Chapter 10

Experiments on Impact of Jets

10.1. Aim of the Experiment

To determine the co-efficient of impact on vanes.
10.2. Theory
The liquid comes out in the form of a jet from the outlet of a nozzle, which is fitted to a pipe
through which the liquid is flowing under pressure. If some plate, which may be fixed or moving,
is placed in the path of the jet, the jet on the plate exerts a force. This force is obtained from
Newton’s second law of motion or from impulse momentum equation. Thus, impact of jet means
the force excited by the jet on a plate, which may be stationary or moving. Force (F) exerted by
the jet on a stationary plate is given by
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)⁄𝑔𝑔 in kgf.
Where ρ=density of fluid
a= Area of jet=πd2/4
v=flow velocity= 4𝑄𝑄/𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑2
d=diameter of jet
θ=angle made by the jet with the surface
= 90° 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜃𝜃 = � �
= 180° 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
At equilibrium condition the impact exerted by the jet is equals to the weight of vane acting
downward
The coefficient of impact is estimated as given by
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣
𝐾𝐾 = =
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 (1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)⁄𝑔𝑔
2

Where mv=mass of vane in kg is estimated experimental using momentum theorem about the
fulcrum given by
𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 =
𝑙𝑙𝑣𝑣
Where 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 = Mass of sliding weight (kg),
𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠 = Distance of sliding weight from fulcrum (m), and 𝑙𝑙𝑣𝑣 = Distance of vane from fulcrum (m)

22
10.3. Apparatus Required
Vanes (flat, inclined and hemispherical), experimental setup comprising rotameter, nozzles of
different diameter, steady supply of water using pump.
10.4. Procedure
a. Fill up clean water in the sump tank up to the mark
b. Fix the flat plate to the fixing rod. Fix the nozzle in perspex box at centre and close the top
covers.
c. Adjust the balance weight. Locking bolt is provided so that the vane fixing rod is in horizontal
position.
d. Connect the electric supply and hose pipe connection to inlet of the nozzle.
e. Fully open the bypass valve. Start the pump.
f. Slowly close bypass valve. The jet strikes the vane.
g. Now, the vane fixing rod gets unbalanced. Put the sliding weight over the rod and adjust its
distance such that vane fixing rod is in balanced position.
h. Note down the balance weight and its distance from the centre of the pivot.
i. Close the discharge valve of the measuring tank. Turn the funnel towards the measuring tank
so that the water gets collected in the measuring tank.
j. For next reading use same procedure.
k. After completion of experiment drain all the water and tighten the drain plug.

Fig. 10.1. Experimental setup of Impact of jet apparatus.

23
10.5. Observation
Area of collecting tank (A)=
Type of vane Sl. Rise of water Δt Discharge Velocity 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = Co-
No. level in 𝐴𝐴ℎ of flow, (kg) 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 efficient
�𝑄𝑄 = 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 � 𝐹𝐹
collecting v=Q/a (kg) (K= 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )
𝐹𝐹
tank (h) (m2/s) 𝑡𝑡ℎ

Flat

Hemispherical

Inclined

10.6.Sample calculation
For observation Sl. No. ___
𝐴𝐴ℎ
Discharge, 𝑄𝑄 = 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
=

Velocity of flow, v=4𝑄𝑄/𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑2 =

𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)⁄𝑔𝑔

𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 = =
𝑙𝑙𝑣𝑣
𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
The coefficient of impact (𝐾𝐾) = =
𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ

10.7.Result
The average co-efficient of impact is found to be ______ respectively.

