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Integral Calculus

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Centre for Continuing Education

MA-C4 Integral Calculus

Prerequisite knowledge

Differentiate the following:


a) y = 4x 4 − 7x 3 + 2x 2

b) y = (2 − 7x 3 )5

c) y = ln(4x 3 − 9x)

3
d) y = e4 x

e) y = 2sin3x

cos x
f) y=
x

g) y = tan 2 (3x)

1
h) y =
e x cos x

Solutions are on page 67.

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Anti-differentiation

Anti-differentiation is the reverse of differentiation. We write ∫ f (x) dx to indicate the anti-


derivative. This is also called an indefinite integral. We can use our knowledge of the
processes involved in differentiating functions to develop rules for the reverse process.

Derivative Rule Anti-Derivative Rule

d n
x = nx n−1
dx

d ax+b
e = ae ax+b
dx

d f '(x)
ln ⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦ =
dx f (x)

d x
a = (ln a)a x
dx
Proof:

Note: all of the anti-derivative formulas include +c at the end. Why?

___________________________________________________________________________

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Anti-differentiation Practice Questions

Find:

∫x ∫ −2cos(x) dx
6
dx

∫ 6x − 3x + 2 dx x
2

∫ 3sec
2
dx
2

∫ x dx ∫ cos(2x) dx

∫e
−x
1 dx
∫ x 2 dx

∫ sin x dx ∫ 2e
3x−1
dx

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∫3 x
x
dx
∫ 6 − 4x 2
dx

2x x+2
∫ 3 dx ∫x 2
+ 4x
dx

1 ex
∫ x dx ∫ 3ex + 5 dx

1
∫ 5x dx ∫ tan x dx

6x 2x + 9
∫ 3x 2
−2
dx ∫ x+2
dx

Solutions are on page 67.

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The Reverse Chain Rule

Use the chain rule to complete the following:

Function Derivative

(3x + 1)2

(x 2 + 4)10

cos 2 x

sin 4 x

(x 3 + 1)3

(cos x + 2)4

(e2 x − 3)5

n+1
⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦

Hence, complete the following:


Function Anti-Derivative

6(3x + 1)

10x(x 2 + 4)4

−2cos x sin x

4cos x sin 3 x

x 2 (x 3 + 1)2

sin x(cos x + 2)3

e2 x (e2 x − 3)4

n
f '(x) ⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦

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n 1 n+1
The reverse chain rule states that ∫ f '(x) ⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦ dx =
n +1
⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦ + c .
n
Identify ⎡⎣ f (x) ⎤⎦ and f '(x) in the functions below and hence find the indefinite integrals.

∫ 4x (x − 3)6 dx
∫x
3 4 2
x 3 + 1dx

∫ 6x(3x + 2)4 dx ∫ x (3x + 1)3dx


2 4 5

∫ (15x − 3)(5x 3 − 3x)3dx ∫ cos x sin


2 3
xdx

∫ sin x(cos x + 2) ∫ cos x


3
dx sin x dx

∫ e (e − 1)3 dx ∫ x(x + 4)4 dx


x x 2

Solutions are on page 68.

Remember: constants DO NOT affect the differentiation or anti-differentiation process.


It is sometimes necessary to multiply and divide by constants in order to write the integral in
an easily identified form. It is NOT ok to multiply or divide by functions of x.

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Finding the original function

Given the derivative f '(x) of a function, the original function will be of the form f (x) + c.
In order to determine the equation of f(x), we need to determine the value of c, which will be
based on a given initial condition.
To find the original function:

1. Use anti-differentiation to find f(x) + c


2. Substitute in the given values
3. Solve the resulting equation to find c
4. Write the equation for the original function
Examples
dy
1. The gradient function of a curve is given by = 3x 2 − 12 .
dx
If the curve passes through (-3, 2), find the equation of the curve.

2. The gradient function of a curve y = f(x) is given by f '(x) = 4x − 5 . The curve


passes through the point (2, 3). Find the equation of the curve.

3. The derivative of a function f(x) is f '(x) = 4x − 3. The line y = 5x − 7 is a tangent


to the graph of f(x). Find the function f(x).

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Areas and Integration

The area under a curve is “the area between a function and the x-axis, bounded by two values
b

of the independent variable (x)”. If the function is positive, we write this area as ∫ f (x) dx.
a
Because of the irregular shape of most functions, this area is difficult to calculate using
geometric means. However, it can be approximated.

Example 1
Approximate the shaded area below:

(a) Using the left rectangles (b) Using the upper rectangles

_________________________________ ________________________________

(c) Using trapeziums

________________________________

________________________________

Which do you think is the best estimate?


How could the estimates be improved?

