Ganituen Etal

Science
Investigations
CoR(e): The Automatic Air Purifier with
Ammonia Sensing System
Volume 1, Issue 1, March 2024
1
Charize Gabrielle G.
Balili ABSTRACT
2
Azrielle Jayde R. The utilization of restroom facilities is an integral and routine aspect of human
Cotiyam
3 existence. It serves as a fundamental necessity, allowing individuals to attend
Raymond A. Ganituen
4
Cathleen Faith A. to their biological needs such as urination and defecation. However,
Martinez maintaining a clean and odor-free restroom can be challenging. This problem is
addressed in the development of CoR(e), an automated air purifier that can
Correspondence: measure and eliminate ammonia. CoR(e) was constructed using one sensor, the
balilicharizegabrielle@ MQ137 which monitors ammonia in ppm. Arduino IDE is used for
gmail.com programming and coding. In addition, filters are added to eliminate ammonia
azriellejaydecotiyam@
gmail.com gas. The assessment of the air purifier’s efficiency in both monitoring and
raymondganituen@gm mitigating ammonia gas within restroom facilities, was a primary focus of this
ail.com investigation. The outcomes revealed consistent ammonia gas monitoring and a
cathleenfaith.martinez gradual reduction in concentrations within restroom facilities equipped with
@deped.gov.ph CoR(e), a trend that was clearly delineated through the examination of a time-
1,2,3,4
series graph using Trend Analysis. These findings indicate the effectiveness of
Researchers, Juan the device in both monitoring and eliminating ammonia gas, thus affirming its
G. Macaraeg National
High School, utility in maintaining air quality within these environments. The CoR(e) is
deemed functional, implementing the use of it is beneficial for both health and
0000-0003-1081-2048
hygiene of the people.
Submission Date:
Month xx, 2024
Revision Date:
Month xx, 2024
Acceptance Date:
Keywords: Air purifier, Ammonia
Month xx, 2024
CITE THIS ARTICLE AS:
Balili, C.G.G., Cotiyam, A.J.R., & Ganituen, R.A.,Martinez, C.F.A. (2024). CoR(e): The Automatic
Air Purifier with Ammonia Sensing System. Journal of Science Investigations and Action Research,
Vol 1 (1)
1
Journal of Science Investigation and Action Research
eISSN XXXX-XXXX, Open Access Article
Peer-Reviewed Scholarly Journal Author 1 & Author 2, 2024, XX-XXpp
INTRODUCTION
People use restrooms 6-7 times a day (Leonard, 2023). Their significance extends across both
residential and commercial domains, where crucial roles are played in maintaining the cleanliness and in
providing a private space for the attendance to personal requirements of individuals. It’s common for
people to use the restrooms because they can't force their reproductive organs to stop the urination. Along
with the basic amenities of a toilet and a sink for hand washing, public toilets also offer useful space. 40%
of adults use restrooms to cough or blow their nose, and nearly half use them to assess their appearance.
Initially, 27% of people considered bathrooms to be refuge or getaway. They use the bathroom to cry, run
away, avoid conflict, or take a mental break. 25% more people use their cellphone in the bathroom (QSR
Magazine, 2019).
A restroom often has necessary appliances that people always use like sinks and toilets. In
today’s generation, bathrooms can be found everywhere. Public restrooms fill an essential part in our life
because all people have an urgent need. These places are sensible locations in which individuals confront
an intimate environment outside the comfort of their own home and the use of restrooms, especially the
widespread use of public restrooms (Corradi et al., 2020).
Public restrooms are ubiquitous in our society. Unfortunately, the use of these restrooms gives
rise to negative psychological disposition and behavior derived from the usability and experience with
behavior derived from them (Guido et al., 2020). The appliances that were used in our public restrooms
can be transmitted from a bacterium. The contaminated surfaces or objects may include sinks, faucets,
floors, or bulk refillable soap dispensers (CDC, 2013; Flores et al., 2011; Mkrtchyan et al., 2013; Zapka et
al., 2011).