24
 Chapter 11

Experiments on performance of Pelton turbine

11.1. Aim of the Experiment

To study the performance test of a Pelton wheel.
turbine.
11.2. Theory
Pelton turbine is a impulse turbine. Which uses water available at high heads (pressure) for
generation of electricity. All the available potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic
energy by a nozzle arrangement. The water leaves the nozzle as a jet and strikes the buckets of the
Pelton wheel runner. These buckets are in the shape of double cups, joined at the middle portion
in a knife edge. The jet strikes the knife edge of the bucket with the least resistance and shock and
glides along the path of the cup, deflecting through an angle of 160° to 170°.This deflection of the
water causes a change in momentum of the water jet and hence an impulse force is supplied to the
buckets. As a result, the runner attached to the bucket moves, rotating the shaft. The specific speed
of Pelton wheel varies from 10 to 100
In the test rig the Pelton wheel is supplied with water under the high pressure by a centrifugal
pump. The water flows through the venturimeter to the Pelton wheel. A gate valve is used to
control the flow rate to the turbine. The venturimeter with pressure gauges is connected to
determine the flow rate in the pipe. The nozzle opening can be decreased or increased by opening
the spear wheel at entrance side of the turbine. The turbine is loaded by applying the dead weights
on the brake drum. Placing the weights on the weight hanger. The inlet head is read from the
pressure gauge. The speed of the turbine is measured with the help of tachometer.
11.3. Apparatus Required
Pelton Turbine, Pressure gauges, Tachometer and Manometer
11.4. Procedure
i) Prime the pump with water and start the pump.
ii) Gradually open the delivery valve of the pump.

25
 iii) Adjust the nozzle at the half of the opening by operating the needle valve by using the spear
wheel.
iv) The head should be made constant by operating the delivery valve and the head shows be
maintained at constant value.
v) Measure the turbine rpm with the tachometer.
vi) Note the pressure gauge reading at the turbine inlet.
vii) Observe the readings of h 1 and h 2 corresponding the fluid level in the two-manometer
links which are connected to venturi meter.
viii) Adjust the load on the break drum and note down the speed of the turbine, using the
tachometer and spring balance reading.
ix) Add additional weights and repeat the experiment for other loads.
x) For constant speed tests, the main valve has to be adjusted to reduce or increase the inlet
head to the turbine for varying loads spring balance reading.

Fig. 11.1. Pelton wheel experimental setup

11.5. Observation
To find discharge the venturi meter and the manometer have been calibrated.
Venturimeter: d/D = 0.6, D = 0.065 m,
𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎2 �2𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 m3/s
�𝑎𝑎12 −𝑎𝑎22

The height of mercury column in left arm = h1 m

The height of mercury column in right arm = h2 m
Difference of levels = h1 – h2 = h
Equivalent water column = (Sm/S –1)h = (13.6/1-1)h = 12.6h = H1
Calculation of Input Power (Pi)

26
Discharge=Q m3/s
Head=H m
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
Calculation of Output Power:
Dead weight (T1)=_____Kg
Spring weight (T2)=_____Kg
Weight of hanger (To)=_____Kg
Resultant load (T) =T1-T2+To=_____Kg
Speed (N)=_____rpm
Dia. of brake drum=0.40 m
Thickness of rope=0.015 m.
Resultant dia., D=0.415 m
Po = 2πNT/60
Efficiency of the turbine, η = Po/Pi
Sl.No. Head Manometer, Discharge Speed T1 T2 T Pi Po Efficiency
(m) h (m) (m3/s) (rpm)

11.6.Sample calculation
For observation Sl. No. ___
11.7.Result
The efficiency of pelton wheel turbine is found to be ______ respectively.

27
 Chapter 12

Experiments on performance of Francis turbine

12.1. Aim of the Experiment

To study the performance test of a Francis turbine.
turbine.
12.2. Theory
Francis turbine is a reaction type hydraulic turbine, used in dams and reservoir of medium height
to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical and electrical energy. Francis turbine is radial inward
flow reaction turbine. This has the advantage of centrifugal forces acting against the flow, thus
reducing the tendency of the turbine to over speed. Francis turbines are best suited for medium
heads. The specific speed ranges from 25 to 3oo. The turbine test rig consist of a 1.0 KW (1.34
HP) turbine supplied with water from a suitable 5HP centrifugal pump through suitable pipelines,
a gate valve, and a flow measuring venturimeter.
The turbine consists of a cast iron body with a volute casing and gun metal runner consisting of
two shrouds with an aerofoil shaped curved vanes in between. The runner is surrounded by a set
of brass guide vanes. At the outlet, a draft tube is provided to increase the net head across the
turbine. The runner is attached to the output of the shaft with a brake drum to absorb the energy.
Water under the pressure from the pump enters the guide vanes into the runner while passing
through the spiral casing and guide vanes; a portion of pressure energy is converted into velocity
energy. Water thus enters the runner at high velocity and as it passes through the runner vanes, the
remaining pressure energy converted into kinetic energy. Due to the curvature of the vanes, the
kinetic energy is transformed into mechanical energy. The water head is converted into mechanical
energy and hence the runner rotates. The water from the runner is then discharged into the tail race.
The discharge through the runner can be regulated also by operating the guide vanes. The flow
through the pipeline into the turbine is measured with the venturimeter fitted in the pipeline. The
venturimeter is provided with the set of pressure gauges. The net pressure difference across the
turbine inlet and outlet is measured with a pressure gauge and a vacuum gauge. The turbine output
is torque is determined with a rope brake drum dynamometer. A tachometer is used to measure.
12.3. Apparatus Required
Francis turbine rig, tachometer.
28
12.4. Procedure
i. Add minimum load to the weight hanger of the brake drum say 1 kg.
ii. Close the main gate valve and start the pump.
iii. Open the gate valve while monitoring the inlet pressure to the turbine. set it for the design
value of 1.0 kg/sq.cm
iv. Open the cooling water valve for cooling the brake drum.
v. Measure the turbine rpm with the tachometer.
vi. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading at the turbine inlet and outlet.
vii. Note the venturimeter pressure gauge reading, P1 and p2.
viii. Add additional weights and repeat the experiment for other loads
ix. For constant speed test, the main valve has to be adjusted to reduce or increase the inlet
head to turbine for varying loads.

