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Department of Mechanical Engineering: Pelton and Francis Turbine Reciprocating and Centrifugal Pump
Department of Mechanical Engineering: Pelton and Francis Turbine Reciprocating and Centrifugal Pump
Institute Of Engineering
Thapathali Campus
A Report on:
Pelton and Francis Turbine;
Reciprocating and Centrifugal Pump
Prepared By: SUBMITTED TO:
Pelton Turbine
Reciprocating Pump
OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT
To measure the efficiency of the Pelton turbine at different spear valve openings.
INTRODUCTION
Water turbines may be classified as Impulse or Reaction machines in accordance with the absence or
presence of pressure changes in the fluid as it passes through the runner.
In an impulse machine the change from static to dynamic head occurs wholly in a fixed nozzle and the
fluid issuing from it impinges on the moving buckets on the runner.
An impulse turbine must have free access of air to the runner and discharge into the atmosphere.
The Armfield Pelton (Impulse) turbine is an accurate replica of modern industrial machines. It is of
substantial proportions allowing for comprehensive tests which may be used to predict the performance of
turbines of industrial proportions.
DESCRIPTION
The Pelton turbine is an impulse type horizontal shaft machine, and is flexibly coupled to a disc brake
dynamometer by which the output torque of the turbine is measured. The shaft speed of the turbine is directly
indicated on a belt-driven dial type tachometer.
The flow of water to the turbine runner, and hence the power output, is controlled by a manually
operated spear valve and nozzle. By opening this valve, the jet of water striking the runner buckets is increased
in diameter thus imparting more torque to the turbine shaft. A large glass window in the casing enables the
water jet and runner to be observed under operating conditions.
The water pressure in the inlet pipe is indicated on a Bourdon type gauge mounted on the turbine casing.
Water is discharged from the machine through a vertical draft tube under the turbine case. The complete
turbine assembly is mounted on a substantial steel bedplate which in turn is bolted to the steel tank.
CALCULATIONS:
Given values:
For flow measurement:
Outer diameter:0.125m Area outer (a1) =0.19635m2 Inner
Q=0.01324m3/sec
For brake rope arrangement: Mean
radius=0.11m
Calculation Table:
S.N. Load Head Discharge Torque Speed Mechanical Water Efficiency
[N] [m] [m3/sec] [Nm] [rpm] Power Power[watts] [%]
[watts]
1 49.05 16.5 0.01324 5.3955 1038 586.486 2143.0926 27.36
OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
To measure the efficiency of the Francis turbine at different guide vane openings.
INTRODUCTION
Water turbines may be classified as Impulse or Reaction machines in accordance with the absence or
presence of pressure changes in the fluid as it passes through the runner.
In an impulse machine, the change from static to dynamic head occurs wholly in a fixed nozzle and the
fluid issuing from it impinges on the moving buckets on the runner. In a reaction machine, at least a part of the
change from static to dynamic head occurs in the passages of the runner which are filled by the fluid.
A reaction turbine is completely filled with water which in its passage through the runner, reacts against
the vanes and discharges through the submerged draft tube.
The Armfield Francis (Reaction) turbine is an accurate replica of modern industrial machines. It is of
substantial proportions allowing for comprehensive tests which may be used to predict the performance of
turbines of industrial proportions.
DESCRIPTION
All numerical references refer to diagram.
The Francis turbine is a reaction "type horizontal shaft volute cased machine of medium specific speed
and is flexibly coupled to a disc brake dynamometer by which the output torque of the turbine is
measured. The shaft speed of the turbine is directly indicated on a belt-driven type tachometer.
The flow of water through the machine, and hence the power output, is controlled by a number of moving
guide vanes spaced around the runner. These vanes are connected by slotted levers to an operating ring
which in turn is actuated by a single hand lever incorporating a gate opening indicator. A pair of 'dummy'
guide vanes are provided to give a visual indication of the gate opening. The turbine pressure is indicated
on a Bourdon type gauge mounted on the top of the volute case.
Water is discharged from the machine via a clear Perspex exit tube, providing visual observation of the
turbine runner and guide vanes, to a bend and tapered draft tube.
The complete turbine assembly is mounted on a substantial steel bedplate which in turn is bolted to the
steel tank.
