Journal of Mechanics Engineering and Automation 4 (2014) 752-762

D DAVID PUBLISHING

Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the

F-Chart Method

Félix do Rego Barros1, Adriano Gatto Lemos2, Sildenir Alves Ribeiro1 and Manoel Antonio da Fonseca Costa
Filho3
1. Coordination of Industrial Automation, CEFET (Federal Center of Technological Education), Rio de Janeiro 20785-902, Brazil
2. Coordination of Automotive Maintenance, CEFET (Federal Center of Technological Education), Rio de Janeiro 20785-902,
Brazil
3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, UERJ (State University of Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro 20940-200, Brazil

Received: March 31, 2014 / Accepted: April 15, 2014 / Published: September 25, 2014.

Abstract: This paper aims at presenting an application developed in Java for optimizing the design of centralized solar water heating
systems with forced circulation, based on the f-chart method. The program uses data from the Brazilian Solar Atlas, performance data
of flat plate collectors and thermal reservoirs from the standardized tests run within the Brazilian Labeling Program, and values of
water consumption of appliances defined by the ABNT. The program finds the inclination of the collector that maximizes the annual
solar fraction, or for the winter, and enables the use of arrays in series and parallel collectors. From the investment costs and O & M
(operations and maintenance) of solar heating systems, the program carries out economical analysis using classical parameters as net
present value, discounted payback and internal rate of return. The program was validated through examples from the book of Duffie
& Beckman and also by comparison with the results from a project developed at UFRGS, having obtained good agreement.

Key words: Solar water heating, f-chart method, solar collectors.

1. Introduction lead to high running energy costs.

Furthermore, due to their very low load factor
In Brazil, the widespread use of electrical
(typically below 2%), each of these high-power
showerheads that provide hot water for domestic
showerheads results in considerably low return on the
consumption contributes to a load curve that peaks in
high investment costs in terms of infrastructure for the
the early evening, imposing a considerable burden to
electricity sector [2].
generation, transmission, and distribution utilities. On
Additionally, typical utilization times coincide with
average, over 73% of Brazilian households use these
and contribute to the electrical power demand peaks in
3-8 kW electrical resistance showerheads.
Brazil, rendering these low-cost, high-power electrical
In some of the more temperate climate regions in
devices a high-cost consumer for the electrical system
the south of the country, where most of the Brazilian
to cater for [3].
population is concentrated, electrical showers are
According to the Eletrobra’s national utility [4],
present in over 90% of residential buildings. For the
electrical showers are responsible about 60% of the
residential consumer, while these high-power heating
residential electrical load at peak load hours [2].
devices are the least-cost investment alternative, they
The solar water heating is the most attractive option
for shaving this electrical load peak. The Brazilian
Corresponding author: Félix do Rego Barros, M.Sc.,
assistant professor, research fields: solar energy, industrial solar radiation resource is one of the largest in the
automation, electrical and mechanical engineering for industrial world [1] which is available all over the country
development. E-mail: felix.barros@cefet-rj.br.
 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method 753

