Rac Lab Manual 2161908 JPT

RAC LAB MANUAL
GOVT. ENGG. COLLEGE, VALSAD.
MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT. (FOR EVEN TERM - 2016)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALSAD
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

Mr./Miss________________________________________________________________ of Mechanical
Branch, Sem-VI, Enrollment No.__________________________, has satisfactorily
completed his/her term work for the subject Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning (2161908) during even term-2016.
Date :
Sign of Faculty Head of the

Department
INDEX
SIGN OF
PRACTICAL TITLE DATE
FACULTY
1 Study of Vapour Compression Refregeration system.
2 Study of Electrolux Refrigerator.
3 Refrigeration Compressors.
4 Refrigeration Tools.
5 Leak detection techniques in a refrigeration plant.
6 Study of refrigerating controls.
7 Determine COP of Air conditioning Test rig.
8 Study of different Psychrometers.
9 Determine COP of Heat pump Test rig.
10 Determine COP of an Ice-plant.

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VALSAD
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
EXPERIMENT-1 Study of Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR) system

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (2161908)
B.E. SEM –IV FOR EVEN TERM 2015-16
Aim: - To understand different components of VCR system and to determine it’s COP.
Refrigeration: - Refrigeration may be defined as an art of producing and maintaining a

temperature in a space below the surrounding temperature. It also includes the process of
removing heat from the substance under controlled conditions. It is used for the manufacturing
of ice and similar products. This is widely used for cooling of storage chambers in which
perishable foods, drinks and medicines are stored. The refrigeration has also wide application
in submarine ships, aircrafts.
Standard Vapour Compression Cycle: - (SVCC)
This cycle consists of following four processes:
(1) Reversible adiabatic compression from the saturated vapour to a superheated

condition.
(2) Reversible heat rejection at constant pressure (de-superheating and
condensation of the refrigerant)
(3) Irreversible is enthalpy expansion from saturated liquid to a low pressure
vapour.
(4) Reversible heat addition at constant pressure.
System components and its function: -

(1) Compressor: - Compressor is most important part of the system. The compressor
raises the measure of incoming vapour from the evaporator to a high pressure.
Different type of compressor are:
- Reciprocating compressor
- Rotary compressor
- Screw compressor
- Centrifugal compressor
The selection of the above mentioned compressor depends upon the usage. Usually domestic
refrigerator are installed with reciprocating compressor. A hermetic type compressor is one in
which the compressor and motor integral on one shaft and they are both contained in a
pressure shield housing. It is compact in size, quite, low in cost and no problem of refrigerant
gas leakage. The motor in a hermetic type compressor is cooled by refrigerant suction gas.
Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

Fig. - Schematic diagram of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
(2) Condenser: - The function of a condenser is to remove heat from the superheated high
pressure refrigerant vapour & to condense the vapour into a sub cooled high pressure liquid.
This is accomplished a cooling medium either air or water. The air cooled condenser may be of
static cooled type where natural convective motion of air surrounding heat is enough to cool
the condenser or they may be of fan cooled type. The static cooled condenser is used in
domestic refrigerators. In commercial appliances and windows air-conditioners usually fan
cooled condensers are used. The water condenser is normally used in large system firms 5 tons
and above.
(3) Expansion Devices: -As the high pressure sub-cooled refrigerant liquid from the
condenser passes through the expansion device its pressure and temperature is reduced. And
outlet refrigerant, mostly in liquid stage.
Expansion device are of many types and are selected as per the requirement. For
example, for constant evaporator pressure requirement automatic expansion valve are used. If
variation in cooling load is high the thermostatic valves are best suited.
Hermetic compressor are almost invariably are used with capillary tube, through
a few of them might also be used with thermostatic expansion valves.

(a) Thermostatic expansion valve: -
Thermostatic expansion valve controls the mass flow rate of refrigerant by sensing evaporator
outlet temperature. Thus the valve is sensitive to the cooling load. If the load is more, the
degree of super hit of refrigerant coming out of the evaporator increases. To maintain the
degree of super heat to preset level, more liquid is fed to evaporator. When the load is low,
valve closes and less liquid quantity is fed.
Selection of thermostatic expansion is done on the basis of refrigerant used in capacity.
(b) Capillary tube: -

