Education Reviewer

The Meaning of Education
❖Education is the social institution through which society provides its

members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and
cultural norms and values (Macionis, 2012).
❖Education is the acquisition of knowledge, habits, skills, and abilities

through instruction and training or through self-activity.
Education in the Philippines
❖Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by the Department of
Education, commonly referred to as the DepEd.
❖ It controls the Philippine educational system, including the creation and
implementation of the curriculum and the utilization of funds allotted by the
national government.
❖It also manages the construction of schools, acquisition of books and other
school materials, and the recruitment of teachers and staff.
❖Before the Philippines attained independence in 1946, the
country’s education system was patterned after the educational
systems of Spain and the United States.
❖The Philippines, with exemption to other parts of the country,

were under Spanish rule for more than three hundred years
while the Americans stayed for 48 years.
❖Spanish and the United States brought educational practices,

which reflected their culture and ideologies.
❑During the Spanish time, the function of education was inculcated moral and
religious values.
❑Religion was the core curriculum, and the schools were used to spread
Christianity.
❑The educated class consisted mostly of ilustrados.
❑During Spain's rule of the Philippines, the ilustrados belonged to the

European- educated middle-class Filipinos. Many of the names we know and
remember today in our country belonged to this class: Juan Luna, Graciana
Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Felix Resureccion Hidalgo, Antonio
Luna, and Mariano Ponce.
❑When the Americans came, education was focused on the development of new
social patterns that would prepare the nation for a self-governing democracy.
❑The medium of instruction was English.

❑In response to the teacher shortage resulting from the creation of a centralized
public education system volunteer American soldiers became the first
teachers of the Filipinos.
❑Part of their mission was to build classrooms in every place where they were
assigned.
❑They began to arrive in August 1901 aboard U.S. Army Transport (ASAT) ships
named Sheridan and Thomas and came to be called Thomasites.
What is the purpose of the Gabaldon Building?
It was not until the construction of the Gabaldons that our formal
education system reached the most remote areas of the country. It symbolized
the first foundation of the Philippine public school system, where every
Filipino was given the opportunity to have access to proper education.
1. Formal education
• This refers to the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded
educational system from primary school to the university, including
programs and institutions for full time technical and vocational training.
• At the end of each level, the learners must obtain certification in order to
enter or advance to the next level. Formal education shall correspond to the
following levels in basic education:
a. Elementary Education
b. Secondary Education
c. Tertiary Education
2. Non-formal education
❑ It refers to any organized educational activity outside the
established formal system to provide selected types of learning to a
segment of the population.
❑ As a concept, non-formal education emerged in response to the world
crisis in education identified by Philip H. Coombs in 1967, who argued
that the formal education system have failed to address the changing
dynamics of the environment and the societies.
❑ Non-formal education enables a student to learn skills and
knowledge through structured learning experiences. A student
learns his/her values, principles, and beliefs and undergoes lifelong
learning.
❑Example: Vocational Education
• Accredited private institutions offer technical
and vocational education
• Programs offered vary in duration from a few

weeks to two years.
• On completion students may take centrally-

administered examinations to obtain their
diploma or certificate.
• Vocational colleges do not usually require an

entrance examination.
• Only a record of high school educational

and an enrolment fee are required.
3. Informal education
➢ It is a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires

from daily experiences, attitudes, values, facts, skills,
and knowledge or motor skill from resources in his or
her higher environment.
➢ It offers alternative learning opportunities for the out of
school youth and adults specifically those who are 15
years old and above and unable to avail themselves of
the educational services and programs of formal
education.
➢ Its primary objective is to provide literacy programs to
eradicate illiteracy.
*Special Education
❑ Special Education refers to the education of
persons who are physically, mentally,
emotionally, socially, or culturally different
from so called “normal” individuals, such that
they require modification of school practices
to develop their potential.
❑ Special education provides distinct services,
curricula, and instructional materials geared
to pupils or students who are significantly
higher or lower than the average or norm.
❑ SPED aims to develop the maximums
potential of the child with the special needs
to enable him/her to become self-reliant and
take advantage of the opportunities for a full
and happy life.
Functions of Education in the Society
As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains, functions are

important to be performed as they make the society whole. If
each function is working well, society attains progress. He lays
down the functions of education as follows:
1. Productive Citizenry
2. Self-actualization
1. Productive Citizenry
❖Education systems enable citizens to be productive
members of a society, as they are equipped with knowledge
and skills that could contribute to the development of their
society’s systems and institutions.
❖ Consequentially, it is crucial for educational systems to

adapt to the changing demands of the environment to
efficiently capacitate individuals.
❖Being a productive citizen requires critical thinking.
❖ One must have the ability to understand his or her duties and be
able to respond to them by making decisions.
❖Educational attainment does not only contribute to the individual’s

success but also to the betterment of his or her environment.
If you don't know where to start, here are some suggestions on how to
be a good citizen:
1. Be Patriotic
2. Give Back to the Community
3. Be a Productive Member of Society
4. Take Part in Social Issues
5. Vote
6. Mentor Someone
7. Cultivate Your Skills and Talents
8. Keep Your Home in Order
9. Follow the Law
10. Treat Others With Respect
11. Stand up to Injustice
12. Conserve Resources
13. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
14. Pay Your Taxes
2. Self-actualization
❑ Education develops one’s sense of self.
❑ As a huge part of the discovery process of oneself, education encourages

having the vision to become self-actualized.
❑ Moreover, it enables one to see your strengths and maintain them. It
enables one to determine weakness and adjust to them.
❑ This helps one reach full potential and establish oneself as a whole.
❑ According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the highest form of

human need.
❑ It was defined as “to become more and more what one is, to become
everything that one is capable of becoming.”
The concept of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is once that level is fulfilled
the next level up is what motivates us, and so on.
Primary Education as a Human Right
❖ Primary education is essential in the early stages of human life.
❖ Humans need education to enable them to adapt to the dictates of their

society.
❖ The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO) declare that education is a fundamental
human right and essential for the exercise of all other human rights.
❖ It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important

development benefits. Yet millions of children and adults remain
deprived of educational opportunities, many as a result of poverty.”

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The Meaning of Education

❖Education is the social institution through which society provides its

❖Education is the acquisition of knowledge, habits, skills, and abilities

❖The Philippines, with exemption to other parts of the country,

❖Spanish and the United States brought educational practices,

❑During Spain's rule of the Philippines, the ilustrados belonged to the

❑The medium of instruction was English.

• Programs offered vary in duration from a few

• On completion students may take centrally-

• Vocational colleges do not usually require an

• Only a record of high school educational

➢ It is a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires

As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains, functions are

❖ Consequentially, it is crucial for educational systems to

❖Educational attainment does not only contribute to the individual’s

❑ As a huge part of the discovery process of oneself, education encourages

❑ According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the highest form of

❖ Primary education is essential in the early stages of human life.

❖ Humans need education to enable them to adapt to the dictates of their

❖ The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural

❖ It promotes individual freedom and empowerment and yields important

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