STEEL STRUCTURES FORMS OF ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS

STEEL STRUCTURE IS A METAL STRUCTURE WHICH IS MADE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS ARE FABRICATED IN FACTORIES ACCORDING TO THEIR INTENDED USE. CONTINUOUS CASTING MOLDS ARE
COMPONENTS CONNECT WITH EACH OTHER TO CARRY LOADS AND PROVIDE FULL RIGIDITY. USED TO CAST ROLLED STEEL PARTS WITH NO JOINTS. THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS DESCRIBE THE VARIOUS SHAPES AND FORMS OF Z SECTION
AN
A STEEL STRUCTURE TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF VERTICAL COLUMNS AND HORIZONTAL BEAMS ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS. SP 65
WHICH ARE RIVETED, BOLTED OR WELDED TOGETHER.
THIS CONSTRUCTION IS RELIABLE AND EMPLOYS FEWER RAW MATERIALS THAN DIFFERENT FLANGE
FORMS OF STRUCTURE LIKE CONCRETE AND TIMBER STRUCTURES BECAUSE OF THE HIGH
RESILIENCE DEGREE OF STEEL.

WEB THICKNESS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

BEAM HEIGHT
HIGH MAINTENANCE & CAPITAL COST: WHEN FLAT BAR ANGLE ROUND HEXAGON PIPE/ROUND TUBING

85
1. RELIABILITY: THE REASONS FOR THIS
STEEL STRUCTURES ARE EXPOSED TO
RELIABILITY INCLUDE CONSISTENCY AND WEB
SEVERE OR AGGRESSIVE WEATHER
UNIFORMITY IN PROPERTIES, BETTER
CONDITIONS, IT MAY GET CORRODED DUE
QUALITY CONTROL BECAUSE OF FACTORY
TO THE ACTION OF STEEL WITH
MANUFACTURE, LARGE ELASTICITY, AND
ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN OR AGGRESSIVE
DUCTILITY.
ENVIRONMENT.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BUCKLING: BECAUSE OF
2. VERSATILE: STEEL IS INCREDIBLY
HIGH STRENGTH/WEIGHT RATIO, STEEL
VERSATILE AS IT CAN BE MOLDED INTO THICKNESS
PRODUCTS ARE IN GENERAL SLENDERER
ALMOST ANY SHAPE, WHICH MAKES IT AN FLANGE WIDTH OF FLANGE 65
AND CONSEQUENTLY MORE SUSCEPTIBLE
ATTRACTIVE OPTION FOR BOTH RESIDENTIAL CHANNEL WIDE FLANGE BEAM I BEAM SQUARE/RECTANGLE TUBING HALF OVAL
TO BUCKLING THAN REINFORCED CONCRETE
AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS.
MEMBERS.
3. STRENGTH AND DURABILITY:
FATIGUE AND FRACTURE: LARGE
STRUCTURAL STEEL COMPONENTS ARE
VARIATIONS IN TENSILE STRENGTH EXPOSE ANGLED SECTIONS I BEAM SECTION HOLLOW CIRCULAR
STRONGER AND LIGHTER THAN THE
COMPONENTS MADE OF WEIGHT-BEARING
STEEL ELEMENTS TO EXCESSIVE TENSION, SECTION
WHICH DECREASES ITS OVERALL STRENGTH.
CONCRETE OR WOOD.
4.EASY INSTALLATION AND SPEED IN
CONSTRUCTION: STEEL PARTS IN A STEEL
STRUCTURES ARE PRE-MANUFACTURED TO