TECHNICAL DATA:
Nomenclature
PW = Water power in watts
PM = Mechanical power in watts
Q = Water flow in m3/sec N =
Turbine shaft speed in r.p.m. E =
Turbine efficiency in %
r = Radius of brake arm in meter = 0.25m
F = Force applied by dynamometer in Newton = Reading (Kg) x 9.81
r = Density of water = 1000kg/m3 H
= Net head of water in meter
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between Pressure Head, Flow Rate, Power consume and Efficiency for a
pump.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The test set, which is illustrated in Figure 1, has been designed as a simple self-contained unit to permit
the study of the characteristics of the Piston Pump.
The pump is a horizontal single-cylinder, double-acting machine of a type that is widely used for
domestic water supply to isolated homesteads. A sectional view of the pump is shown in Figure 2. The pump is
driven by a 0.75 kW. Speed a.c. dynamometer motor and the power is transmitted from the motor to the pump
by a toothed belt. The motor is mounted on trunnion bearings and is fitted with a spring balance for the
measurement of torque and a counter for the measurement of speed.
The pump takes water from a reservoir by way of a control valve. Water is delivered by the pump
through a second control valve and, after passing through a flow meter, is returned to the reservoir. The suction
pressure is indicated by a vacuum gauge and the delivery pressure by a pressure gauge. The gauges are
provided with needle valves to damp out pulsations. The pump is fitted with an air vessel to reduce pressure
variations in the delivery pipe and with a relief valve to prevent overloading of the pump. A simple indicator is
carried by an indicator cock attached to the rear cylinder cover of the pump, and is driven by a cord that may be
attached to a pin projecting from the pump crosshead.
TECHNICAL DATA:
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
The performance of a piston pump may be analysed on the basis of the steady flow energy equation.
Treating the situation as a simplified case in which the working fluid is incompressible the equation per unit time
may then be written:
p1V-p2V=-W1 +L
This equation states that the work done upon the fluid by the pump, ignoring kinetic energy and
difference in level between pump inlet and outlet, is equal to the power input to the pump less losses.
The needle valves below the suction and delivery pressure gauges should be carefully adjusted so that
the oscillation of the gauge pointers is limited to a small amplitude.Note that, should the air vessel on the
delivery side of the pump become filled with water, the noise made by the pump will increase and the indicator
diagram will be distorted and show a marked variation in delivery pressure.If shortage of air is suspected the
vessel may be recharged by running the pump for a short time with the small air inlet valve beneath the pump
cylinder slightly open.
To produce performance curves, a series of ten test points evenly distributed over the range of delivery
pressures from zero to maximum should be chosen, one series for each of the two motor speeds. The
procedure recommended for taking an individual test point is as follows:
a) Read and record suction and delivery pressures.
b) Read torque after adjusting level of spring balance so that pointer on torque arm coincides with fixed
pointer.
c) Read and record tachometer measurement of speed.
d) Record flow meter reading.
.
Data and Calculations:
Data
Suction head (Hs) = 200 mm hg = 2.72 m Delivery Head (Hd) = 42m
r = 0.001592 m
A = 0.00079577 m^2
Calculations
Qth= (2*0.335*0.000007958*36.17)/60
= (0.0003214 – 0.0003114)/0.0003214
= 0.03111 = 3.111 %
Power = w * Qth * H
= 9810*0.0003214*(2.72+42)
= 141watt
Result:
Hence the slip percentage was found to be 3.111% with power 141 watt.
Since there were leakages inside the pump which was not taken into account the actual slip percentage
and power may differ generating error.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between Pressure Head, Flow Rate, Power consume and Efficiency for a
pump.
EQUIPMENT
Armfield Multi Pump Test Rig C3-11; Test Rig; Instruction Manual; Stopwatch; Graph Paper (Linear).
INTRODUCTION
The conversion of mechanical energy into fluid energy by machines is of major concern to most
engineers and technicians. The types of hydraulic machines available for this conversion vary considerably in
principle and design. The selection of the correct pump for a particular application is essential for efficient,
satisfactory operation.
The Armfield Ntulti Pump Test Rig allows us to measure the operating characteristics of Centrifugal
Pump and Reciprocating pump.
And in this experiment we are going to deal with Centrifugal pump only.
