Integral Calculus
Integral Calculus
Integral Calculus
Prerequisite knowledge
b) y = (2 − 7x 3 )5
c) y = ln(4x 3 − 9x)
3
d) y = e4 x
e) y = 2sin3x
cos x
f) y=
x
g) y = tan 2 (3x)
1
h) y =
e x cos x
Anti-differentiation
d n
x = nx n−1
dx
d ax+b
e = ae ax+b
dx
d f '(x)
ln ⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦ =
dx f (x)
d x
a = (ln a)a x
dx
Proof:
___________________________________________________________________________
Find:
∫x ∫ −2cos(x) dx
6
dx
∫ 6x − 3x + 2 dx x
2
∫ 3sec
2
dx
2
∫ x dx ∫ cos(2x) dx
∫e
−x
1 dx
∫ x 2 dx
∫ sin x dx ∫ 2e
3x−1
dx
∫3 x
x
dx
∫ 6 − 4x 2
dx
2x x+2
∫ 3 dx ∫x 2
+ 4x
dx
1 ex
∫ x dx ∫ 3ex + 5 dx
1
∫ 5x dx ∫ tan x dx
6x 2x + 9
∫ 3x 2
−2
dx ∫ x+2
dx
Function Derivative
(3x + 1)2
(x 2 + 4)10
cos 2 x
sin 4 x
(x 3 + 1)3
(cos x + 2)4
(e2 x − 3)5
n+1
⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦
6(3x + 1)
10x(x 2 + 4)4
−2cos x sin x
4cos x sin 3 x
x 2 (x 3 + 1)2
e2 x (e2 x − 3)4
n
f '(x) ⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦
n 1 n+1
The reverse chain rule states that ∫ f '(x) ⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦ dx =
n +1
⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦ + c .
n
Identify ⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦ and f '(x) in the functions below and hence find the indefinite integrals.
∫ 4x (x − 3)6 dx
∫x
3 4 2
x 3 + 1dx
Given the derivative f '(x) of a function, the original function will be of the form f (x) + c.
In order to determine the equation of f(x), we need to determine the value of c, which will be
based on a given initial condition.
To find the original function:
The area under a curve is “the area between a function and the x-axis, bounded by two values
b
of the independent variable (x)”. If the function is positive, we write this area as ∫ f (x) dx.
a
Because of the irregular shape of most functions, this area is difficult to calculate using
geometric means. However, it can be approximated.
Example 1
Approximate the shaded area below:
(a) Using the left rectangles (b) Using the upper rectangles
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b
b− a
∫ f (x) dx ≈ ⎡⎣ f (a) + f (b) + 2 { f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ...+ f (xn−1 )} ⎤⎦
a
2n
Where, a = x0 and b = xn are the two bounding x-values, and the other values of xk are found
by dividing the interval [a, b] into n equal sub-intervals.
Q. Why is this formula called the Trapezoidal Rule? Where do the elements of this formula
come from?
Example 2
Use the Trapezoidal Rule, with 3 sub-intervals to approximate the area below.
Example 3
A surveyor took 3 vertical measurements across a body of water at 10 metre intervals.
Use the Trapezoidal Rule twice to calculate an approximate area of the lake
Example 4
Use the Trapezoidal Rule to calculate an expression for the areas of the shaded and unshaded
sections in the diagram.
Example 5
Sketch y = x + 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5.
Hence, find the area under the curve between x = 0 and x = 5.
Example 6
The fact that the area is written as ∫ f (x) dx gives an indication of how we can find the exact
a
b
area under an irregular curve. ∫ f (x) dx = F(a) − F(b) , where F(x) is an anti-derivative of
a
f(x). This is called The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Given a continuous function, f(x), we define the function A(x) as being the area under the
curve f(t) between a and x.
Write an expression for the shaded area (in terms of A(x) and A(x+h)).
The shaded area can be approximated by a rectangle with height f(x) and width h, so
If m and M are the minimum and maximum values of f(x) in the interval between x
and x + h, then the shaded area is greater than ________ and less than __________.
m × h ≤ A(x + h) − A(x) ≤ M × h
or
m≤ ≤M
lim = f (x) .
h→0
Note that by the definition of the derivative, f(x) is the derivative of A(x) or, A(x) is a
________________________ of f(x).
Therefore A(x) = F(x) – F(a). If b > a, we can let x = b and then A(b) = F(b) – F(a), or
Note: This proof relies on the idea that f(x) is continuous over the interval in question.
Definite Integrals
b
Example 7
Evaluate the following.
9
∫ 6x − 4x + 2 dx
2
∫
1
x dx
∫ 2e
3x−1
dx
−1
3π
4
∫ cos(2x) dx
π
4
Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x between 0 ≤ x ≤ π and hence, explain the sign of the last
integral.
The result in the last example highlights one of the many types of questions that can occur
when you are trying to find areas under or between curves.
Note: a definite integral can be negative, while an area cannot.
Function is positive over the interval
b
Area = ∫ f (x) dx
a
Area = ∫ f (x) dx
a
Example 8
Find the area enclosed by the curve y = 2 + x – x2 and the x-axis.
Example 9
Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2 – 4 and the x-axis.
Example 10
Find the area enclosed by y = x3, the x-axis and the lines x = -2 and x = 3.
Example 11
Find the area between the curve y = x2 and the y-axis between y = 0 and y = 4.
Example 12
Find the area enclosed by the curves y = x2, y = (x – 4)2 and the x-axis.
Example 13
Find the area enclosed by the curve y = x2 and the line y = x + 2.
a a
Without integrating, determine if each of the following is true or false. Give reasons.
1 1 1 1
∫ x + 2x dx = 2 ∫ x + 2x dx ∫ tan x dx = 2 ∫ tan x dx
4 2 4 2
−1 0 −1 0
1 1 1
∫ x − x dx = 2 ∫ x − x dx ∫ tan x dx = 0
3 3
−1 0 −1
1 1 1
∫ x dx = 0 ∫ e + e dx = 2 ∫ e + e dx
5 x −x x −x
−1 −1 0
dx d 2x
If x is the displacement of a particle, or x! is the velocity and 2 or x!! is the acceleration.
dt dt
Example 1
The velocity of a particle over time t seconds is given by v = 6t – 3 ms-1 and the particle is
initially 2 m to the left of the origin. Find the displacement after 4 s.
Finding Integrals
1. Find ò 5x + 1 dx.
2. 6
Given that ò (x + k ) dx = 30, and k is a constant, find the value of k.
0
3. Find
ò5 dx.
4. 3
Find ò (x - 6)2 dx.
5. 4
òx
Find 2
+ x dx.
1
6. x
Find ò 4 + x 2 dx.
7. p
12
ò sec
2
Evaluate 3x dx.
0
8. dy
The gradient of a curve is given by = 1 – 6sin 3x.
dx
The curve passes through the point (0, 7).
What is the equation of the curve?
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Areas
3.
The curves y = e2x and y = e–x intersect at the point (0, 1) as shown in the
diagram.
Find the exact area enclosed by the curves and the line x = 2.
5. Use the Trapezoidal rule with 5 function values to find an approximation to the
1.5
ò (loge x)
value of 3 dx . Give your answer correct to three decimal places.
0.5
6. The diagram shows the graphs of y = 3 cos x and y = sin x. The first two
points of intersection to the right of the y-axis are labelled A and B.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
Further Applications
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11.