50
A SPECIFIC DESIGN INSIDE THE HIGH EXPANSION RATE TEE BAR
SHEET/PLATE HALF ROUND REBAR CHAMPFER BAR
MANUFACTURING PLANT/FABRICATION SHOP
AND ARE SHIPPED OUT IN READY-TO-BE
1. ANGLED SECTIONS
ERECTED CONDITION. 50
ANGLE SECTIONS ARE MANUFACTURED IN “L”
5. FIRE RESISTANT: STEEL STRUCTURES ARE SHAPE. IT CONTAINS TWO LEGS. SOME ANGLE ISA - INDIAN STANDARD EQUAL ANGLES
HIGHLY FIRE RESISTANT AS COMPARED TO SECTIONS CONTAINS LEGS WITH SIMILAR ISA - INDIAN STANDARD UNEQUAL ANGLES 50
HIGH MAINTENANCE COST
WOOD, AND IT REDUCES THE FIRE ACCIDENT DIMENSIONS ARE CALLED AS EQUAL ANGLE ISBA - INDIAN STANDARD BULB ANGLES
RISK TO A BUILDING. SECTIONS AND SOME CONTAINS DIFFERENT LEGS ROLLED STEEL BARS ISA EQUAL ANGLE 50X50X6MM
6. COST EFFECTIVE: STEEL IS LIGHT IN ARE CALLED AS UNEQUAL ANGLE SECTIONS. USED AS REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE AND
WEIGHT AS COMPARED TO ANGLE SECTIONS ARE WIDELY USED FOR ROOF STEEL GRILL WORK, AMONG OTHER THINGS.
STEEL IS AN ALLOY OF IRON. THIS MAKES IT

150
TIMBER/CONCRETE, WHICH MAKES IT EASIER SUSCEPTIBLE TO CORROSION. THIS
TRUSS CONSTRUCTIONS AND FOR FILLER JOIST HOLLOW
TO TRANSPORT AND HENCE, REDUCES FUEL FLOORS.
COSTS AND QUICKEN PROJECT SCHEDULES.
PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED TO SOME EXTENT RECTANGULAR
ASIDE FROM THIS, IT IS ALSO ENERGY USING ANTI-CORROSION APPLICATIONS. SECTION
EFFICIENT AND CAN BE RECYCLED. ISJC - INDIAN STANDARD JUNIOR CHANNELS
2. CHANNEL SECTIONS
ISLC - INDIAN STANDARD LIGHTWEIGHT CHANNELS
THE CHANNEL SECTION OR C- SECTION CONSISTS
ISMC - INDIAN STANDARD MEDIUM WEIGHT
TWO EQUAL FLANGES CONNECTED TO WEB AT

50
APPLICATIONS BOTH ENDS. CHANNEL SECTIONS ARE
CHANNEL.
APPLICATION IN CHEMICAL PLANTS ISMCP - INDIAN STANDARD MEDIUM WEIGHT
EXTENSIVELY USED IN STEEL FRAMED
BASED ON THE WATERPROOFING ABILITY, HEAT RESISTANCE, AND HIGH PRESSURE OF THE PARALLEL FLANGE CHANNELS
STRUCTURES.
MATERIAL, STEEL STRUCTURE IS OFTEN APPLIED IN FACTORIES WITH GAS TANKS, OIL ROLLED STEEL T - SECTIONS

50
STORAGE OR CHEMICAL PLANTS, ETC. 80

APPLICATION OF BUILDING HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS, ESPECIALLY APARTMENTS ISA UNEQUAL ANGLE 50X80X6MM
CURRENTLY, SOCIETY IS FOLLOWING THE TREND OF BUILDING HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS, WHICH
MEANS THAT THE PILLARS ARE SUBJECTED TO TREMENDOUS PRESSURE, REQUIRING 90
MATERIALS WITH HIGH STIFFNESS. 3. T - SECTIONS ISNT - INDIAN STANDARD NORMAL TEE BARS 35
ISB 150X90MM
APPLICATIONS IN MOVABLE WORKS
T SECTION CONSISTS OF FLANGE AND WEB ISHT - INDIAN STANDARD WIDE FLANGE TEE BARS CHANNEL SECTION FLANGE THICKNESS 6MM
ARRANGED IN “T” SHAPE. THEY ARE USED IN STEEL ISST - INDIAN STANDARD LONG LEGGED TEE BARS WEB THICKNESS 6MM
STEEL STRUCTURES ARE VERY SUITABLE FOR PROJECTS THAT NEED LIGHTWEIGHT AND ROOF TRUSSES TO FORM BUILT UP SECTIONS. TWO ISLT - INDIAN STANDARD LIGHT TEE BARS
HIGH WATER RESISTANCE BECAUSE OF THEIR DURABILITY, HARDNESS, HEAT RESISTANCE, ANGLE SECTIONS CAN ALSO BE JOINED TO GET T ISJT - INDIAN STANDARD JUNIOR TEE BARS
AND HIGH-PRESSURE RESISTANCE. SECTION. ROLLED STEEL ANGLE SECTIONS