throughout all seasons. But the wide-spread of solar as an analysis and research tool and there are many
water heating systems is constraint by high investment TRNSYS simulations of solar water heating systems
costs and the lack of knowledge of economical available in Refs. [5-7]. Although it is very
performance. Computational tools allow predicting appropriate for researching purposes, its complexity
the thermal performance of solar water heating and required expertise make it difficult to be used by
systems which are a potential way to proportionate the field engineers.
conditions to the designers to precisely estimate the The f-chart is a simplified design method of solar
payback period and contributing to increase the solar space and water heating systems for residences [18]. It
water heating [12]. is a simple graphical method requiring only monthly
This paper presents a software for optimizing the average meteorological data for estimating the
design of solar water heating systems developed based long-term thermal performance of solar heating
on a previous work [13, 19]. The main advantage of systems, suitable for engineers and architects.
the current proposal is that the software carries out The SAM (solar advisor model)
thermal and economical analysis using technical data (www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/49150.pdf) developed
from equipments commercially available in Brazil. by the NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Additionally, typical Brazilian domestic hot water is a program for calculating and comparing cost and
consumption data are taken into account, including performance of solar power systems. It is a framework
design specifications from Brazilian standards. that contains some modules TRNSYS responsible for
Only water heating systems with forced circulation calculations and a graphical interface where the
using flat plate solar collectors can be designed. All systems are configured to be calculated in a more
the constraints from the f-chart method were simplified way than in TRNSYS.
considered during software development and must be RETScreen is an Excel-based clean energy project
known by the software users. analysis software tool that helps decision makers
The f-chart method offers a uncial for the designers quickly and inexpensively determine the technical and
and field engineers, but it has many limitations, such financial viability of potential renewable energy,
as the specific design configuration, system size and energy efficiency and cogeneration projects.
design parameter restrictions, as well as the lack of RETScreen Plus is a Windows-based energy
flexibility to cover any hourly load demand profile management software tool that allows project owners
[14]. But the Brazilian domestic hot water to easily verify the ongoing energy performance of
consumption profiles adjust well to these constraints, their facilities [16]. Both computational tools
since the consumption is concentrated in early evening, encompass solar energy projects.
after sunshine. In the University of the Rio de Janeiro State, a
thermal performance simulation program of solar
2. Computational Tools for Solar Heating
water heating systems [12, 15, 23] was developed.
System Performance Simulation and Design
The implemented model computes the mass and
It is widely recognized that the most accurate and energy balances in the thermal tank in each time step
complete solar design tool currently available is the along a simulation interval, typically an hour
TRNSYS computer simulation model, developed in throughout a year. Its input data values are from a
Ref. [18]. This tool has been very much enriched and typical meteorological year of a chosen location and
refined and its validity and accuracy have been the hot water load. The system components are the hot
repeatedly confirmed since then. It is very appropriate water storage tank and the solar collector. It was
754 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method

validated through comparisons with results from omitted here due to space limitation. The numerator of
TRNSYS simulations. this equation is the extraterrestrial radiation on the
tilted surface and the denominator is that on the
3. Solar Radiation Model
horizontal surface.
The solar radiation is splitted in the beam and The monthly average integrated daily extraterrestrial
diffuses components. Sky models are mathematical 
radiation H 0 is calculated in Eq. (4):
representation of the diffuse radiation. The current
software uses the isotropic diffuse model developed
 24.3600 2π
by Liu and Jordan in 1963 APUD [8]. The radiation H0 1 0.033 COS
on the tilted surface is considered to include three π 365
components: the beam radiation (Ib), the isotropic cos cos sen . sen sen (4)
diffuse radiation from the sky (Id), and solar radiation where, GSC is the solar constant and d is the day of the
reflected diffusively from the ground (Iρg). One tilted year, from 1 to 365. For latitudes in the range +60 to
surface with inclination β to the horizontal has a view -60, it can be calculated using n and δ for the mean
factor to the sky Fc−s = (1 + cosβ)/2 and a view factor day of the month, as described in Ref. [8],
to ground Fc−g = (1 – cosβ)/2. The total incident 
 H
radiation can be written as [8]: K T  
(5)
H
 1  cos    1  cos   (1) 0
IT  I b ·Rb  I d ·    I  g · 
 2   2  The software requires monthly average values of
where, Rb is the ratio of beam radiation on the tilted the integrated daily radiation on the tilted surface Hr.
surface to that on a horizontal surface and is defined They are calculated in Eq. (6) through a summation
as: procedure similar to Eq. (1), where, H is the total
cos  radiation and the subscripts d and ρg refer to the
Rb  (2)
cos  z diffuse and ground-reflected components.
where, θ is the angle of incidence and θz is the zenith  