Fig. 12.1. Francis Turbine

12.5. Observation
To find discharge the venturi meter and the manometer have been calibrated.
Venturimeter: d/D = 0.6, D = 0.065 m,
𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎2 �2𝑔𝑔ℎ
𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 m3/s
�𝑎𝑎12 −𝑎𝑎22

The height of mercury column in left arm = h1 m

The height of mercury column in right arm = h2 m
Difference of levels = h1 – h2 = h

29
Equivalent water column = (Sm/S –1)h = (13.6/1-1)h = 12.6h = H1
Calculation of Input Power (Pi)
Discharge=Q m3/s
Head=H m
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
Calculation of Output Power (Po):
Dead weight (T1)=_____Kg
Spring weight (T2)=_____Kg
Weight of hanger (To)=_____Kg
Resultant load (T) =T1-T2+To=_____Kg
Speed (N)=_____rpm
Dia. of brake drum=0.40 m
Thickness of rope=0.015 m.
Resultant dia., D=0.415 m
Po = 2πNT/60
Efficiency of the turbine, η = Po/Pi
Sl.No. Head Manometer, Discharge Speed T1 T2 T Pi Po Efficiency
(m) h (m) (m3/s) (rpm)

12.6.Sample calculation
For observation Sl. No. ___
12.7.Result
The efficiency of Francis turbine is found to be ______ respectively.

30
 Chapter 13

Experiments of performance of Kaplan turbine

13.1. Aim of the Experiment

To study the performance test of a Kaplan turbine.
turbine.
13.2. Theory
A Kaplan turbine is a type of reaction turbine. It is an axial flow turbine which is suitable for
relatively low heads, and requires a large quantity of water to develop large amount of power. It is
a reaction type turbine and hence it operates entirely in a closed conduit from head race to tail race.
The test rig consist of a 1 kW Kaplan turbine supplied with water from a suitable 5HP pump
through pipe lines, a valve and a flow measuring venturimeter. The turbine consists of a cast iron
body with a volute casing, an axial flow gunmetal runner, a ring of adjustable guide vanes and a
draft tube. The runner consists of three aerofoil section. The guide is vanes can be rotated about
their axis by means of hand wheel. A rope brake drum is mounted on the turbine to absorb the
power developed. Suitable dead weight and a hanger arrangement, a spring balance and cooling
water arrangement is provided for the brake drum.
Water under pressure from the pump enters through the volute casing and the guide vanes
into the runner. while passing through the spiral casing and guide vanes, a portion of the pressure
energy (potential energy) is converted into velocity energy (kinetic energy). Water thus enters the
runner at high velocity and it passes through the runner vanes, the remaining potential energy is
converted into kinetic energy . Due to the curvature of the vanes, the kinetic energy is transformed
into the mechanical i.e. the water head is converted into mechanical energy hence the runner
rotates. The water from the runner is then discharged into the draft tube. The flow through the pipe
lines into the turbine is measured with the venturimeter fitted in the pipe line. Two pressure gauges
are provided to measure the pressure difference across venturimeter. The net pressure difference
across the turbine inlet and exit is measured with a pressure gauge and vacuum gauge. The turbine
output is determined with the rope brake drum. A tachometer is used to measure the speed.
13.3. Apparatus Required
Kaplan turbine test rig, Tachometer