APPLICATION IN CIVIL SERVICE WORKS T SECTION

REASONABLE CONSTRUCTION COST, EASY CONVERSION, AND RESTRUCTURING OF 100
CONSTRUCTION ARE THREE CRITICAL FACTORS OF THIS KIND OF CONSTRUCTION.
PRE-ENGINEERED STEEL BUILDINGS ARE ALWAYS A COMMON CHOICE IN CONSTRUCTING ISJB – INDIAN STANDARD JUNIOR BEAM
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS SUCH AS MULTI-STORY CAR PARKS. ISLB – INDIAN STANDARD LIGHT BEAM
HOLLOW SQUARE SECTION
ISMB – INDIAN STANDARD MEDIUM BEAM
4. I - SECTION ISWB – INDIAN STANDARD WIDE FLANGE BEAM
TYPES OF STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION I SECTIONS WHICH ARE ALSO CALLED AS STEEL COLUMNS/HEAVY WEIGHT BEAMS
1. CONVENTIONAL STEEL FABRICATION BEAMS OR ROLLED STEEL JOIST ARE EXTENSIVELY
CONVENTIONAL STEEL FABRICATION INVOLVES CUTTING STEEL MEMBERS TO THE CORRECT USED AS BEAMS, LINTELS, COLUMNS ETC. IT ISSC – INDIAN STANDARD COLUMN SECTION
LENGTH AND WELDING THEM TO BUILD THE FINAL STRUCTURE. THIS CONSTRUCTION CONSISTS TWO FLANGES AND A WEB CONNECTED ISHB – INDIAN STANDARD HEAVY BEAM

150
PROCESS MAY BE EXECUTED ON SITE ENTIRELY WHICH REQUIRE MASSIVE MANPOWER. ROLLED STEEL CHANNEL SECTIONS

100
ALTERNATIVELY, FOR BEST RESULTS IT CAN BE DONE IN A WORKSHOP PARTIALLY TO USED IN STEEL-FRAMED STRUCTURES, STEEL
PROVIDE BETTER WORKING CONDITIONS AND REDUCE WORK-TIME. BRIDGES, CRANE GIRDERS
5. ROUND BARS
2. BOLTED STEEL CONSTRUCTION

100
ROUND BARS CONTAIN CIRCULAR CROSS
IN THIS TECHNIQUE, ALL STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS ARE FABRICATED AND PAINTED SECTIONS AND THESE ARE USED AS ROLLED STEEL TUBES
OFF-SITE, THEN DELIVERED TO THE CONSTRUCTION SITE, AND FINALLY BOLTED IN PLACE. REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE AND STEEL GRILL USED IN TUBULAR TRUSSES AS COLUMNS,
BOLTED STEEL CONSTRUCTION IS SUBSTANTIALLY FAST BECAUSE LIFTING THE STEEL WORK ETC. ROUND BARS ARE AVAILABLE IN COMPRESSION MEMBERS, AND TENSION MEMBERS.
MEMBERS INTO PLACE AND BOLTING ARE ALL THE WORKS THAT NEED TO BE EXECUTED ON VARIOUS DIAMETERS VARIES FROM 5 MM TO 250
CONSTRUCTION SITE. IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MOST PREFERRED CONSTRUCTION MM.
APPROACH BECAUSE THE MOST OF THE FABRICATION CAN BE DONE IN WORKSHOPS.
6. SQUARE BARS
3. LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CONSTRUCTION SQUARE BARS CONTAIN SQUARE CROSS SECTIONS
LIGHT GAUGE STEEL IS A THIN SHEET (1-3MM) OF STEEL WHICH HAS BEEN BENT INTO SHAPE AND THESE ARE WIDELY USED FOR GATES, USED IN TUBULAR TRUSSES AS COLUMNS,
TO FORM C-SECTIONS OR Z-SECTIONS. IT IS BROADLY COMMON AND USED FOR THE WINDOWS, GRILL WORKS ETC. THE SIDES OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS, AND TENSION MEMBERS. IST 100X100MM
CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL AND SMALL BUILDINGS. BENEFITS THAT LIGHT GAUGE SQUARE CROSS SECTION RANGES FROM 5 MM TO 55 FLANGE THICKNESS 6MM 100
STEEL CONSTRUCTION PROVIDE INCLUDE DESIGN FLEXIBILITY, HIGH CONSTRUCTION SPEED, 250 MM. WEB THICKNESS 6MM
STRONG, LIGHTWEIGHT, EASY TO REMODEL, RECYCLABLE, GOOD QUALITY ISJC 150X55X6MM