According to a study conducted by Gregorio, et.al. (2019), 2 out of 6 schools in Manila have
restroom facilities that have no objectionable smell, and the others have a stench smell. Toilet quality
should therefore be improved regardless of the lack of association.
Ammonia, a gas that urine releases which causes pungent odor and is responsible for the “urine-
like” smell. Inhaling high concentrations of ammonia causes immediate burning of the eyes, nose and
respiratory tract which can be a cause of death. While being exposed to low concentrated ammonia can
cause coughing, nose, and throat irritation (The Facts About Ammonia, 2011).
The issue at hand pertains to the persistent presence of a strong urine-like odor in public restroom
facilities, which negatively impacts the overall hygiene, cleanliness, and user experience of these spaces.
The foul odor not only creates discomfort for individuals using the facilities but also raises concerns
about sanitation and cleanliness, potentially leading to health risks.
The problem of unpleasant public restrooms, especially in schools, can significantly affect the
learning environment and the well-being of students. Students may avoid using the restroom during the
school day due to the unpleasant odors, which can lead to discomfort and potential health issues such as
dehydration and urinary tract infections. This, in turn, may result in decreased concentration in the
classroom and a negative impact on academic performance. It's crucial for educational institutions to
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The researchers express their gratitude to the respective institutions that facilitated the execution
of this study. Acknowledgments are extended to Pangasinan State University and Dr. Jun S. Camara for
providing access to the START Approach methodology and rendering technical support throughout the
composition of this final manuscript. Sincere appreciation is also conveyed to the research adviser,
Melissa B. Gagujas, as well as to the supportive network of parents, friends, and classmates. Special
recognition is reserved for Faith Aquino Martinez, serving as the robotics adviser. Finally, the researchers
extend their thanks to the divine guidance provided by God.
provide clean and pleasant restrooms to ensure that students have a comfortable and healthy learning
experience.
CoR(e) is an automatic air purifier with an ammonia sensing system. The system can detect parts
per million (ppm) of ammonia concentration and the fan used for air purifying automatically on when a
certain ppm of ammonia is detected. This can be achieved by using MQ137 and connecting it to a
microcontroller (Arduino).
Automatic ammonia concentration control has been effectively implemented using the MQ137
sensor (Pulungan et al., 2020).
In recent years, the focus on developing automated air purifier systems has intensified, driven by
the need to detect and eliminate harmful pollutants like ammonia gas to improve indoor air quality. Lu,
Wang, and Zhang (2019) laid the foundation by proposing a system employing an MQ137 sensor and
Arduino Uno microcontroller to identify ammonia gas levels. This system not only detected elevated
levels of ammonia but also activated the air purifier to mitigate the issue promptly. Building upon this
innovation, Chen et al. (2020) further advanced the concept by introducing an automated air purifier
system equipped with an MQ137 ammonia sensor and controlled by an Arduino Uno microcontroller.
This system was designed with a specific emphasis on effective removal of airborne pollutants,
particularly focusing on ammonia detection and removal using carbon activated and fine filters.
In parallel, other researchers explored different facets of automated air purification systems. For
instance, Kumar et al. (2018) introduced an IoT-enabled air purification system capable of detecting and
removing ammonia gas, effectively leveraging the MQ137 sensor interfaced with an Arduino Uno
microcontroller. Meanwhile, Wang et al. (2020) proposed a novel automated air purifier system that
incorporated an MQ137 ammonia sensor and Arduino Uno microcontroller. This system not only
facilitated real-time monitoring but also enabled efficient removal of airborne contaminants. Additionally,
Gupta et al. (2020) developed a smart air purifier system with ammonia gas sensing capability, promoting
a healthier living environment through automatic operation triggered by detected levels of ammonia.
These studies collectively underscore the significance of integrating MQ137 sensors and Arduino Uno
microcontrollers to ensure effective detection and removal of ammonia, thereby contributing to cleaner
and healthier indoor environments
Arduino Uno, a microcontroller that offers versatile ways to prototype a wide range of
electronics. The primary function of this device is to reduce ppm of ammonia concentration.
The Fine Filter will act as the first stage of purification, it will remove airborne particles in the
air. The Carbon Activated filter will be the last stage on which the contaminants and impurities will get
removed.