31
13.4. Procedure
i. Add minimum load to the weight hanger of the brake drum say 1 kg.
ii. Close the main gate valve and start the pump.
iii. open the gate valve while monitoring the inlet pressure to the turbine. set it for the design
value of 1.0 kg/sq.cm
iv. Open the cooling water valve for cooling the brake drum.
v. Measure the turbine rpm with the tachometer.
vi. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge reading at the turbine inlet and outlet.
vii. Note the venturimeter pressure gauge reading, P1 and p2.
viii. Add additional weights and repeat the experiment for other loads
ix. For constant speed test, the main valve has to be adjusted to reduce or increase the inlet
head to turbine for varying loads.

Fig. 13.1 Schematic diagram of Kaplan turbine

32
 Fig. 13.2. Kaplan Turbine
13.5. Observation
To find discharge the venturi meter and the manometer have been calibrated.
Venturimeter: d/D = 0.6, D = 0.065 m,
𝑎𝑎1 𝑎𝑎2 �2𝑔𝑔ℎ
𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 m3/s
�𝑎𝑎12 −𝑎𝑎22

The height of mercury column in left arm = h1 m, The height of mercury column in right arm = h2
m, Difference of levels = h1 – h2 = h
Equivalent water column = (Sm/S –1)h = (13.6/1-1)h = 12.6h = H1
Calculation of Input Power (Pi)
Discharge=Q m3/s, Head=H m
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
Calculation of Output Power (Po):
Dead weight (T1)=_____Kg, Spring weight (T2)=_____Kg,
Weight of hanger (To)=_____Kg, Resultant load (T) =T1-T2+To=_____Kg
Speed (N)=_____rpm, Dia. of brake drum=0.40 m
Thickness of rope=0.015 m., Resultant dia., D=0.415 m
Po = 2πNT/60
Efficiency of the turbine, η = Po/Pi
Sl.No. Head Manometer, Discharge Speed T1 T2 T Pi Po Efficiency
(m) h (m) (m3/s) (rpm)

13.6.Sample calculation
For observation Sl. No. ___
13.7.Result
The efficiency of Kaplan turbine is found to be ______ respectively.
33
 Chapter 14

Experiments on performance of Centrifugal Pump

14.1. Aim of the Experiment

To find the efficiency and performance of centrifugal pump.
14.2. Theory
The pump which raises water from a lower level by the action of centrifugal force is known as
centrifugal pump. The pump lifts water because of atmospheric pressure acting on the surface of
water. A centrifugal pump is Rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to the pressure of a
fluid. It works by the conversion of rotational kinetic energy, typically from an electric motor to
an increased static fluid pressure. They are commonly used to move the liquids in pipe system.
Fluid enters axially through the hollow middle section of the pump called eye, after which
encounters the rotating blades. It acquires tangential and radial velocity by momentum transfer
with impeller blades and acquires radial velocity by centrifugal forces.
The performance of a pump is characterized by its net head. which defined as the change
in Bernoulli’s between the suction and delivery of the pump. H is expressed in equivalent column
height of water.
𝑃𝑃 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑃𝑃 𝑣𝑣 2
𝐻𝐻𝑤𝑤 = � + + 𝑧𝑧� −� + + 𝑧𝑧�
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Where, Ρ=Absolute water pressure (N/m2),

V=velocity of water inside the pipe (m/s)
ρ=Density of water (kg/m3),
g=Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) and
Z=Elevation, (m)
The velocity of water can be calculated using discharge and diameter of pipes. The discharge
produced by the pump can be determined using the collecting tank and stop watch.
Output of pump (Pi) is estimated as
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝑤𝑤
The external energy supplied to the pump is called brake horse power of pump (Pi)
3600𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
34
Where, n= Number of revolutions of energy meter
N=Energy meter constant rev/ kWh
T=Time for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter in sec.
Efficiency of pump is estimated as
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜
η= × 100
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
14.3. Apparatus Required
Centrifugal pump test Rig, Stopwatch.
14.4. Procedure
i) Prime the motor, close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
ii) open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head. Note the reading.
iii) Note the corresponding suction head.
iv) Measure the area of the collecting tank.
v) Close the drain valve and note down the time for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting
tank
vi) For the different delivery heads repeat the experiment.
vii) For every set of reading note the time taken for 10 revolution of energy meter.