DATE: SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

SHEET NO: 01 NAME: AFRA
STANDARD STEEL SECTIONS REMARKS: SEM: VI - A
USN: 01FA20BAT026
SITE VISIT 01 : SCR HOTEL , GOKUL ROAD, HUBLI SITE VISIT 02 RAFTER
SITE VISIT 03
200X4(W)
150X5(F)

COLUMN
200X4(W)
150X5(F)

RF RAFTER
400-300X4(W) RF RAFTER
RF RAFTER 400-300X4(W)
550-400X4(W) 200X6(F) RF RAFTER
200X6(F) 550-400X4(W)
200X6(F)
200X6(F)

RF COLUMN 300-550X4(W)
150X6(F)

DECKING SHEET 0.8MM THK

RF COLUMN
300-500X4(W)
150X6(F)

ISMB 150
ISMB 200

ISMB 200 ELEVATION

SECTION
SCALE 1:200

RF RAFTER RF RAFTER
400-300X4(W) 400-300X4(W)
RF RAFTER 175X6(F) 175X6(F) RF RAFTER
600-400X4(W) 600-400X4(W)
175X6(F) 175X6(F)
RF COLUMN
PURLIN 300-600X4(W)
PLAN 200X60X20X2 150X6(F)
SCALE 1:200 MM
THK
TOILET

DECKING SHEET 0.8MM THK

TOILET

SEMI

COLUMN
COVERED
RESTAURANT

8505,82 3498,8 1313,33 3905,53 3915,83 3915,79

LQR STORE
2706,36

INDOOR SEATING

MD
OUTDOOR SITTING

COUNTER
2577,72

STAFF REST

KITCHEN STORE

WASH
3321,29

FAMILY RESTAURANT

KITCHEN

SECTION
KEY PLAN
3395,64

1 2 3 4 5 6
3321,29

F1 F2 F2 F2 F2 F1
C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1

A
3370,86

SECTION SCALE 1:200

3323,5

450X450X20MM
3730,25

THK. ASTM
A36 BASE
PLATE
3346,08
3531,97

F3 F3 F3 F3 F3 F3
C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2

B
4XØM16 HD F1 F2 F2 F2 F2 F1
COLUMN GRID PLAN BOLT A307 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1
GL
C
FOOTING LAYOUT PLAN
FLANGE SCALE 1:200

COLUMN

GUSSET PLATE

65MM COVER

CLEAT ANGLE 75MM THK.

BLINDING
RAG BOLT CONCRETE
BASE PLATE

DATE: SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

SHEET NO: NAME: AFRA
SITE VISIT REMARKS: SEM: VI - A
USN: 01FA20BAT026
FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION IS THE LOWEST PART OF THE BUILDING OR THE CIVIL STRUCTURE THAT IS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE SOIL
WHICH TRANSFERS LOADS FROM THE STRUCTURE TO THE SOIL SAFELY. GENERALLY, THE FOUNDATION CAN BE CLASSIFIED OFFICE

INTO TWO, NAMELY SHALLOW FOUNDATION AND DEEP FOUNDATION.

A SHALLOW FOUNDATION TRANSFERS THE LOAD TO A STRATUM PRESENT IN A SHALLOW DEPTH.
THE DEEP FOUNDATION TRANSFERS THE LOAD TO A DEEPER DEPTH BELOW THE GROUND SURFACE.

