HI-FOAM 440 X X FO SU

IDF HI-TEMP X X X X X X FI TH
IDF HI-TEMP II X X X X X FI
IDF HYMUL X X X X X X X SU E
IDFILM 120 X X X X X X X CO
IDFILM 220X X X X X X X X CO
IDFILM 520X X CO
IDFILM 620 CO
IDFILM 820X X X X X X X X CO B
IDF INSTAVIS X X X V FI
IDF KWICKCLEAN X SU
IDFLO X X X X X X X FI
IDFLOC X FL
IDFLOC C X FL
IDFLO HTR X X X X X X X FI
IDFLO LT X X X X X X FI
IDF MUD FIBER X X X X X X X LO
IDF POLYLIG X X X X X X X LO
IDF-POLYTEMP X X X X X FI TH
IDF PTS-100 X X X X X TE A
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
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PRODUCT FLUID SYSTEM FUNCTION
SALT SATURATED
NON-DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIRATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
IDFREE X X X X X X X X P SU
IDFREE (UW) X X X X X X X P
IDF RHEOPOL X X X X X X FI V
IDF SAFEDRIL CONC. X X X SH LU FI
IDF SAFELUBE X X X X X X LU D
IDF SEAL X X X LO
IDF SM X X X X V
IDF TRUDRILL S X FI
IDF TRUFLO 100 X FI

IDF TRUFLO 100 X FI
IDF TRULOSS X FI
IDF TRUMUL X E
IDF TRUPLEX X V
IDF TRUVIS HT X V
IDF TRUVIS X V
IDF ULTRADRIL OIL X
IDF VISPLEX X X V
IDHEC X X X X X X X V FI
IDHEC L X X X X X X X V
IDLUBE X X X X X X X LU
IDMUL 80 X X X X X X E
IDPAC X X X X X X FI V
IDPAC XL X X X X X X FI
IDPLEX 100 X X SU
IDPLEX K X X SU
IDSCAV 110 X X X X X X X CO
IDSCAV 210 X X X X X X X CO
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

NON-DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIRATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
SATURATED
DISPERSED
LIME-BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
SALT
IDSCAV 310 X X X X X CO
IDSCAV 510 X CO
IDSCAV ES X
IDSPERSE XT X X X X X X TH FL
IDSURF X X X X X X X SU
IDTEX X X X X X X SH FI
IDTEX W X X X X SH FI
IDTHIN X X X TH FI
IDTHIN 500 X X X X X TH FI
IDVIS X X X X X X X V FI
IDVIS L X X X X X X X V
IDWATE X X X X X X X W FI
IDZAC X X X X X X X X CO
IDZAC L X X X X X CO
IMPERMEX X X X X X X FI
INTAMIX X X X X X X X LO
INTASOL X X X X X X X X LO
INTERDRILL DEFLOC X TH
INTERDRILL EMUL X E
INTERDRILL EMUL HT X E FL TE
INTERDRILL ESX X E TE FI
INTERDRILL FL X FI E
INTERDRILL LO FL X FI E
INTERDRILL LOMULL X E V
INTERDRILL LO RM X V
INTERDRILL NA X FI
INTERDRILL NA HT X FI
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIREATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME BASE
OIL BASE
PRIMARY
INTERDRILL OW X SU TH
INTERDRILL RM X V
INTERDRILL S X FI
INTERDRILL VISTONE X V
INTERDRILL VIST. HT X V
INTERSOLV H X CA
INTERSOLV XFE X *
INVERMUL-NTL X E SH FI
JELFLAKE X X X X X X LO
K-17 X X X X X X TH FI SH
K-52 X X X X X X X X SH
KLA-CURE X X X X SH
KLA-GARD X X X X SH
KLEEN-UP X SU
K-LIG X X X X TH FI E
KWUIKSEAL X X X LO
KWUICK-THK X X X X X V FI FL
LD-8 X X X X X X X X D
LIGCO X X X X X FI TH
LIGCON X X X X FI TH
LIGNO-THIN X X X X X TH FI
LIGNOX X X TH SH
LINTAX X X X X X X X LO
LIQUI-VIS NT X X X V
LO-WATE X X X X X X X X W FI LO
LUBE-106 X X X X X X LU
LUBE-100 X X X X X X X LU SU SH
* barite solvent.
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
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SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AIREATED
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LOW SOLIDS
LIME-BASE
OIL BASE
PRIMARY
LUBE-153 X X X X X X LU
LUBE 167 X X X X X X X X LU SU SH
LUBRA BEADS X X X X X X X LU
LUBRI-FILM X X X X X X X LU
LVO-69 X V
MAGNA-FLUSH
*
MAGNE-SET X X X X X X LO
MCAT X X X X X X SH V FI
MCAT-A X X X X X X SH
MD TM X X X X X X X X DT DT DT
MELANEX T X X X X X TE TH FI
M-I BAR X X X X X X X X W
MICA X X X X X X X LO
MICATEX X X X X X X X LO
M-I CEDAR FIBER X X X X X X LO
M-I GEL X X X X X X X X V FI
MIL-BAR X X X X X X X X W
MIL-BEN X X X X X V FI
MIL-CEDAR FIBER X X X X X X LO
MIL-CLEAN SU
MIL-FIBER X X X X X X X LO
MIL-FLAKE X X X X X X LO
MIL-FREE X X X X X X X P
MIL-GARD X X X X X X X X CO
MIL-GARD L X X X X X X X CO
MIL-GARD R X X X X X X CO
MIL-GEL X X X X X X V FI
* FOR CLEANING UP WELL TUBULARS
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