 Hd

 
 1  cos     1  cos  
angle. H T  H 1    RB  H d    H g   (6)
 2   2 
The software utilizes an optimization routine for  H 
encountering the inclination angle (β) that maximizes The diffuse component is related with the total
the solar radiation incident on the collector surface radiation as proposed by Collares-Pereira a Rabl in
taking in account all months or optionally only the 1979 APUD [8]:
winter months, through maximizing Rb in Eq. (3).
0.775 0.00606 90 0.505
   '
  . S . sen (   ) . sen  sen S . cos  . cos    
'

RB   180 
0.00455 90 cos 115 103 (7)
  
cos  . cos  .sen S    . S . sen . sen
 180 
4. Component of Physical Models
cos 1  - tan   tan   
where,   min  1
'
(3)
S
 cos  
- tan      tan   The model assumptions are:
δ, and ωs are the solar declination angle, the latitude  The thermal tank containing the stored hot water
and the sunset (or sunrise) hour angle, respectively. is treated by the fully-mixed sensible heat model, i.e.,
Eq. (3) is valid for surfaces in the southern there is no internal thermal stratification;
hemisphere sloped toward the equator. For sites in the  There is a controller that turns the pump on only
northern hemisphere, the equation is similar and it was if there is a minimum temperature difference and a
 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method 755

useful energy output from the collector to justify it; described in Ref. [8]:
 The solar collector model uses a linear form of  1  (1  K ) N

F R (  )  F R1 (  ) 1  
the collector efficiency and does not include incidence  NK 
angle modifier for correction of the inclination angle; and
 There is no intermediate heat exchanger since the  1  (1  K ) N

F R U L  F R1 U L1   (9)
water that circulates in the solar collector and is stored  NK 
and consumed is the same. where, N is the number of collectors in series and K is
The useful output heat flux from the solar collector given by:
is the difference between the thermal power absorbed AFRU L (10)
K
by the collector plate and heat losses to the m C P
environment, expressed based on the Hottel-Williers the heat loss through the storage tank walls is written
equation as described in Ref. [8]: by:

Qu  Ac .FR .GT .( . )  U L .(Ti  Ta ) (8) LP  (U . A).(T  Ta ) (11)

where, FR is the heat removal factor defined as the where, A is the corresponding area, Ta is the
ratio between the actual useful energy gain of a environment temperature and U is the global heat
collector and the useful gain if the whole collector transfer coefficient, which includes all thermal losses.
surface were at the fluid inlet temperature. (τ α) is the This last parameter is obtained from standardized tests
product of the coverage transmittance by the collector prescribed in Ref. [9], also within the PBE.
plate absorbance, GT is the incident irradiance on the The storage tank volume is calculated from the hot
collector. UL is the overall heat loss coefficient, which water consumption through the summation of the
includes all losses from the collector. Ti and Ta are the products of number of users, usage flow rate and
water temperature at collector inlet and the utilization time. Since thermal reservoirs are
environment temperature, respectively. Ac is the total standardized, the software indicates the standardized
area of the collector. volume immediately above. Both the adopted
As mentioned above, operation of a appliance usage flow rates and utilization times are
forced-circulation collector will not be carried out those from the Brazilian standards.
when Qu < 0. The values of FR.(τ α) and FR·UL The heat losses through the pipeline are calculated
express the collector efficiency linear behavior and are from the correlation proposed in Ref. [20] for forced
obtained from standardized tests in Refs. [9-11], convective heat transfer with Peclet number greater
available in Brazil from the PBE (Brazilian Labeling than 0.2:
Program) coordinated by the INMETRO (National 0.62 Re 2 Pr
1 1
3 B
Nu  0.3  1   D  A  (12)
Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial 1   0.4 Pr  2 3 
C1  
Quality). The software adjusts the values of these  
parameters when the flow rate utilization is in the where, the coefficients A, B, C1 and D are related to
range between 25% above and 25% below the flow Re (reynolds number) ranges and Pr is the Prandtl
rate of the standardized test. number.
The software allows both series and parallel The natural convection, as suggested in Ref. [21], is
connections in arrays of solar collectors. In series the predominant heat transfer mechanism when the Gr
arrays, the decrease in thermal performance of the (Grashof) number divided by the square of the
second (and subsequent) module is considered as Reynolds number is greater than 1.0. In this case, the
756 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method

software uses the correlation proposed in Ref. [20], constraints:

valid for 10-5 < Gr and Pr < 1012.  The water consumption is carried out only at
 
1
6 evening;
 