________________________________

________________________________

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The Trapezoidal Rule is one of the most common methods of approximation.

b
b− a
∫ f (x) dx ≈ ⎡⎣ f (a) + f (b) + 2 { f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + ...+ f (xn−1 )} ⎤⎦
a
2n

Where, a = x0 and b = xn are the two bounding x-values, and the other values of xk are found
by dividing the interval [a, b] into n equal sub-intervals.

Q. Why is this formula called the Trapezoidal Rule? Where do the elements of this formula
come from?

In practice, a table-of-values can be really helpful.

Example 2

Use the Trapezoidal Rule, with 3 sub-intervals to approximate the area below.

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Example 3
A surveyor took 3 vertical measurements across a body of water at 10 metre intervals.
Use the Trapezoidal Rule twice to calculate an approximate area of the lake

Example 4
Use the Trapezoidal Rule to calculate an expression for the areas of the shaded and unshaded
sections in the diagram.

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Sometimes, geometric arguments can give an exact value of the area.

Example 5

Sketch y = x + 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 5.
Hence, find the area under the curve between x = 0 and x = 5.

Example 6

Sketch the area represented by ∫


−3
9 − x 2 dx .

Hence, find the area under the curve.

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The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


b

The fact that the area is written as ∫ f (x) dx gives an indication of how we can find the exact
a
b

area under an irregular curve. ∫ f (x) dx = F(a) − F(b) , where F(x) is an anti-derivative of
a
f(x). This is called The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

Given a continuous function, f(x), we define the function A(x) as being the area under the
curve f(t) between a and x.

Then A(x+h) is the area between __________ and _____________.

Write an expression for the shaded area (in terms of A(x) and A(x+h)).

Shaded area = ________________________________________________________

The shaded area can be approximated by a rectangle with height f(x) and width h, so

A(x + h) − A(x) ≈ f (x) × h

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If m and M are the minimum and maximum values of f(x) in the interval between x

and x + h, then the shaded area is greater than ________ and less than __________.

m × h ≤ A(x + h) − A(x) ≤ M × h

or

m≤ ≤M

As h approaches zero, x + h approaches x and both m and M approach f(x). So,

lim = f (x) .
h→0

Note that by the definition of the derivative, f(x) is the derivative of A(x) or, A(x) is a

________________________ of f(x).

If F(x) is a known primative of f(x) then ____________________ for some constant c.

As x approaches a, A(x) approaches zero, so c = _____________.

Therefore A(x) = F(x) – F(a). If b > a, we can let x = b and then A(b) = F(b) – F(a), or

Note: This proof relies on the idea that f(x) is continuous over the interval in question.

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Definite Integrals
b

∫ f (x) dx is called a definite integral.


a
To find it, calculate the anti-derivative, then substitute in the end values.

Example 7
Evaluate the following.
9

∫ 6x − 4x + 2 dx
2


1
x dx

∫ 2e
3x−1
dx
−1


4

∫ cos(2x) dx
π
4

Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x between 0 ≤ x ≤ π and hence, explain the sign of the last
integral.

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The result in the last example highlights one of the many types of questions that can occur
when you are trying to find areas under or between curves.
Note: a definite integral can be negative, while an area cannot.
Function is positive over the interval
b

Area = ∫ f (x) dx
a

Function is negative over the interval


b

Area = ∫ f (x) dx
a

Function is a mixture of positive and


negative over the interval

Area is between 2 curves

Area is made up of multiple curves

Area is bounded by the y-axis

***ALWAYS SKETCH A GRAPH OF THE AREA YOU ARE FINDING FIRST***

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Example 8
Find the area enclosed by the curve y = 2 + x – x2 and the x-axis.

Example 9
Find the area bounded by the curve y = x2 – 4 and the x-axis.

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Example 10
Find the area enclosed by y = x3, the x-axis and the lines x = -2 and x = 3.

Example 11
Find the area between the curve y = x2 and the y-axis between y = 0 and y = 4.

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Example 12
Find the area enclosed by the curves y = x2, y = (x – 4)2 and the x-axis.

Example 13
Find the area enclosed by the curve y = x2 and the line y = x + 2.

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Areas bounded by special functions

Under what conditions is ∫


−a
f (x) dx = 0 ?

Sketch a function that satisfies this condition.

a a

Under what conditions is ∫


−a
f (x) dx = 2 ∫ f (x) dx ?
0
Sketch a function that satisfies this condition.

Without integrating, determine if each of the following is true or false. Give reasons.
1 1 1 1

∫ x + 2x dx = 2 ∫ x + 2x dx ∫ tan x dx = 2 ∫ tan x dx
4 2 4 2

−1 0 −1 0

1 1 1

∫ x − x dx = 2 ∫ x − x dx ∫ tan x dx = 0
3 3

−1 0 −1

1 1 1

∫ x dx = 0 ∫ e + e dx = 2 ∫ e + e dx
5 x −x x −x

−1 −1 0

Solutions are on page 68.