PRODUCT FLUID SYSTEM FUNCTION
SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER-BASE
AIR AEREATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME BASE
OIL BASE
PRIMARY
MIL-GEL NT X X X X X X V FI
MIL-KEM X TH FI
MIL-LUBE X X X X X LU
MIL-PAC X X X X X X FI V
MIL-PAC LV X X X X X X FI
MIL-PAC T X X X X X X FI V
MILPARK CSI X X X X X X CO
MILPARK MD X X X X X X X SU E
MILPARK SSI X X X X X X CO
MIL-PLUG X X X X X X X LO
MIL-POLIMER 354 X X X V
MIL-REZ X X X X X FI
MIL-SEAL X X X X X X LO
MIL-SPOT 2 X X X X X X X P
MIL-STARCH X X X X X X FI V
MIL-TEMP X X X X X TE FI TH
MIL-THIN X X X X TH
M-I LUBE X X X X X X LU
M-I LUBE ENV X X X X X X LU
M-I QUEBRACHO X X X X X X TH FI E
M-I X II X X X X X X X X LO FI
MY-LO-JEL X X X X X X X FI
N-DRILL FI
N-DRILL-O FI
N-DRILL-HI FI
N-DRILL-HT FI
NEW-DRILL X X X X X X SH
NEW DRILL HP X X X X X X SH
NEW-DRILL PLUS X X X X X SH
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER BASE
AIR-AEREATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME BASE
OIL BASE
PRIMARY
NEW-THIN X X X X X TH
NEW-TROL X X X X FI
NEW-VIS X X X X X X V
NF-2 I I I
NO-SULF X X X X X X CO
NOVAMOD X V
NOVAMUL X E SU FI
NOVASOL X TH
NOVATEC-P X E SU
NOVATEC-S X SU E
NOVAWET X SU E TH
NOXYGEN X X X X X X X CO
N-PLZ-X LO
N-SQUEEZE LO
N-VIS-O FI
N-VIS-HI V
N-VIS-P V
OIL FAZE BASE X E FI V
OIL FOS X X X X TH FI FI
OMC X TH
OMC-42 X TH
OMNI COTE X X TH TH
OMNI MIX X X E E E
OMNI MUL X X E E E
OMNI PLEX X X V V V
OMNI TEC X X E E E
OMNI COTE X X FI FI
OXIGEN SCAVENGER X X X X X X X CO
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER BASE
AIR-AEREATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME BASE
OIL BASE
PRIMARY
PAC-L X X X X X X X X FI SH E
PAC-R X X X X X X X X FI SH V
PARA-TEQ X LU LU LU
PENETREX X X X X X LU LU LU
PERFLOW DIF X FI FI FI
PERFLOW 100 X FI FI FI
PERMA-LOSE HT X X X X X X FI V
PETROFREE
PHOS X X X X X X X CA
PIPE LAX X X X X X X X X P
PIPE LAX ENV X X X X X X X X P LU
POLYLIG X X X X X X TH FI E
PYROTROL X X X X FI TH TH
Q-BROXIN X X X TH FI
RESINEX X X X X X FI
RHEOPOL X X X X X FI V
RHEOSTAR X X X X X TE TH
RHEOMATE X X X X X TE TH
RM-63 X RM
RV-310 X FL
SAFE-BLOCK X X FI LO
SAFE-KLEEN X SU
SAFE-LINK X X V FI
SAFE-TROL X FI
SALINEX X X X E FI LU
SALT GEL X X X X X X X V FI
SAPP X X TH TH
SCALE-BAN X X X X X X X CO
SDI X X X X X X X D SU
SHALE-BOND X X X X X X SH LU
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
RALLAPPLICATION GUIDE TO DRILLING FLUID PRODUCTS

SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER BASE
AIR-AIREATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
SHALE-CHEK X X X X X X SH FI TH
SI-1000 X X X X X X X CO SH
6-UP X V
SM-(X) X X X X X X X V SH
SOLUFLAKE X X X X X X X X LO LO LO
SP-101 X X X X X X X FI SH TE
SPERSENE X X X X X X TH FI E
SPERSENE CF X X X X X X TH FI E
STAPLEX X X X X X SH LU E
STABIL HOLE X X X X X X X SH LU FI
STABILITE X X TH SU
STABILUBE X X X X X LU SH FI
STEARALL X X X X X X D
STEARALL LQD X X X X X X X D
STICK-LESS X X X X X X X X LU
SULF-X X X X X X X X X CO
SUPER COL X X X V
SURF COTE X SU
SUSPENTONE X V
TACKLE X X X X X TH
TANNATHIN X X X X X X TH FI E
TCS/30 X X X X X X SU FI LU
THERMA-BUFF X X X X X X TE
THERMA -CHEK X X X X X X FI
THERMA-CHEK LV X X X X X X FI
THERMA-THIN X X X X X X TH
THERMA-THIN DP X X X X X X TH
THERMA-VIS X X X X X V FI
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER BASE
AIR-AIREATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
THERMPAC UL X X X X X X FI
TORQ-TRIM 22 X X LU
TORQ-TRIM II X X X LU
TRIMULSO X X X X X X P TE LU
ULTIMUL X E SU
UNI-CAL X X X TH FI
UNI-CAL CF X X X TH FI
VEN-FYBER X LO
VERSACOAT X E SU TE
VERSADUAL X SU E TH
VERSAGEL-HT X V TE
VERSAGARD X SU E TH
VERSA-HRP X V
VERSALIG X FI
VERSAMOD X V
VERSAMUL X E FI V
VERSAPRO X E SU TE
VERSA-SWA X SU E
VERSATHIN X TH
VERSATRIM X SU E
VERSATROLL X FI
VERSATROLL NS X FI
VERSAWET X SU E
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0

SALT SATURATED
NON DISPERSED
POLYMER BASE
AIR AIRATED
LOW SOLIDS
SECONDARY
SECONDARY
WORKOVER
DISPERSED
LIME BASE
OIL-BASE
PRIMARY
VG-69 X V
VICTOGEL AF X X X X X X FI
VICTOSAL X X X X X X X FI V
VISCO 83 X X X X X SH V FI
VISCO SL X X X X X X X FL SH
VISCO XC/84 X X X X X X X SH V FI
VISPLEX X V SH
VISGEL X X X X X V FL
WALLNUT SHELLS X X X X X X X X LO
W.O. 21 X X X X X V
W.O. 21L X X X V
W.O. 30 X X X X X X X W
W.O. DEFOAM X X X X X X X D
WONDERSEAL X X X X X X SH LU FI
XCD POLYMER X X X X X X V
X-CIDE 207 X X X X X X X X B
XP 20 X X X X X TE TH FI
X-TEND II X X X FL V
X-VIS X V FI
ZEOGEL X X X V
Legend
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10. DRILLING FLUID ANALYSIS
The contents of this section comply with specification API RP 13B-1 dated June 1st,
1990.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.1 DRILLING FLUIDS
10.1.1 Density (Fluid Weight)