Fine filter, a filter designed to remove tiny particles from the air (Panicker et al., 2020).
Carbon activated filter, a filter that uses activated carbon to remove contaminants and impurities
from the air and water.
3
This study is significant because it purifies the air in the bathroom and reduces gas that causes
unpleasant odors, particularly ammonia, which has a pungent stench that irritates the nose when inhaled.
The results of this study will aid in enhancing restroom users’ health. Additionally, this study provides
assurance that the restroom in public locations smells pleasant for those who wish to use the restroom in
public but are unsure if it has good quality or not. Furthermore, it can aid in improving the air quality of
the restrooms and getting rid of the bacteria that human urine leaves behind. Also, it can assist bathroom
cleaners who are having a hard time getting rid of the stench in the restroom. As a result of this study,
everyone who used public restrooms is able breath normally and won’t have their nostrils irritated. Future
uses of this study will also be added by its ability to be improved, allowing for the improvement of air
quality not only in bathrooms but also in homes, shopping centers and other public locations.
The study focuses on the development of an automatic air purifier with an ammonia sensor
system. Designed to detect ammonia (NH3) gas in restrooms using a sensor that will operate when a
certain amount of NH3 gas is reached. The main objective of this study is to promote foul-odor-free
restrooms to promote proper hygiene for a cleaner environment.
The project is intended to be used on restrooms. The developed device can purify a certain range
of a room only, specifically one cubicle and won't be able to purify an entire room. This research will not
extend to other problems not related to the foul-odor problems in restrooms produced by NH3 gas.
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, Software Development, Software Requirements,
Hardware Requirement, Software Design, Hardware Design and Data Gathering Technique.
To show how the air purifier works, this study used a hardware development approach. The
hardware development approach involves designing, building, and optimizing the physical components
and systems that make up a robotic or intelligent machine. This approach focuses on the development of
hardware, including the mechanical, electrical, and electronic components that enable the machine to
interact with the physical world, perform tasks, and carry out its functions.
The software development methodology chosen for this prototype, which was utilized as a tool
for solving issues, behavior, and prediction, is Agile. The integrated development environment (IDE) was
used to write, upload, and troubleshoot codes for the microcontroller board is Arduino UNO. The
researchers were able to split up enormous activities into smaller ones using this software for efficiency
and efficacy.
4
A. Software Development
Figure 1: Agile methodology. Presented is the progression of the different parts of agile
methodology.
Plan
The usage of public restrooms can increase the ammonia gas in the restrooms. Ammonia contains
82.24% of Nitrogen and 17.76% of Hydrogen that can also affect the health of the individual. When the
5
ammonia gas contacts the person, it can cause irritation of skin and make an adverse impact on the
pulmonary.
The filtration of air is the process of removing harmful particles, substances, and accumulated
dust. Filter traps dusts and ammonia then will release a good air quality. Furthermore, the filtration plays
a major role in air purifiers as it cleans the gases that can contribute to unpleasant odors and effects to
human bodies.
The invention of air purifiers with an ammonia sensing system helps to improve the air quality of public
restrooms and lessen the ammonia gas in the atmosphere inside the restrooms. The significance of good
air quality lessens the chance of nasal irritation and possibility of pulmonary related diseases.
Design
Figure 2: Structural Design of Air Purifier. Displayed is the final design of the air purifier with its
measurements.
6
The air purifier has 3 slots, two for the filters; the fine filter and the carbon activated filter; the
last one is for the fan. The filters and fan sizes are all 7x7, and the box used for the air purifiers exterior
has a size of 18.5x8.5 x 13.5 and is divided into two parts. One part for the sensor, Arduino UNO, and
relay. One for the filters and fan.
Figure 3: Flowchart Design. Presented is the flow of the code and how the sensing works.
Figure 3 is the flowchart design of the air purifier. Once the microcontroller is connected in the
main source gas sensor will start to gather data then it will check if there is a presence of ammonia within
the area, if the sensor will detect ammonia, it will analyze the value of it then determine if it is more than
3 ppm or lesser than 3 ppm if it is more than 3 then the fan will turn on otherwise the gas sensor will
check ammonia after 3 mins.