Fig. 14.1 Schematic diagram of centrifugal pump

35
 Fig. 14.2. Centrifugal pump
14.5. Observation
Size of the collecting tank = l ×b× h1
Diameter of the suction pipe, ds = 50 mm
Diameter of the delivery pipe, dd = 50 mm
Energy meter constant, N = 400 rev / KWH
Difference in the levels of pressure and vacuum gauges, X = 43cm.

Sl. Pressure Vacuum Total Time for Time Discharge Pi Po Efficiency

No. gauge gauge Head 0.2m rise for 10 (m3/s) (KW) (KW)
reading reading (m of in rev. in
water) collecting energy
tank, t meter,
(sec) T (sec)

14.6.Sample calculation
For observation Sl. No. ___
14.7.Result
The efficiency of centrifugal pump is found to be ______ respectively.

36
 Chapter 15

Experiments of performance of reciprocating pump

15.1. Aim of the Experiment

To find the efficiency and performance of reciprocating pump.
15.2. Theory
Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump, which causes a fluid to move by
trapping a fixed amount of it then displacing that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. The fluid
enters a pumping chamber via an inlet valve and is pushed out via a outlet valve by the action of
the piston or diaphragm. They are either single acting; independent suction and discharge strokes
or double acting; suction and discharge in both directions.
Reciprocating pumps are self-priming and are suitable for very high heads at low flows.
They deliver reliable discharge flows and is often used for metering duties because of constancy
of flow rate. The flow rate is changed only by adjusting the rpm of the driver. These pumps deliver
a highly pulsed flow. If a smooth flow is required then the discharge flow system has to include
additional features such as accumulators. An automatic relief valve set at a safe pressure is used
on the discharge side of all positive displacement pumps.
The performance of a pump is characterized by its net head. which defined as the change
in Bernoulli’s between the suction and delivery of the pump. H is expressed in equivalent column
height of water.
𝑃𝑃 𝑣𝑣 2 𝑃𝑃 𝑣𝑣 2
𝐻𝐻𝑤𝑤 = � + + 𝑧𝑧� −� + + 𝑧𝑧�
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

Where, Ρ=Absolute water pressure (N/m2), V=velocity of water inside the pipe (m/s), ρ=Density
of water (kg/m3), g=Acceleration due to gravity (m/s2) and Z=Elevation, (m)
The velocity of water can be calculated using discharge and diameter of pipes. The discharge
produced by the pump can be determined using the collecting tank and stop watch.
Output of pump (Pi) is estimated as
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝑤𝑤
The external energy supplied to the pump is called brake horse power of pump (Pi)
3600𝑛𝑛
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖 =
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
37
Where, n= Number of revolutions of energy meter
N=Energy meter constant rev/ kWh
T=Time for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter in sec.
Efficiency of pump is estimated as
𝑃𝑃𝑜𝑜
η= × 100
𝑃𝑃𝑖𝑖
15.3. Apparatus Required
Reciprocating pump test setup, Stop watch, measuring tape, Energy meter
15.4. Procedure
i) Keep the delivery valve open and switch on the pump. Slowly close the delivery valve and
maintain a constant head.
ii) Note the delivery and suction gauge reading.
iii) Note the time for 10 rev of Energy meter.
iv) Note the time for 10 cm rise in water level in the collecting tank.
v) Note the speed of the pump (N) rpm.
vi) Repeat the procedure for various openings of the delivery valves.

Fig. 15.1 Schematic diagram of Reciprocating pump

38
 Fig. 15.2. Difference between Reciprocating pump and centrifugal pump
15.5. Observation
Size of the collecting tank = l ×b× h1
Diameter of the suction pipe, ds = 50 mm
Diameter of the delivery pipe, dd = 50 mm
Energy meter constant, N = 400 rev / KWH
Difference in the levels of pressure and vacuum gauges, X = 43cm.

Sl. Pressure Vacuum Total Time for Time Discharge Pi Po Efficiency

No. gauge gauge Head 0.2m rise for 10 (m3/s) (KW) (KW)
reading reading (m of in rev. in
water) collecting energy
tank, t meter,
(sec) T (sec)

15.6.Sample calculation
For observation Sl. No. ___
15.7.Result
The efficiency of centrifugal pump is found to be ______ respectively.

39