Equipment Required:
• Fluid balance
• Pressurised balance
•
o
Thermometer 0-105 C
Calibration:
•
o
With fresh water at 21 C = 1kg/l
Procedure:
1) Level with the instrument base.
2) Fill the balance cup with the drilling fluid to be tested.
3) Put on the cap and make sure some of the fluid is expelled through the hole. When
using the pressurised balance, use pump to add fluid into the cup under pressure.
4) Wash the fluid from outside of the balance.
5) Place the balance on the support.
6) Move the rider so that the bubble is on the centre.
7) Read the density value at the side of the rider toward the support.
Result:
• Report the density to the nearest 10gr (0.1lbs/gal).
•
3
The balance provides the reading in ft and the gradient in psi per 1,000ft depth.
10.1.2 Marsh Viscosity

Equipment Required:
• Marsh Funnel
• Chronometer
•
o
Thermometer 0-105 C
Calibration:
•
o 1
With fresh water at 21 C, /4 gallon = 26(+/- 0.5) secs.
Procedure:
1) Record the temperature of the sample.
2) Keep the funnel upright.
3) Close the orifice with a finger.
4) Pour non-gelatinised fluid through the screen.
5) Remove the finger and measure the number of seconds required for fluid to fill the
1
receiving vessel, commonly /4 gallon (946 cc).
Results:
Viscosity is recorded in seconds.
•
1
API regulations indicate /4 gals (946).
• Eni-Agip generally specifies 1 litre (1,000cc).
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.1.3 Viscosity, Yield Point, Gel Strength

• Apparent Viscosity • Gels Strength
• Plastic Viscosity • K (Consistency Index)
• Yield Point • n (Flow Index)
Equipment Required:
• •
(1)
Rotational viscosimeter (Fann) Chronometer
• •
(2) o
Thermostatic cup Thermometer 0-105 C
Calibration:
• With fluids of known viscosity (Silicon Oils)
•
(3)
With a suitable mechanical calibration kit
Procedure:
1) Record the fluid sample point.
2) Place the sample in a suitable container.
3) Place the rotor exactly at the scribed line.
4) Record the temperature of the sample.
5) With the rotor rotating at a speed of 600 RPM, wait for reading to become a steady
value.
6) Change to 300 RPM, and again wait for reading to reach a steady value.
7) Stir the fluid at high speed for 10 secs.
8) Allow the fluid to stand undisturbed for 10 secs.
9) Shift to 3 RPM and record the maximum reading.
10) Re-stir the fluid at high speed for 10 secs.
11) Allow the fluid to stand undisturbed for 10 secs.
12) At 3 RPM again, record the maximum reading.
Alternative Steps For Oil Based Fluids:

1) Place the fluid sample in the thermostatic cup.
2) Place rotor exactly at the scribed line.
(4)
3) Adjust the thermostat to the pre-selected temperature , and record on the report.
Results:
Apparent Viscosity (cP) = (Reading at 600rpm) /2
Plastic Viscosity (cP) = (Reading at 600rpm) - (Reading at 300RPM)
Yield Point (lbs/100sqft) = (Reading at 300rpm) - (Plastic Viscosity)
Gels Values (lbs/100sqft) at 10” = (Reading at 3rpm) after 10” and at 10’
and 10
n (Dimensionless) = 3.32 log of reading at 600rpm/Reading at 300rpm
. n
K (lbs S /100sqft) = (Reading at 600rpm/1020)
Conversion Factors:
2 2
lbs/100ft /2 = +/- (g/100 cm )
n 2 n 2
lbs* s /100ft *4.79 = (dyne*s /cm )
2
lbs100ft *0.48 = Pa (pascal)
(1)
Preferably at six speeds.
(2)
Must be used with oil based fluids
(3)
Recommended if used at the rig site.
(4) o o
120 +/- 2 F, 150 +/-2 F.
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.1.4 API Filtrate

Equipment Required:
•
2
Filter press with internal diameter of 3", filter area of 7.1 +/- 0.1 in
• Paper filter, Whatman No 50 or S&S No 576 diameter 90mm
• 30min timer
• 10 or 25cc graduated cylinder
Calibration:
• Verify the accuracy of the filter press manometer and filtrate area.
Procedure:
1
1) Pour the fluid into the dry filter press until it is /2 inch from the top.
2) Place the cylinder at the filtrate exit.
3) Apply a pressure of 100 +/- 5 psi for 30secs.
4) After 30 ins, measure the volume of filtrate and release the pressure.
5) Remove the paper from filter and wash the filter cake .
Result:
• Record the fluid temperature at the start.
• Report the filtrate volume in cc.
• Report the thickness of the filter cake in ?/32".
•
2
If filtrate area is 3.5in , double the filtrate volume.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.1.5 HPHT Filtrate

Equipment Required:
•
2
A complete HP/HT filter press with a filter area of 3.5 or 7.1in ;
• CO2 source (not AOTE, only CO2)
• Paper filter, Whatman No 50 or S&S No 576 diameter 90mm
• Pressurised connection cell
• 30 min timer
• 25 or 50cc graduated cylinder
• High speed stirring unit
o
Procedure to Test at Max. Temperature of 300 F:
o
1) Pre-heat the heating jacket to 10 F above the selected test temperature.
2) Stir the fluid at a high speed for 10mins.
1
3) Fill the cell up to /2" from the top.
4) Place filter paper.
5) Complete the assemble of the cell.
6) Place the cell into the heating jacket with both the top and bottom valves closed.
7) Place the pressurised cell to collect the filtrate.
8) Apply pressure of the top with not less than 100psi with valves closed.
9) Open the top valve and apply a pressure to the fluid while heating it to the selected
temperature. Note: Total time of heating should not exceed 1hr.
10) When the sample pressure reaches the set temperature, increase the pressure of
the top pressure to 600psi.
11) Open the collector valve to start the filtration.
12) Collect the filtrate for 30mins.
o
13) Maintain the pre-selected test temperature to within +/- 5 F.
14) If back pressure increases over 100psi, reduce the pressure by draining some
filtrate from the graduated cylinder.
15) At the end of the test, close both valves of the filter press.
16) Recover all the filtrate in the graduated cylinder.
17) Bleed the pressure from both regulators.
18) Allow sufficient time for the cell to cool before draining the internal pressure and
open the cell.
19) Recover the cake and wash it with a gentle stream of water .
(6)
Results :
• Record temperature and test pressure.
• Report the filtrate volume in cc.
• Report the thickness of the filter cake in ?/32".
• 2
If filtrate area is 3.5 ins , double the filtrate volume.
(6)
HP/HT filtrate is commonly carried out at 500psi (35atm) and at 300oF (149oC). It aims to
evaluate the filtrate reducer performance at a temperature where most of the cellulose
polymers degrade, thus allowing the use of appropriate filtrate reducers.
As for oil based fluids, HP/HT filtrate represents an important index of emulsion stability.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.1.6 Oil, Water, Solids Measurement