COMPONENTS OF FOUNDATION I SECTION COLUMN

· PEDESTAL (RCC, PCC) >M20 COLUMN
· BASE PLATE/SLAB PLATE/BEARING PLATE (STEEL, MINIMUM 12MM THICK)
· GUSSET PLATE/ STEEL PLATE SHOWROOM

· STIFFENERS BOLT
· ANCHOR BOLTS(MINIMUM 4 NUMBERS >12MM Ø) GUSSET PLATE
· ANCHORING FRAME/ ERECTION FRAME BASE PLATE
· LEVELLING/SEALING GROUT >M20
· CLEAT ANGLE CONCRETE
FOUNDATION
PLAN
6600 3400 9600

TYPES OF COLUMN BASE C1 C2 C3 C4

SLAB BASE REINFORCEMENT

4825
GUSSETED BASE

93
69
BLOOM BASE

.2
3
GRILLAGE C5 C6

1825
HOLLOW

2000
CIRCULAR C7 C8
COLUMN (I SECTION)
SECTION

3175
EASE PLATE WELDED
C9 C10
STIFFNER
HOLDING DOWN BOLT
ELEVATION

5000
HOLLOWING
ISOLATED FOOTING
FOUNDATION BOLT DOWN BELT
C11 C12

CONCRETE PEDESTAL

4825
BLOOM BASE OFFICE SHOWROOM PCC BED
FLANGE CLEAT ANGLE

BLOOM BASE OFFICE SHOWROOM

C13 C14 1200
SLAB BASE BLOOMS ARE INTERMEDIATE-STAGE PIECES OF STEEL
SLAB BASES ARE USED WHERE THE COLUMNS PRODUCED BY A FIRST PASS OF ROLLING (IN A BLOOMING
HAVE INDEPENDENT CONCRETE PEDESTALS. A MILL) THAT WORKS THE INGOTS DOWN TO A SMALLER
SECTION COLUMN GRID LAYOUT
THICK STEEL BASE PLATE AND TWO CLEAT ANGLES CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA, BUT STILL GREATER THAN 36 IN2
CONNECTING THE FLANGES OF THE COLUMN TO (230 CM2).
THE BASE PLATE. 6600 3400 9600
EXCAVATION PIT

Column (ISMB)
F1 F2 F3 F4 GUSSET PLATE

1200
Iron Plate
FLANGE Steel Beam Grillage I SECTION COLUMN
4825

Flange Gap

93
COLUMN
69
BOLTS

.2
Concrete Pad

GUSSET PLATE RMS Pipes holding 3 1200

ISMB
F5 F6
1825

CLEAT ANGLE

RAG BOLT
F7 F8
3175

BASE PLATE

GUSSETED BASE GRILLAGE

A GUSSETED BASE CONSISTS OF A BASE OF TYPE OF FOUNDATION THAT CONSISTS OF MORE
REDUCED THICKNESS AND TWO GUSSETED F9 F10
THAN ONE EXTRA LAYER OF BEAMS WHICH ARE
PLATES ARE ATTACHED ONE TO EACH FLANGE OF USUALLY STEEL PLACED ON A LAYER OF
THE COLUMN. THE GUSSETED PLATES,CLEAT CONCRETE TO DISTRIBUTE AND TRANSFERS THE
ANGLES AND FASTENINGS (BOLTS, RIVETS) IN
5000

STRUCTURAL LOAD ON A BIG AREA OF SOIL

COMBINATION WITH BEARING AREA OF SHAFT BELOW THE FOUNDATION.
SHALL BE SUFFICIENT TO TAKE ALL LOADS.

ADVANTAGES F11 F12

CONTACT AREA IS MINIMUM
-THE COMPONENTS ARE LIGHT WEICHT
4825

QUICK ERECTION.
CONCRETE
FOUNDATION
DISMANTLING IS EASY.
AS STEEL STRUCTURES ARE LIGHTER THEN CONCRETE THEREFORE THERE IS LESS COST USED AND FOUNDATION OF
STRUCTURE BECOMES LESS EXPENSIVE
STEEL HAS SMALLER COLUMNS AS COMPARED TO CONCRETE COLUMNS. SO 10 DO TH MORE SPACE WILL BE AVAILABLE F13 F14
FOR SOME OTHER FUNCTIONS

FOOTING LAYOUT
DATE: SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
SHEET NO: NAME: AFRA

FOUNDATIONS REMARKS: SEM: VI - A

USN: 01FA20BAT026