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Further Practical Applications of Integration


Remember:

dx d 2x
If x is the displacement of a particle, or x! is the velocity and 2 or x!! is the acceleration.
dt dt

Example 1
The velocity of a particle over time t seconds is given by v = 6t – 3 ms-1 and the particle is
initially 2 m to the left of the origin. Find the displacement after 4 s.

Example 2 (1992 HSC, Q8(b))


A particle moves so that its velocity, v metres per second, at any time t is given by v = e−2t .
Initially the particle is at x = 2.
a) Find the acceleration, a, of the particle as a function of time.
b) What is the acceleration of the particle after 1 second?
c) Find an expression for the displacement, x metres, of the particle in terms of t.
d) Find the distance the particle travelled during the first two seconds.
e) Describe what happens to the velocity of the particle for large values of t.

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Example 3 (1995 HSC Q4(c))


After heavy rain, the flood gate of a dam was opened. Water was released from the dam at a
rate of 31.8t litres per second where t is measured in seconds after the gate was opened.
a) Explain why the total volume of water, V, released from the dam in k seconds can be
k
found by evaluating the expression V = ∫ 31.8t dt.
0
9
b) Calculate the time it took for 10 litres of water to be released from the dam. Express
your answer to the nearest second.

Example 4 (1994 HSC Q3(d))


When heat was applied to a metallic disc for t seconds, its area, A cm2, increased at a rate
dA 2
given by = t − 2t + 1.
dt
a) At what rate was the area of the metallic disc increasing at the end of the third
second?
b) Before heat was applied, the area of a metallic disc was 10 cm2. Heat was applied to
this metallic disc for 3 seconds. What was the area of this metallic disc at the end of
three seconds?

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Exam Style Questions

Finding Integrals
1. Find ò 5x + 1 dx.

2. 6
Given that ò (x + k ) dx = 30, and k is a constant, find the value of k.
0

3. Find
ò5 dx.

4. 3
Find ò (x - 6)2 dx.

5. 4

òx
Find 2
+ x dx.
1

6. x
Find ò 4 + x 2 dx.
7. p
12

ò sec
2
Evaluate 3x dx.
0

8. dy
The gradient of a curve is given by = 1 – 6sin 3x.
dx
The curve passes through the point (0, 7).
What is the equation of the curve?
9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Solutions are on page 69.

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Areas

1. (i) Sketch the curve y = ln x.


(ii) Use the trapezoidal rule with three function values to find an
3
approximation to ò ln x dx.
0
(iii) State whether the approximation found in (ii) is greater than or less
3
than the exact value of ò ln x dx. Justify your answer.
0
2. In the diagram, the shaded region is bounded by
y = loge(x – 2), the x-axis and the line x = 7.
Find the exact value of the area of the shaded region.

3.
The curves y = e2x and y = e–x intersect at the point (0, 1) as shown in the
diagram.

Find the exact area enclosed by the curves and the line x = 2.

4. The diagram shows the curve y =


1
, for x > 0.
x
The area under the curve between x = a and x = 1 is A1. The area under the
curve between x = 1 and x = b is A2.
The area A1 and A2 are each equal to 1 square unit.
Find the values of a and b.

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5. Use the Trapezoidal rule with 5 function values to find an approximation to the
1.5

ò (loge x)
value of 3 dx . Give your answer correct to three decimal places.
0.5
6. The diagram shows the graphs of y = 3 cos x and y = sin x. The first two
points of intersection to the right of the y-axis are labelled A and B.

(i) Solve the equation


3 cos x = sin x to find the
x-coordinates of A and B.

(ii) Find the area of the shaded region in the diagram.


7. A function ƒ(x) is defined by ƒ(x) = 1 + 2cos x.
2p
(i) Show that the graph of y = ƒ(x) cuts the x-axis at x = .
3
(ii) Sketch the graph of y = ƒ(x) for –p ≤ x ≤ p showing where the graph
cuts each of the axes.
p
(iii) Find the area under the curve y = ƒ(x) between x = – and
2
2p
x= .
3
8.

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9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

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14.

15. Find the area between the curves below

16.

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17. (SACE 2017 Mathematical Methods Q7)

Solutions are on page 70.

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Further Applications

1. (Mathematics HSC 2015 Q15(c))

2. (Mathematics HSC 2011 Q9(b))

3. (Mathematics HSC 2001 Q9)

4.

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5.

6.

7.

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8.

9.

10. (Mathematics HSC 2006 9(b))

11.

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12. (SACE Mathematical Studies 2016 Q16)

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13. (SACE Mathematical Methods 2018 Q6)

14. (SCSA WA Mathematics Methods 2018 Q20)

Solutions are on page 76.

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