Equipment Required:
• 10 to 20cc retort (required accuracy +/- 5%)
• 10 or 20cc collection cylinder (required accuracy 0.1 and 0.2cc respectively)
• Fine steel wool
• Silicon grease
• Spatula with a blade shaped to fit inside the dimensions of the retort sample cup
• Defoamer
• Pipe cleaner
Procedure:
1) Thoroughly check that retort is clean, dry and operating.
2) Collect a sample of fluid filtered through a 20 mesh screen on the marsh funnel.
3) If the fluid sample is aerated, add some defoamer to about 300cc of the fluid and
slowly stir for 2-3 mins.
4) Lubricate the threads.
5) Fill the retort with fluid.
6) Allow an overflow of the sample through the hole in the lid. Wipe the overflow from
the sample cup and lid.
7) Screw the retort cup onto the retort chamber by positioning a ring of steel wool into
the chamber.
8) Heat the retort and collect the fluid into the dry liquid receiver.
9) Continue heating for 10mins after the last recovered fluid. Note: If the recovered
fluid contains solids, the test must be repeated .
Results:
Volume percent water = 100 (volume of water in the fluid)/volume of the sample
Volume of oil: = 100 (volume of oil in the fluid)/volume of the sample
(7)
Volume percent solids = 100 - (vol. percent water + vol. percent oil)
(7)
The solids percentage, as calculated above, is the difference between the volume of water
and volume of oil and the total volume of the sample. The calculation does not make any
difference between the solids and salts which may have been dissolved. To correct solids
from NaCl, for every 10gr/l, deduct 0.3% from the solids calculated by means of the retort.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.2 WATER-BASED FLUIDS

10.2.1 Sand Content Estimate
Equipment Required:
• A sand screen set consisting of a 200 mesh sieve of 2.5" diameter, a funnel to fit
the screen, a glass measuring tube with indicated marks relating to the quantity of
fluid and water to be reached. In addition, the tube must have graduations from 0%
to 20% which immediately allows the reading of sand percentage .
Procedure:
1) Fill the glass measuring tube to the indicated mark with the fluid.
2) Add water to relating mark.
3) Close the tube and shake vigorously.
4) Pour the mixture into the screen and discard the fluid. Repeat until the wash water passes
through clear.
5) Wash the sand retained on the screen.
6) Fit the funnel on the screen.
7) Turn upside down the funnel and the screen onto the tube.
8) Wash the sand into the tube by collecting water and solids in the tube.
9) Allow sand to settle.
10) Read the percent by volume of the sand from the graduation .
Results:
• Report the sand contents of the fluid in percent by volume.
• Report where the fluid was caught.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.2.2 pH Measurment
Equipment Required:
•
(8)
pH paper test strips which permit estimation of pH to 0.5/0.2 units
•
(9)
Glass-electrode pH meter
• Buffet solutions according to the indications supplied with the instruments .
Procedure:
• Using paper test strips:
1) Place a 2cm strip on the indicator paper on the surface of fluid.
2) Allow it to remain until the fluid has wetted the surface of the paper (+/-30").
3) Compare the colour standards provided on the side of the strip with the test
strip.
• Glass-electrode pH meter.
1) Make the necessary adjustment to standardise the meter with the solutions
(10)
according to the directions supplied with the instrument .
2) Insert the electrode into the fluid contained in a beaker.
3) Stir the fluid around the electrode by rotating the beaker.
4) After the meter reading becomes constant, record the pH .
Results:
• As for pH determination with paper test strips, record the fluid pH to the nearest
0.2/0.5 units.
• As for pH determination with glass-electrode pH-meter, record pH to the nearest 0.1
unit.
(8)
The paper strip method may not be reliable if salt concentration of the sample is high.
(9)
The electrometric method is subject to error in solutions containing high concentrations of
sodium ions, unless a special glass electrode is used. Suitable correction factors must be
applied.
(10)
For accurate pH readings, the test fluid, buffet solutions and reference electrode must all be
at the same temperature.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.2.3 Methylene Blue Capacity Determination

Equipment Required:
• 1cc syringe.
• 250cc Erlenmeyer flask.
• 1cc Serological (graduated) pipette.
• 50cc graduated cylinder.
• Glass stirring rod.
• Hot plate.
• Paper filter, Whatman No. 1 or equivalent, 11cm in diameter .
Reagents:
• Methylene blue solution, 1cc = 0.01 milli-equivalents.
• Hydrogen peroxide, 3% solution.
• Sulphuric acid, 5N .
Procedures:
1) Place 1cc of fluid or more (or suitable volume to require 10cc of blue methylene) in
the Erlenmeyer flask.
2) Add 15cc of Hydrogen peroxide.
3) Add 0.5cc of sulphuric acid.
4) Stir.
5) Boil for 10mins.
6) Add blue methylene solution. After each addition of 0.5cc, swirl the content for
about 30secs.
7) Remove one drop of fluid with the glass stirring rod and place it on the filter paper.
8) The end point is reached when the dye appears as a blue ring surrounding the dyed
solids placed on the filter paper.
9) When the situation as described in step 8 occurs, shake the flask for an additional
2mins and repeat step 7. If the ring is again evident, the end point has been
reached.
10) If the ring does not appear, repeat steps 6 and 7. Continue shaking the flask for
2mins until a drop shows the blue tint.
11) Record the number of cc of blue used to reach the end step .
Results:
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) = cc of methylene/cc of fluid
MBT (Bentonite equivalent) in lbs/bbl = CEC X 5
3
MBT (Bentonite equivalent) in kg/m = CEC X 14.25
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.2.4 Chloride Content Determination