 Gr ·Pr   The ratio of the collector area (m2) to the storage
Nu  0.60  0.387  
16 (13) tank volume (L) must be within the range from 37.5 to

   
9 9

 1 
16
0.559
Pr  
   300;
The pipe surface temperature T(x) varies with the  The ranges of the design parameters are shown in
position (x) along the pipe length (l) and can be Table 1 [8].
expressed as [22]: The solar fraction (f) of the monthly total load
4 x supplied by the solar water heating system is given as

T x   Tair  T x 0   Tair ·e  ·c · w · ·di 2 ·l ·RTot
(14) a function of two parameters (X and Y) as described in
where, Tair, di, vw, ρ, c, RTot and x0 are the air Ref. [8]:
temperature, the pipe inside diameter, the water f = 1.029Y – 0.065X – 0.245Y2 + 0.0018X2 +
velocity, water density, water specific heat and a pipe 0.0215Y3
location where the surface temperature is known, AcF ' R U L ( Tref  T a ) t (17)
X 
L
respectively. The total pipeline heat losses (qpipe) are
determined by the summation as AcF ´ R ( ) H T N
Y  (18)
xL L
q pipe   hc ·A·(T x  Tair ) (15) where, Ac is the collection area (m2), Δt is the total
x 0
number of seconds in the month, Ta is the monthly
5. Climatic Data of Other Calculations average ambient temperature (°C), Tref is an
empirically derived reference temperature (100 °C), L
Monthly average daily temperatures are obtained
is the monthly total hot water load (J), HT = monthy
from the Brazilian Meteorological Station Data for the
average daily radiation incident on the collector
considered site available in the web.
surface per unit area (J/m2), N = days in month, (τa) =
The monthly average water mains temperatures
monthly average transmittance-absorptance.
(Tmains) are approached by a fixed amount of degrees
Celsius below the correspondent environmental 7. Software Description
temperature.
7.1 Conceptual Modeling Software
The mensal hot water load (L) is calculated in Eq.
(16) considering the bath water temperature (Tbath): The conceptual model helps the programmer in the

L  Vc Tbath  Tmains 

representation of the problem domain and consequently
(16)
the functions of software illustrating their associations,
from the investment costs and O & M (operations and compositions, specializations and attributes through
maintenance) of solar heating systems, the program abstraction and decomposition of the problem domain.
carries out economical analysis using classical Table 1 Ranges of design parameters used in the
parameters as net present value, discounted payback development of the f-chart for liquid systems.
and internal rate of return. The detailed economical 0.6 < (τα)n < 0.9
analysis is out of the scope of this paper. 5 < FRAc < 120 m2
2.1 < UL < 8.3 W/m2C
6. The F-Chart Method 30 < β < 90°
83 < (UA)h < 0.9
The f-chart method has the following configuration
 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method 757

In this work, specifically, three diagrams were built: The Java programming language was chosen because
use case diagrams and sequence diagram of activities it has some advantages such as:
in Fig. 1 and class diagram in Fig. 2. These diagrams (1) Portability: Java can run on any platform or
are sufficient to model the problem and represent the device that has a Java interpreter, and that has been
problem domain. especially compiled for the system to be used;
(2) Object orientation: Java is a fully
7.2 Conceptual Model of the Database
object-oriented, which allows codes reuse (packages,
The database is a computational environment used classes, etc.);
not only for storage, but also for extraction and (3) High performance: Java language supports
analysis including statistics of all stored data in the multiple high-performance features such as
repository. The DBDesign and the MySQL were used multithreading, build just-in-time and the use of native
as a tool for data modeling and as a repository, code.
respectively. The option for this tool is justified by the
7.4 Graphical Interface
fact that both DBDesign and MySQL are free and also
they are fully integrated. The model shown in Fig. 3 The graphical user interface of the software was
represents the set of tables and their relationships in developed in order to facilitate and turn practical the
the database. Each table has an own set of attributes interaction with the user. Due to the complexity of
that will index the data stored. some functions of the system, an interface consisting
of tabs that allows a more dynamic and interactive
7.3 Coding System
navigation during use was bulit. Each window
Table 2 contains the main Java classes developed. function represents a software graph.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1 (a) Use case diagram and (b) activity diagram.
758 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method

Fig. 2 Class diagram.