Development
The researchers prepared the software needed for this study such as Arduino UNO and Agile,
along with the hardware requirements such as 12V exhaust fan, fine filter, and carbon activated filter.
Test
The testing procedure was conducted within the restroom facilities of the school, with the active
participation of students as observers. It is anticipated that the air purification process for each restroom
cubicle would have a duration of approximately 30 to 60 minutes.
7
Deployment
The implementation schedule of the project study was contingent upon the availability and
arrangements made by the researchers. The researchers delivered the air purifier, along with its associated
applications and modules, to the educational institution.
Review
After the deployment of the air purifier, enhancements were implemented, and maintenance was
consistently upheld.
Launch
The CoR(e): The Automatic Air Purifier with Ammonia Sensing System was officially
introduced and employed by the school following its development, rigorous testing, and subsequent
enhancements.
B. Hardware Development
Figure 4: Block Diagram Design. Presented is a block diagram showing the connections of the
electrical requirements.
Figure 4 is the block diagram design of the air purifier. Block diagram shows the connection of
each component. The main microcontroller is Arduino UNO board which uses a power bank or the main
power supply to turn on all the components, such as gas sensor, relay module and fan.
8
Figure 5: Schematic Diagram for MQ137. Presented is a schematic diagram of the MQ137
sensor's schematic, illustrating its electronic components and connections.
Figure 5 shows the schematic diagram for the connection of M137 to the Arduino UNO board. It
is connected in the digital pin, 5V pin, and the ground pin.
C. Hardware Requirements
1. Arduino UNO
The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller based on ATmega328P a standard board of Arduino that
features 6 analog pins, 14 digital pins, a USB connector, a power jack, a reset button, and an ICSP header
(In-Circuit Serial Programming). It is based on an IDE, which stands for Integrated Development
Environment, it is programmed using a GUI. The application can be run both online and offline.
2. MQ137
The MQ-137 is a gas sensor from Winsen that detects Ammonia (NH3). The sensing element
consists of SnO2, which has a lower conductivity when the air is clean. When NH ₃ (Ammonia) gas
exists, the sensor’s conductivity gets higher along with the gas concentration rising. With the aid of a
simple circuit, it is straightforward to measure and convert this change in conductivity into data.
However, some calibration may be required.
3. Relay Module
The Relay Module is a switching model designed to control high-voltage and high-current circuits with a
low voltage microcontroller or other control devices. The relay can operate 12V DC and features a single
channel that allows you to control one circuit at a time. This typically provides a load capacity of up to
10A at 250VAC or 30VDC, making it suitable for a variety of applications, such as controlling lights,
fans, motors, and other electrical appliances.
4. 12V DC Fan
DC fans are cooling fans that convert electrical energy into electromagnetic energy through DC
voltage and electromagnetic induction, then mechanical energy into kinetic energy, which causes them to
rotate.
5. Fine Filter
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Fine dust filters effectively and sustainably filter soot, cement dust, spores, and larger bacteria by
separating airborne particles. The removal of fine particles from fluids or air is required to improve their
quality and cleanliness. Fine filters are frequently used in these applications, which include water
filtration, air purification, and industrial processes.
6. Carbon Activated Filter
Carbon activated filters are used to purify liquids and gases in a variety of applications, including
municipal drinking water, food and beverage processing, odor removal, and industrial pollution control.
The materials used are produced from carbonaceous source materials, such as coconuts, nutshells, coal,
peat and wood.
7. Power Bank
The power bank powers the board. In particular, the battery capacity of the power bank is 20000mAh
which can be used for a longer duration. The researchers used a power bank to operate the robot. The
Arduino Uno and the fan can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected optionally.