Equipment Required:
• 1cc pipette.
• 1cc serological (graduated) pipette.
• 100-150cc beaker (or a white vessel).
• Glass stirring rod .
Reagents:
• Silver nitrate solution with known titration.
• Potassium chromate indicator solution.
• Sulphuric acid: N/50.
• Phenolphthalein indicator solutions .
Procedure:
1) Place 1cc (or more) of filtrate into the beaker.
2) Add 2 or 3 drops of phenolphthalein.
3) If the indicator turns pink, add sulphuric acid drop by drop until the colour is
discharged.
4) dilute with 25-50cc of distilled water.
5) Add 5-10 drops of potassium chromate.
6) Titrate with the addition of silver nitrate until colour changes from yellow to
orange/red and persists for 30secs.
7) Record the number of cc of silver nitrate required to reach the end point.
8) If over 10cc of silver nitrate are required to reach the end point, repeat the test with
a smaller sample of filtrate .
Results:
(11)
Chloride gr/l = cc AgNO3 (normality of solutions) 35.453 /(cc of filtrate)
(12)
NaCl gr/l = cc AgNO3 (Normality of solution) 58.443 /(cc of filtrate)
Solutions and Conversion Factors:
Concentration of AgNO3 commonly required:
• 0.1N Chlorides (Cl-) gr/l = (cc AgO3 x 3.545) / (cc of filtrate)
Salt (NaCl) gr/l = (cc AgNO3 x 5.844) / (cc of filtrate)
• 0.282N Chlorides (Cl-) gr/l = 10 x cc AgNO3 / (cc of filtrate)
Salt (NaCl) gr/l = 10 x cc AgNO3 x 1.65 / (cc of filtrate)
• 0.0282 N Chlorides (Cl-) gr/l = cc AgNO3 / (cc of filtrate)
Salt (NaCl) gr/L = cc AgNO3 x 1.65 / (cc of filtrate)
(11)
PM Cl = PE Cl = 35.45
(12)
PM Cl = PE Cl = 58.443
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.2.5 Calcium Hardness Determination

Equipment Required:
• 1cc pipette
• 1cc graduated pipette
• 1cc serological (graduated) pipette
• 100-150cc beaker
• Glass stirring rod
• *Two 10cc graduated pipettes
• *Hot plate
Reagents:
• 0.01 Molar EDTA solution
• Buffer solution, pH 10
• Hardness indicator (Black Eriochrome T or similar)
•
(13)
Sodium Hypochlorite, solution at 5.25%
•
(14)
*Galcial acetic acid
• *pH paper strip
(15 )
* equipment and reagents required if filtrate is coloured
Procedure:
1) Place 1 cc (or more) of filtrate into the beaker
2) Dilute to 30-40 cc with distilled water
3) Reach pH 10 with buffet solutions
4) Add an adequate quantity of indicator
5) Titrate with EDTA until colour changes from pink-red to light blue-blue.
(16)
Procedure for Filtrate Coloured :
1) Place 1cc of filtrate into the beaker.
2) Add 10cc of sodium ipochlorite and mix.
3) Add 1cc of acetic acid and mix.
4) Boil for 5mins. Maintain the volume by adding distilled water.
5) Verify if hypochlorite is totally discharged with the pH paper strip. If the paper strip
becomes white, boil for longer.
6) Cool the solution.
7) Continue as indicated from step 3 in the normal procedure .
Results:
Total hardness (gr/l Ca++) = cc 0.01 M EDTA x 0.4/cc of filtrate.
(13)
In the same cases, ipochlorite can be contaminated by calcium, verify.
(14)
Avoid all contact with your skin.
(15)
It is used only if coloured filtrate does not allow the evaluation of colour change.
(16)
The analysis must be carried out in a well ventilated placed. Do not breathe in vapours.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.2.6 Calcium And Magnesium Determination

Equipment Required:
• 1cc pipette
• 5 cc graduated pipette
Reagents:
• Buffer solution: pH 10
• NaOH drops or solution
• Total hardness indicator (Black Eriochrome T or similar )
Procedure for Determining Calcium:
1) Determine the total hardness as described in the related procedure.
2) Record as ‘a’ the number of cc required.
3) Place a volume of filtrate identical to that required for determining the total
(17)
hardness .
4) Dilute to 30-40cc with distilled water.
5) Increase pH to 12 by using NaOH.
6) Add the calcium indicator (with calcine or calver II).
7) Titrate with 0.01 M EDTA until colour changes from green to pink-brown in case of
calcine, otherwise from pink to blue in case of Calver II.
8) Record as ‘b’ the number of cc required .
Results:
‘b’ = cc of EDTA required for calcium
Calcium (gr/l Ca++) = ‘b’ x 0.04/cc of filtrate
‘a’ -’b’ = cc of EDTA required for magnesium
Magnesium (gr/l Mg++) = ‘a’ - ‘b’ x 0.243/cc of filtrate
(17)
Also in this case, coloured filtrates may be applied.
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.2.7 Alcalinity, Excess Lime, Pf, Mf, Pm Measurment

Equipment Required:
• 100-150cc pottery or plastic vessel
• 1cc pipette
• 2cc syringe
• 10 cc serological (graduated) pipette
Reagents:
• Sulphuric acid, N/50 (0.02 N)
• Phenolphthalein indicator solution
•
(18)
Methyl orange (or bromocresol blue) indicator solution
Procedure:
• Pf
1) Place 1cc of filtrate into the vessel.
2) Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein solution.
3) If the indicator turns red, add sulphuric acid until the colour disappears (pH
8.3).
4) Report as Pf the number of cc of N/50 sulphuric acid required.
• Mf
1) To the sample which has been titrate to the Pf end point, add 2-3 drops of
methyl orange (or bromocresol blue).
2) Titrate with N/50 sulphuric acid until colour changes (pH 4.3) from yellow to
pink with methyl orange or from violet to yellow with bromocresol blue.
3) Report as Mf the total of cc N/50 sulphuric acid required to reach
phenolphthalein (Pf) end point, and methyl orange (Mf) end point.
• Pm
1) Place a syringe of 1cc of fluid into the vessel.
2) Dilute the sample with 25-50cc of distilled water.
3) Add 4-5 drops of phenolphthalein.
4) If sample turns red, titrate by adding N/50 sulphuric acid until the colour
disappears (Ph 8.3).
5) Report as Pf the number of cc N/50 sulphuric acid required .
Interpretation:
•
(19)
Alkalinity mg/l of OH CO3 HCO3
Pf = 0 0 0 1220 Mf
2Pf < Mf 0 1220Pf 1220 (Mf-2Pf)
2Pf = Mf 0 1200Pf 0
2Pf > Mf 340 (2Pf - Mf) 1200 (Mf-Pf) 0
Pf = Mf 340Mf 0 0
•
3 (20)
Excess lime: kg/m = 0.742 x (Pm - Fw x PF)
lbs/bbl = 0.26 X (Pm - Fw x PF)
(18)
It is required for deeply coloured filtrates and the colour will change from violet to yellow.
(19)
Quantity can be measured with Garret Gas train.
(20)
Fw represents the liquid fraction measured with a retort.
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10.2.8 Excess Gypsum Measurment