Fig. 3 Data model/entity relationship.

Table 2 Key Java system classes.

Function Classe Java Description
FunctionA Public class Calculo_A Java class to calculate the radiation by location
FunctionB Public class Calculo_B Java class for calculating the number of reservoirs
FunctionC Public class C_Util1 Java class energy calculation gives availability
FunctionD Public class Conv_D Java class to calculate the feasibility of the project
FunctionE Public class Reser_E Java class to compare the performance of collectors
 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method 759

8. Tests and Results remaining months, the results were closer to the
f-chart ones.
8.1 Validation of the Solar Fraction Calculation
As the Termodim deals with solar radiation data
Firstly, the current software results have attained generated by the Radiasol, new data were generated
excellent agreement with results from examples by the current software, now using solar radiation data
presented in Ref. [8]. produced by Radiasol. Table 5 and Fig. 5 show the
The software validation is based on a comparison new results.
between software results with those from the By using solar radiation data generated by the
calculation of the solar fraction for the Student Radiasol, the yearly average solar fraction produced
Republic Project from UFRGS, presented in Ref. [17]. by the current software deviates 8.6 from that
The values of the various parameters of the location, calculated by the f-chart method and only -0.2% from
installation characteristics and hot water consumption that of the Termodim, as shown in Table 5.
from Ref. [17] are reproduced in Table 3. The discrepancies found are partially justified by
To calculate the energy demand for heating, the the lack of information about some data in Ref. [17],
temperature of the public water mains was approached p.ex., mains water temperature.
as 3 °C below the monthly average environmental Table 3 Data from Ref. [17].
temperature. Location Porto alegre
Table 4 and Fig. 4 show comparisons among results Latitude (°) -30.04
produced by the current software with those Longitude (°) 51.2
Azimuthal (°) 180
reproduced from Ref. [17], obtained with the f-chart
Angle of inclination of the collectors (°) 40
method and the Termodim software. Demand points Shower
Table 4 shows solar fractions from the current Number of users 18
software and from Ref. [17]. Hot water temperature (°C) 38
Number of baths per day 1
From January to May the current software results
Average time of the bath (min) 10
were significantly above. From June to September the Average consumption of hot water for
7
results were closer to those from Termodim. For the bathing (L/min)

Table 4 Solar fractions from the current software and from Ref. [17].

Month F-Chart Termodim Current Deviation C/FC (%) Deviation C/T (%)

January 0.83 0.80 0.87 4.4 7.3

February 0.81 0.80 0.88 8.5 8.9
March 0.72 0.77 0.84 13.6 8.6
April 0.63 0.69 0.78 19.3 11.4
May 0.46 0.62 0.70 33.9 11.6
June 0.36 0.56 0.53 32.5 - 6.0
July 0.46 0.56 0.58 21.1 2.8
August 0.50 0.59 0.60 15.8 1.4
September 0.58 0.62 0.62 6.7 0.0
October 0.72 0.68 0.78 7.1 12.9
November 0.80 0.73 0.81 1.4 10.3
December 0.84 0.77 0.86 1.3 10.5
Average deviations 13.8 6.7
760 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method

Fig. 4 Solar fractions from the current software and from Ref. [17].

Table 5 New comparison of solar fractions from the current software and from Ref. [17].