Actual measurements which can be made using the Multi-Pump Test Rig, are:
Pump Head,
Rate of Flow,
Pump Speed and
Torque.
In order to obtain satisfactory operation of the equipment and valid test results, it is important that the
Multi-Pump Test Rig is correctly installed and commissioned in accordance with the instructions set out on
Pages 9-14 in this manual.
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTMENT
The e equipment is mounted on a metal framework provided with a plastic laminate covered working
surface. A hinged, wire-mesh door incorporating a latch and electric safety interlock is provided to give access to
the dynamometer motor and to the pumps for belt changing. Removable wire-mesh screens guard the remainder
of the framework. Four nylon castors are fitted to provide mobility, with adjustable feet to raise the wheels clear
of the ground for operating and levelling. The following components are housed in the framework and the
measuring devices are incorporated in an instrument panel mounted on the working surface. A pedestal type,
Centrifugal Pump with a shrouded impeller running on an extension of the main spindle, supported on double ball
bearings.The pump drive motor is a O.55kW drip-proof, trunnion mounted, d.c. shunt wound motor and has two
shafts fitted with taper lock bushes and timing belt pulleys. An electronic tachometer mounted in the instrument
panel indicates the motor speed, detected by a non-contracting sensor on one shaft of the motor.
The Torque Balance is connected to the motor by a rigid link and comprises a measuring beam,
graduated with dual scales calibrated directly in Newton metres. The pivoting beam is balanced to zero via an
adjustable screwed counter-weight. Two sets of weights are provided to measure low and high range against
their appropriate scales.
A g.r.p. moulded inset in the working surface provides an open channel and volumetric measuring
Facility. The Channel incorporates a water stilling baffle at its entry end and weir plate carrier to accommodate
the Vee notch weir and the 50mm wide rectangular notch weir. Measurements are taken via a Hook and Point
Gauge. The Volumetric Measuring Tank is fitted with a stilling baffle and incorporates a dump valve and remote
actuator. The tank is situated at the exit of the water channel immediately over the Sump Tank.
The measuring tank is stepped to accommodate high or low flow rates and incorporates a remote sight
tube and graduated scale, calibrated in litres of water stored. A safety overflow is incorporated spilling water
directly back into the sump tank in the event of incorrect use. The Sump Tank is fitted with a drain valve which is
used as the suction connection for the Ram Pump Accessory, when fitted. Discharge from the Centrifugal Pump
is fed to a common manifold which incorporates a flow control valve. The pump to be evaluated is chosen by
opening the appropriate selector valve on the manifold.
Pump circuit is provided with its own discharge Pressure Gauge and the four gauges are mounted on the
instrument panel.The suction from pump is measured via a common Vacuum Gauge centrally mounted in the
instrument panel. A manifold with four cocks provides the relevant connection between pump and Vacuum Gauge.
Note: Larger industrial pumps will normally operate at higher efficiencies than small scale pumps used on this
equipment. The principle of efficiency and changes in efficiencies with operating conditions can be clearly
demonstrated.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
The Pedestal type, Centrifugal Pump has a shrouded impeller running on an extension of the main
spindle, supported on double ball bearings. T:- is type of pump is not self-priming but operates with a flooded
suction. Its single impeller rotates in the snail-shaped volute casing: Water enters the impeller axially through
the eye, spirals outwards and discharges around the impeller circumference into the casing.
As the fluid passes through the impeller, energy is imparted to it by the curved blade of the impeller
resulting in fluid leaving the impeller with an increase of both pressure and velocity. The pump has a suction
connected to the sump tank via a suction regulator valve. Its delivery is connected to the selection manifold and
measuring system via a globe valve.
Centrifugal pumps are capable of transferring large volume without any dependence on valves or fine
clearance and can be run against a closed valve without developing a very high pressure. They can handle a
wide range of slurries, or solids in suspension, in addition to liquids with high viscosities.
The former can be overcome by using twin, or multi -stages usually on the same spindle axis. The fitting
of a self primer will eliminate the latter disadvantage.
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
When a pump is put under test the usual objective is the determination of its characteristic curves. These
curves show the relationship between rate of discharge and head, rate of discharge and power, and rate of
discharge and efficiency.
SECTION A
Ensure that the test rig has been correctly installed. Refer to the DIAGRAM at the end of this section of
the manual for the location of the various components on the Multi Pump Test Rig.