Equipment Required:
• 1cc pipette
• 5 cc graduated pipette
• Calibrated floating-ball or graduated cylinder: 250 cc
Reagents:
• NaOH drops or solution
• Calcium indicator (with calcine or calver II )
Procedures:
1) Place 5cc of filtrate into the ball, dilute to 250cc with distilled water.
2) Mix the solution for 15mins.
3) Filtrate with an API standard filter press.
4) Collect only clear filtrate.
5) Place 10cc of filtrate obtained into the beaker.
6) Increase pH to 12 by adding NaOH.
7) Add calcium indicator (with calcine or calver II).
8) Titrate with 0.01 M EDTA until colour changes from green to pink brown in case of
calcine, or from pink to blue in case of calver II.
9) Record the volume of EDTA required as ’Vt’.
10) Place 1cc of filtrate into the vessel.
11) Dilute with 30-40cc of distilled water.
12) Increase pH to 12 by adding NaOH.
13) Add calcium indicator (with calcine or calver II).
14) Titrate with 0.01 M EDTA until colour changes.
15) Record as ‘Vf’ the number of cc required .
Results:
• Total gypsum (lbs/bbl) = 2.38 x (Vt)
3
(kg/m ) = 6.78 x (Vt)
•
(21)
Excess gypsum (lbs/bbl) = 2.38 x (Vt) - 0.48 x (Vf x Fw)
(kg/m3) = 6.78 x (Vt) - 1.37 x (Vf x Fw)
(21)
Fw represents the liquid fraction measured with a retort.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.2.9 Semiquantitative Determination Of Sulphurs (Hatch Test)

Equipment Required:
• The apparatus consists of a sample chamber provided with a holed cap for
positioning the lead acetate paper disks
• Lead acetate paper disks
• 25cc graduated cylinder
• 5cc graduated syringe.
Reagents:
• Sulphuric acid, N/10
• Alkaseltzer (or sodium bicarbonate)
• Defoamer.
Procedures:
(24)
1) Using the syringe take away 2.5cc of fluid filtrate .
2) Place the sample into the chamber by diluting with 22.5cc of fresh water.
3) Position a lead acetate paper disk on the top cap of the chamber.
4) Wet the chamber walls with a film of defoamer.
5) Add 1cc of N/10 sulphuric acid.
(25)
6) Place a tablet of Alkaseltzer (or a bit of sodium bicarbonate ).
7) Screw the cap containing the lead acetate paper disk.
8) Allow the tablet to be completely dissolved.
9) Compare the colours of lead acetate paper disk with the hatch colour standards. If
(25)
colours are too dark, the test must be repeated with a diluted sample .
Results:
• Results are compared against the hatch paper and be multiplied by 10. Values are
in mg/l of H2S.
(22)
Garret gas train can also be applied for quantitative evaluation.
(23)
Complete gas kits are available.
(24)
Soluble sulphurs are determined with filtrate analysis, while total sulphurs with fluid analysis.
(25)
Coloration is altered if cement is present in fluid. In this case the test may result positive
even in absence of H2S. Calculations of the concentration must be carried out on the
dilutions made.
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10.2.10 Fluid Corrosivity Analysis
FLUID CORROSIVITY ANALYSIS

EQUIPMENT
• Corrosion rings pre-weight 4.5” (AISI 4140)
• Drill string
PROCEDURE
• Insert a corrosion ring into the tool joint closest to the drill bit.
• Insert rings at halfway and at the top end of the drill string.
• To keep in situ at least 40 hrs and max. of 10 days.
• Recover the test pieces, dry them off with a cloth.
• Notice the original weight and serial number.
• For each corrosion ring, record :
1) Phase and depth of the ring.
2) Seria number and original weight.
3) Date and time of installation in the string
4) Date and time of recovery
5) Mud type, pH, Temperature in/out, flow rate.
6) Description of any treatment with corrosion inhibitors.
Send the test pieces to and the report data to: Eni-Agip/Corm
RESULT
• Speed corrosion
lbs/ft3/year mm/year Interpretation
<1 <0.6 Low
1-2 0.6 - 1.2 Moderate
2-5 1.2 - 3.1 High
>5 > 3.1 Severe
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10.3 OIL BASED FLUIDS

10.3.1 Electrical Stability Determination
Equipment Required:
• Electrical stability meter, 0-200 volt range, optimum operating frequency of 330-350
hertz at 1500 volts, 61 microamps of current at emulsion break. Electrode probe
with space of 1.59mm (0.061 in.)
•
o o
0-150 C (32-220 F) thermometer
• Heating cup
• Glass or plastic beaker
Procedure:
1) Place a sample of the filtrated fluid from the screen of the marsh funnel into the
heating cup.
o o
2) Heat sample at 50 C (120 F).
3) Put the sample into a plastic or glass container.
4) Position the electrode probe into the fluid sample.
5) Stir the sample with electrode probe for 15-30secs.
6) Be sure that the electrode probe is completely covered by the sample. It must not
touch the bottom or sides of the container.
7) Push test button and start from zero by rotating the PO tentsionmeter clockwise
with increments of 100-200 v/sec. (Most models start up automatically.)
8) Record the ES value displayed on the readout device (which is lit at the passage of
current).
9) Record the reading and reset potentiometer.
10) Clean the electrode probe with a tissue paper.
11) Repeat test and evaluate accuracy. Re-stir the sample for 30secs and repeat from
step 4 to step 9 .
Results:
(27)
Electrical stability = 2 (reading of potentiometer) .
(27)
Some emulsion testers, i.e. Bariod’s testers, provide the value of electrical stability
directionally.
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.3.2 Fluid Alkalinity Determination