Month F-Chart Termodim Current Deviation C/FC (%) Deviation C/T (%)

January 0.83 0.80 0.86 3.2 6.2

February 0.81 0.80 0.84 3.8 4.3
March 0.72 0.77 0.78 6.6 1.3
April 0.63 0.69 0.69 9.0 11.4
May 0.46 0.62 0.55 16.7 -11.4
June 0.36 0.56 0.41 13.1 -36.5
July 0.46 0.56 0.54 15.0 -4.8
August 0.50 0.59 0.57 11.9 -3.2
September 0.58 0.62 0.64 9.9 3.4
October 0.72 0.68 0.78 6.5 12.3
November 0.80 0.73 0.84 4.6 13.1
December 0.84 0.77 0.88 3.6 12.6
Average deviations 8.6 -0.2

Fig. 5 New comparison of solar fractions from the current software and from Ref. [17].
 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method 761

Table 6 Comparison of results generated by the current and Radiasol software.

Porto Alegre city
B = 40° Y = 180°
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Radiasol 19.0 18.4 17.1 16.0 13.2 11.1 13.7 14.3 15.6 18.3 19.5 20.2
Helios-chart 18.5 19.1 18.1 17.4 15.5 12.8 13.8 14.0 14.2 17.4 17.7 18.6
Radiasol
(annual 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4
average)
Helios-chart
(annual 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4
average)
Correction
2.3 -3.45 -5.66 -8.52 -18.04 -14.83 -0.24 1.85 8.78 4.84 8.85 7.72
factor (%)

Fig. 6 Graphical comparison of results generated by the current and Radiasol software.

designers, because it uses meteorological data from

8.2 Validation of the Solar Radiation Calculation
the Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas and performance data
Table 6 presents a comparison of the results generated published by the Brazilian Labeling Program for solar
by the software developed here and the Radiasol. collectors and thermal reservoirs. Additionally, the
Fig. 6 presents the same results in a graphical form. software takes into account typical Brazilian domestic
From January to July, the values generated by the hot water consumption data and includes design
current software are above of those generated by specifications from Brazilian standards.
Radiasol, and from August to December, the opposite It is expected that the current software contributes
occurs. In Fig. 6, it can be seen that the annual average to increase the solar water heating penetration, since it
solar radiation coincides for both programs. The carries out both thermal and economical analysis, and
highest deviation was 18% for May. These differences the major barrier to solar energy is the lack of
were expected, since the solar radiation databases used performance information.
by the two programs are different. The increasing availability of economical
performance data will possibly let the government to
9. Conclusions
make Public Policies to incentivate solar energy. It is
The software presented here is suitable for Brazilian essential to highlight here that the electrical
762 Program for Solar Water Heating Systems Based on the F-Chart Method

showerheads receive economic incentives from the Determine the Thermal Performance of Solar Collector.
USA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Brazilian Government.
Air Conditioning Engineers.
The software can be enhanced to include [11] NBR 10185, Reservatórios Térmicos para Líquidos
environmental analysis, by calculating greenhouse gas Destinados a Sistemas de Energia Solar - Determinação
emissions avoided along the total useful life of the de Desempenho Térmico - Método de Ensaio, Associação
Brasileira de Normas Técnicas, Rio de Janeiro, 1988.
solar water heating system.
[12] Lisboa, P. A., and Costa, M. A. F. 2012. “A Software for
In a long-term future research, it is interesting to Performance Simulation of Solar Water Heating Systems.”
carry out an experimental comprovation of the thermal Presented at the 10th IASME/WSEAS International
performance predicted by this software. Conference on Heat Transfer, Thermal Engineering and
Environment, Istanbul.
Acknowledgments [13] Souza, A. G. L. 2011. Sistemas de Aquecimento Solar
(SAS): software para projetos otimizados de sistemas de
This work was executed with financial support from aquecimento de água mediante a utilização da energia.
the FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), under São Paulo: Blucher Acadêmico.
[14] Tsilingiris, P. 1996. “A Method of Simulation of Solar
contract number 01.07.0275.00. Processes and Its Application.” Solar Energy 57 (1):
19-28.
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