A single vacuum gauge (item 16) is used to measure pump inlet manifold vacuum. Each pump is
connected to the vacuum gauge via selector valve (item 17). The vacuum gauge is calibrated in meters of water.
PUMP IN SERIES If two or more centrifugal pumps are connected in series then the flow of water is
common to all the pumps and passes through each pump in turn. Each pump contributes to the increase
in manometric head so that the overall manometric head is equal to the sum of the contributions from
each pump. Thus for `n' pumps:
Q = Q1 = Q2 = …... = Qn
H = H1 +H2 +H3+…..+Hn=
The total head discharge characteristics for two identical pumps in series can, in theory be obtained by
doubling the discharge quantity of an individual pump, although in practice the efficiencies of the two
pumps in series will not remain the same when operating in series as when operating individually. This
is illustrated in figure 6 below. A typical pipe system resistance characteristic, in which head loss is
proportional to flow rate raised to an index of nearly 2, is also shown superimposed on the pump
characteristic of figure 6. The operating point for the pump-pipe system occurs for a single pump at the
point HI - QI and for two pumps at the point H2-Q2. From this graph it can be seen that using two
pumps in series increases the manometric head and consequently increases the discharge flow through
the pipe system, but due to the non-linear resistance characteristic of the pipe system the manometric
head for two pumps is not double that for one pump.
Figure 6 Characteristics of two identical pumps in series
PUMP IN PARALLEL
If two or more centrifugal pumps are connected in parallel then the increase in manometric head is
common to all the pumps. Each pump contributes to the discharge flow so that the total discharge flow
is equal to the sum of the contributions from each pump. Thus for `n' pumps:
H = H1 = H2 = ……=Hn
The total head discharge characteristics for two identical pumps in parallel can, in theory be obtained by
doubling the manometric head of an individual pump, although in practice the efficiencies of the two
pumps in parallel will not remain the same when operating in parallel as when operating individually. This
is illustrated in figure 7 below. A typical pipe system resistance characteristic, in which head loss is
proportional to flow rate raised to an index of nearly 2, is also shown superimposed on the pump
characteristic of figure 7. The operating point for the pump-pipe system occurs for a single pump at the
point H1-Q, and for two pumps at the point H2-Q2. From this graph it can be seen that using two pumps
in parallel increases the discharge flow and consequently increases the manometric head to overcome
the increased resistance of the pipe system at the increased flow rate, but due to the non-linear
resistance characteristic of the pipe system the discharge flow for two pumps is not double that for one
pump.
Figure 7 Characteristics of two identical pumps in parallel
METHOD
Decide on which pump is to be tested and refer to "Test Rig Operating Instructions" section of this
manual for the correct method of setting up and operation of the test rig. When the pump to be tested has been
selected and the equipment prepared, proceed as follows:
1. Ensure that the dynamometer motor torque arm has been correctly set to zero. (See "Operating
Instructions").
2. Switch on the test rig motor and set the motor speed to maximum - 1150 rev./min.
3. Note the pressure variation on the appropriate pressure gauge, between a point when the control
valveis fully closed to a point when the control valve is fully open. Select six equi-spaced points
throughout the pressure reading range at which flow readings will be taken. The actual pressure head
of the pump is the difference between the pressure gauge reading in m of water and the vacuum
gauge reading in m.of water, at a particular rate of flow.
4. Adjust the control valve to the first of the selected pressure gauge readings.
5. Measure the rate of flow using the graduated sight glass on the volumetric tank and the stopwatch.
6. Tabulate this data in the results table.
7. Record the torque reading at each now rate.
8. Repeat operations (2) to (7) for two other motor speeds as required; say at 1000 rev./min. and 500
rev./min.
9. For the pump under test construct a family of curves for the various speeds at which tests were
carried out, using common aces of Pump Pressure Head (vertical axis) Against Pump Flow Rate
(horizontal axis).
10. For each torque reading obtained, calculate the input power consumed by the motor.
11. Power (Watts) = (2 p.N.T) / 60 Where: N = Pump rev./min. T= Torque N-m
12. NOTE: The actual pump speed for each motor speed setting may be determined by referring to the
Pump Speed Ratios Table in Section A of the Operating Instructions.