Equipment:
• Half litre glass jar with lid.
• 5cc syringe.
• 5cc graduated pipette.
• Magnetic stirrer with 38mm stirring bar (1.5in) .
Reagents:
• Xilene/Hysopropanole mixture: 50/50.
• Distilled water.
• Phenolphthalein.
• Sulphuric acid: 0.1 regular (N/10) .
Procedure:
1) Add 100cc xilene/hysopropanole mixture to half litre jar.
2) Add 2cc fluid with the syringe.
3) Swirl the mixture until it is homogenous.
4) Add 200cc distilled water.
5) Add 15 drops of phenolphthalein.
6) Slowly titrate with 0.1 N sulphuric acid, while stirring rapidly with magnetic stirrer.
7) Titrate until red colour just disappears for 1min.
8) Let the sample stand for 5mins, if no red colour re-appears, the end point has been
reached.
9) If colour reappears, titrate until it disappears again. Repeat steps 6,7,8.
10) If a third titration is necessary, call the total value of acid the end point, even if the
colour re-appears a fourth time .
Results:
Fluid Alkalinity:
Pom = cc 0.1N sulphuric acid/cc fluid sample.
Pom = cc 0.1N sulphuric acid/2.
Excess Lime:
lbs/bbl = 1.3 Pom.
3
kg/m = 3.7 Pom.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
10.3.3 Fluid Chloride Determination

Equipment Required:
• Half litre glass jar with lid.
• 5cc syringe.
• Magnetic stirrer with 38mm stirring bar (1.5in) .
Reagents:
• Xilene/Hysopropanole mixture, 50/50.
• Distilled water.
• Phenolphthalein.
• Sulphuric acid: 0.1 regular (N/10).
• Potassium chromate indicator.
• 0.282N silver nitrate .
Procedure:
1) Lead the alkaline test as indicated in the previous form.
2) Be sure acqueous solution pH is less than 7 by adding 1-2 drops of N/10 sulphuric
acid.
(28)
3) Add 10 to 15 drops of potassium chromate indicator .
(29)
4) While stirring rapidly, slowly titrate with silver nitrate .
5) When the pink salmon colour stabilises for at least 1min, then the end point has
been reached .
Results:
(30)
Fluid chloride (mg/l) = 1000 (cc AgNO3 * PM Cl-)/cc fluid sample required.
(31)
Whole fluid chloride (mg/l) = 10000 (cc AgNO3 0.282N )/2.
(28)
A further addition of potassium chromate may be required.
(29)
Rapid stirring is required. It may be necessary, however that the stirring is stopped
to allow separation of the two phases to occur.
(30)
Pm Cl = PE Cl = 35.45.
(31)
The normal 0.0282 N reagent is calculated as follows: 1cc AgNO3 equals 10g/l Cl.
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10.3.4 Calcium Determination

Equipment Required:
• Half litre glass jar with lid;
• 5cc syringe
• Magnetic stirrer with 38mm stirring bar (1.5in )
Reagents:
• Xilene/Hysopropanole mixture, 50%/50%
• Distilled water
• 1N hydroxide sodium (NaOH) 1N
• Calcium indicator (Calver II)
•
(32 )
0.1M EDTA
Procedure:
1) Add 100cc of 50/50 xilene/hysopropanol mixture.
2) Add 2cc of fluid with syringe.
3) Shake vigorously, until the mixture is homogeneous.
4) Add 200cc distilled water.
5) Add 3cc 1N NaOH.
6) Add 0.1 - 0.25gr calcium indicator (Calver II).
7) Shake vigorously for 2mins.
8) Let the sample stand to allow the separation of the two phases to occur. If a
reddish colour appears in the aqueous phase, calcium is present.
9) Place the jar on the magnetic stirrer and drop in the stir bar.
10) Titrate with 0.1 M EDTA.
11) When the colour changes to blue-green, the end point has been reached.
12) Record the number of cc of 0.1M EDTA required .
Results:
Fluid calcium (mg/l) = 1000 (cc EDTA * Normal EDTA PMCa++)/cc of fluid
sample
Whole fluid calcium (mg/l) = 1000 (cc EDTA * 0.1 40/2cc
= 4000 (cc EDTA) 2cc
(32)
This EDTA solution is ten times more concentrated than the solution required for water based
fluids.
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
APPENDIX A - DRILLING FLUID CODING SYSTEM

This coding system describes the Eni-Agip drilling fluid coding system currently in use and
how the system can be used for further developments of drilling fluids.
A.1. CODE GROUPS

There are three groups in the system:
1 2 3
• The first grouping represents the base fluid, such as fresh water, sea water,
diesel, etc. The base fluid must be included in the full code.
• The second grouping represents the base fluid system, such as
lignosulfonate, gels, polymers, invert emulsion, etc. The base system again
must be included.
• The third grouping describes the base system more precisely by providing
further information: i.e. the water/oil ratio in an invert emulsion, the type of salt
in a brine and underlining the specific treatment, such as addition of polymers,
soltex, lignosulfonates. The third group is included only if relevant information
is applicable.
If there is one or more special treatments, only the most significant of these will be
included. For example, DS-IE 80 signifies a diesel base, invert emulsion drilling fluid, with
a WO ratio of 80/20. If this drilling fluid is relaxed, the code would be DS-IE RF, as
'Relaxed Fluid' is to be considered a more significant characteristic than the W/O ratio.
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
A.2. EXAMPLE CODING