D. Data Analysis
The researchers undertook a comprehensive investigation with the primary objective of
quantifying the influence of the CoR(e) machine on air quality within restroom facilities. This research
endeavor entailed a Trend analysis of two distinct conditions: one involving the active operation of the
CoR(e) machine and the other in which the machine was absent. To assess the efficacy of the CoR(e) in
mitigating ammonia, the researchers used the MQ137 air quality monitoring system. This instrumentation
facilitated the precise measurement of atmospheric composition both prior to and after the
experimentation, furnishing invaluable data to elucidate the actual reduction of ammonia in the restroom
environment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This section underscores the significance of the research methodology and its implications for the
findings derived from data collection and analysis. The current inquiry has unearthed insights that, when
generalized through the examination of collected data, elucidate the attributes, functionalities, and overall
effectiveness of CoR(e) as an air purification system.
The information presented in this study holds substantial relevance for individuals and
organizations contemplating the utilization of CoR(e) as an air purifier in restroom facilities. It serves as a
valuable resource, providing a comprehensive understanding of the device's capabilities and its potential
impact on air quality and comfort within such environments.
10
Figure 7: System showing output. Presented is the final output of the device, alongside its
hardware requirements.
Overall State Evaluation
Figure 8: Interpretation of the Trend Analysis of a Time-Series Graph in Determining the

Effectivity of CoR(e) in Measuring Ammonia. The data shows the ammonia level of the restroom
within the 1 hour testing.
Figure 8 presents a time-series chart depicting data acquired through the utilization of an MQ137
sensor, which is designed to measure ammonia concentrations in parts per million (ppm). The scale for
11
ammonia readings captured by the MQ137 sensor spans from 0 to 6 ppm. The time-series data collection
process is conducted at intervals of 5 minutes, spanning a total experimentation period of 60 minutes.
The graph clearly demonstrates continuous monitoring of ammonia concentrations in ppm, reflecting the
uninterrupted operation of the ammonia sensing system throughout the entire 60-minute observation
period. Importantly, the readings consistently fall within the accepted range for ammonia levels, which is
indicative of the system's effectiveness in detecting and quantifying ammonia gas in ppm.
Figure 9: Interpretation of the Trend Analysis of a Time-Series Graph in Determining the

Effectivity of CoR(e) in Eliminating Ammonia. Shown are the ammonia levels within the restroom,
both with and without the device.
Figure 9 presents a time-series representation comparing two restroom facilities, one equipped
with the CoR(e) and the other without it. The graph depicts a discernible and significant trend: the
ammonia concentration in the restroom facility featuring CoR(e) shows a gradual and steady decrease
over the observed time span. In contrast, the restroom facility lacking CoR(e) maintains remarkable
stability, with minimal fluctuations recorded during the same period.
This data strongly suggests that the air purifier integrated into the restroom facility with CoR(e)
effectively mitigates the presence of ammonia gas. The sustained reduction in ammonia levels in this
environment underscores the efficacy of the air purifier in purging ammonia, leading to improved air
quality and a more pleasant restroom experience.
CONCLUSIONS
12
This study would be beneficial in both public and private restrooms that are considering an air
purifier with an ammonia sensing system in these facilities.
The main objective of this paper is to design an automated air purifier with the use of MQ137 and
filters. This study has shown that the air purifier with an ammonia sensing system is effective in purifying
ammonia gas in the air. It purifies by using a fine filter and activated carbon filter that contributes to the
community who make use of restrooms. The CoR(e) is deemed functional and useful as it filters out the
ammonia gas from inside the restroom. The system also provides efficient information regarding the
ammonia gas concentration in the environment. Using the system, one can save manpower, air to improve
production and ultimately increase profit. The sensor readings are within the accepted values, these
indicate the effectiveness of the device to detect the value of the mentioned characteristics of air.
This is also beneficial to the different programmers who wish to develop their own sensing
system because the set presented data can serve as background for using Arduino UNO and its
capabilities on the specific parameters. Researchers can rely on these data for future researchers and can
be a basis for comparison.
IMPLICATIONS
Based on the gathered results and obtained data, the following recommendations were drawn:
This study recommends further development of much more effective products that can improve air
quality. This study can also be referenced for future researchers that wish to make improvements on the
air quality of the environment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 8: Interpretation of the Trend Analysis of a Time-Series Graph in Determining the

Figure 9: Interpretation of the Trend Analysis of a Time-Series Graph in Determining the

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