Consider the development of a drilling fluid, as follows:
1) The code for sea water fluid with prehydrated bentonite is:
SW GE
2) During drilling, if the fluid is treated with light additions of lignosulfonate, its code will
be:
SW GE LS
3) Again during drilling, the addition of lignosulfonate will characterise the fluid further
and the code will be:
SW LS
4) Finally, if lubricants are added, the code will be:
SW GE LU
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STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
APPENDIX B - ABBREVIATIONS
B.1. FLUID CODE ABBREVIATIONS
1 2 3
Base Fluid Base System Specific Treatment
AR - Air AR - Air (- -) - Non Specific
FW - Fresh Water AT - Aerated CA - Calcium Carbonate
SW - Sea Water BR - Brine CB - Calcium Bromide
BW - Brine Water CL - Chromelignin CC - Calcium Chloride
DS - Diesel CT - Cationic Polymers CL - Chromelignin
LT - Low Toxicity Oil DE - Modified Tannins (Desco) KA - Potassium Acetate
EB - Ester DF - Drilling Fluid KB - Potassium Base (KOH)
OF - Poltolefine GE - Bentonite-Base KC - Potassium Chloride
UT - Olio Ultra LT GG - Guar Gum KF - Potassium Formiate
GL - Glycol-Base GL - Glycol-Base
GY - Gypsum-Base LI - Lime
HT - High Temperature LS - Lignosulfonate
IE - Invert Emulsion LU - Lubricants
K2 - Potassium Carbonate NC - Sodium Chloride
KA - Potassium Acetate NB - Sodium Bromide
KC - Potassium Chloride PA - Polyanionic Pol.(PAC)
KF - Potassium Formiate PN - Na Polyacrylates
LI - Lime-Base PC - PHPA
LS - Lignosulfonate-Base PK - Agipak (K-CMC/PAC)
LW - Low-Solids PO - Generic Polymers (CMC)
MM - Mud-Misting RF - Relaxed Filtrate
MR - Morex-Base RM - Rheology Modifiers
OB - Oil Base RX - Ht Pol. Mixtures
PA - Polyanionic Pol.(PAC) SX - Soltex
PC - PHPA TA - Tannins
PK - Agipak (K-PAC, K-CMC) XC - XCD Polymer
PO - Generic Polymers (CMC) VB - Viscosity Base
QU - Quebracho-Base ZB - Zinc Bromide
SF - Foam-Base
SS - Salt Saturated (NaCl)
XC - XCD Polymer
NOTE: The oil/water ratio of a fluid with an oil numeric value, such as O/W =
70/30, will be expressed only by the first ratio, i.e. 70, omitting the later
30 ratio.
ENI S.p.A.
STAP -P-1-M-6160 0
B.2. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS

AC - Antiscale
AF - Antifoam
B - Bactericide
C - Chelant
CC - Diesel
CI - Low Toxicity Oil
E - Ester
F - Poltolefine
FP - Olio Ultra LT
FR - Filtrate Reducer
LC - Loss Circulation Material
LU - Lubricant
P - Primary
pH - pH Control
S - Secondary
S - Solvent
SA - Suspension Agent
SH - Shale Stabiliser
SU - Surfactant
TH - Thinner
TR - Tracer
TS - Temperature Stability Agent
V - Viscofier
W - Weighting Material

ENI - Drilling Fluids Operations Manual

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ARPO ORGANISING TYPE OF ISSUING DOC. REFER TO PAGE.

Agip Division OF 155

Eni - Agip Division Italian Districts

Date of issue: 28/06/99

REVISIONS PREP'D CHK'D APPR'D

1. MANUAL USER’S GUIDE 5

2. GUIDE TO DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMMING 9

7. STUCK PIPE TREATMENT/PREVENTITIVE ACTIONS 101

8. DRILLING FLUID TRADEMARK COMPARISONS 105

9. DRILLING FLUIDS APPLICATION GUIDE 113

10. DRILLING FLUID ANALYSIS 132

APPENDIX A - DRILLING FLUID CODING SYSTEM 152

APPENDIX B - ABBREVIATIONS 154

1. MANUAL USER’S GUIDE

1.2 GUIDE TO USING THE MANUAL

INFORMATION AS PER THE FLOW

THE TYPE(S) OF FLUID AS PER THE

THE FEASIBLE CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE CHOICE MADE FROM THE

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS AS THE

2) Provide practical guidelines for:

IF YES, WHAT IS THE PROBLEM ?

WHAT HAS BEEN DONE TO SOLVE IT ?

WHAT ELSE CAN BE MADE TO SOLVE IT

1.3 UPDATING, AMENDMENT, CONTROL & DEROGATION

2. GUIDE TO DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMMING

INFORMATION AS PER FLOW CHART

THE TYPE(S) OF FLUID AS PER CHARTS

THE FEASIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE CHOICE MADE FROM THE

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS AS

The Eni-Agip codes are fully described in Appendix A.

2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMME

GEOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIROMENTAL

TARGET WELL TYPE OF PLANT

MAIN DRILLING FLUID PROGRAMME

2.2 CHOICE OF DRILLING FLUIDS

2.2.2 Circulating, Start-Up Drilling Fluids

2.2.3 Drilling Formations With Gradients Less Than 1.0kg/cm2/10m

2.2.4 Drilling Fluids For Non-Reactive Formations

2.2.5 Drilling Fluids For Reactive Formations

2.2.6 Drilling Fluids For Temperatures Greater Than 200oC

2.2.7 Inhibitive And/Or Environmentally Friendly Speciality Fluids

BASE FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM ENV.

BASE FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM ENV.

LT-IE-50 E.I. 50/50 X A A M A M M A A T2 D2 A M M A

EB-IE ESTER-BASE I.E. X A A A M A B A A T2 D3 A A B A

DS-IE-100 100% DIESEL I.E. X A A A M A A A A T4 D5 A A A A

2.4 EXAMPLES OF DRILLING FLUID CHOICE

2.4.1 Concomitant Problems

2.4.2 Type Of Drilling Fluid Preferred

2.5 CHOICE OF THE FLUID SYSTEM (Dependent On Its Main Variables)

2.6 DRILLING FLUID CHARACTERISTIC PROGRAMMING

2.7 WATER-BASED FLUIDS

2.7.2 Optimum Values Of Plastic Viscosity And Yeld Point

3.1 NON-INHIBITIVE WATER BASED FLUIDS

DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM AGIP CODE

BENTONITE BASED FLUID FW-GE

BASE FLUID CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM ENV.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DRILLING FLUID

Electrical stability (volt)

Gel 10" (gr/100cm 2)

API Filtrate (cc/30')

FORMULATION PRODUCTION kg-l/m 3