It is the simplest and cheapest form of expansion device. It does not include any moving parts
hence no maintenance is required. Capillary tube is supposed to be a single point operation
device in the sense that the best control is achieved only at a given set of operating parameters.
Under varying loads the capillary tube does not function satisfactorily. For example at lower
loads than designed value capillary tube may overfeed the evaporator causing liquid to return
to compressor. Under higher loads than designed the capillary tube starves the evaporator,
causing excessive return gas superheat. Hence for variation in cooling loads, it is not suitable.
(4) Evaporator: -The function of evaporator is to remove heat from the product or the area to
be cooled and maintain it at any desired temperature. The liquid refrigerant inside the
evaporator evaporates by absorbing heat and converts into vapour refrigerant and then it
returns back into the compressor. Various types of construction s of the evaporator used in
refrigerant system e.g.
(a) Finned tube evaporator coil
(b) Bare tube soldered/clamped to the tank
(c) Bare tube dipped in the liquid to be cooled
(d) Shell & coil type evaporator
The choice of particular construction depends on the type of appliance. However in every case
the heat capacity depends on these factors viz. temperature difference between the load and
the refrigerant, heat transfer co-efficient and areas of the heat transfer.
(5) Drier: - If by chance refrigerant is containing any water particle then in low temperature
region (i.e. at and after the expansion valve) it forms ice and chokes the valve or bends thereby
preventing the smooth passage of refrigerant through it. To prevent this drier is used to
remove any water particles carried into the refrigerant. It is used in between the evaporator
and compressor.
(6) Accumulator: -It is fitted in between the evaporator and compressor. It prevents the liquid
refrigerant from entering the compressor.
Description: -
The unit is equipped with compressor operate on 220V AC supply and works on R-134
a. The unit is fitted on with compressor, air cooled condenser, condenser fan motor drier,
thermostatic expansion valve, solenoid valve, capillary tube, expansion valve refrigerant
flow motor water calorimeter (cooling coil), suction gauge, discharge gauge, digital
temperature indicator with probe to measure different temperatures, heater inside the
calorimeter, cooling thermostat, one number charging valve provided to charge the liquid
refrigerant. The voltmeter and ampere meter for compressor have been provided which are
duly interlocked type writing for safety point of view.
Experimental procedure: -
1. Switch in main board, check voltage. It should not be less than 180 V.
2. Start the condenser fan motor.
3. See that all the respective indication lights are on.
4. Put the water in the evaporative tank/calorimeter.
5. Switch on the compressor.
6. At the time of the start of the unit, note down the reading of voltage, ampere, suction
and discharge gauge- pressures reading for compressor.
7. Check and note down the reading of various temperature through digital temp.
Indicator.
8. Always close the door of the evaporator.
9. Note down the reading of the pressure gauge. Absence of any reading will indicate the
blockage or leakage of gas.
10. After the gap of 15 minutes, start the agitator motor for two minute for equalization of
water temperature and note down all the readings.
11. Now if you want to provide or test load on our compressor, switch on the heater.
12. Check and note don the readings of temperature, pressure and energy.
13. Now let the unit run for at least 10-20 minutes.
14. Switch on the agitator motor for 2 minutes for equalization of water temperature.
15. Check the water temperature through Digital Temp. Indicator. It must not go ahead of
350C.
16. After taking the required readings, switch off the heating process if the unit runs with
compressor or cooling process.
17. While closing the unit, first switch-off the compressor, condenser, fan motor, and all the
other valves and switches on the unit.
18. Always check the indication lights provided on the board for each component.

Specifications: -
Compressor : Hermetically sealed make

Agitator : Compatible capacity
Condenser : Air cooled compatible to compressor
Condenser cooling fan : Compatible capacity with permanent lubricating motor
Evaporator : Made of Stainless steel insulated with ceramic wool/P.U.F
Rotameter : Make Eureka
Expansion device : Capillary tube solenoid & thermostatic valve
Pressure gauges : 2 Nos.
Safety control : Time delay circuit
Temperature sensor : RTD PT-100 type
Control panel : Digital voltmeter (0-300V) and ammeter (0-10A)
Temp. Measurement : Digital temperature indicator with multi-channel switch
Observation table: - (with data)

ρ – Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Cpw – specific heat of water = 4.186 KJ/kg 0C
Sr. P1 P2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Volume of V I
No water (W)
Calculation: -
(1) C.O.P. theo :-

RE th
COPth 
CWth
H1  H 3
COPth 
H 2  H1 ( H = H )
3 4
[Note: H1 at P1-T1 , H2 at P2-T2 and H3 at P2-T3 from P-H diagram of R-134a ]

(2) C.O.P act :-
Heat given away by water = Actual refrigerating effect
CWact. = V * I * cosΦ Watt (cosΦ = 0.7)
REact. = m * Cp* (T5 – T7) Watt
RE act
COPact 
CWact
COPact
COPRe lative 
COPtheo
Nomenclature: -
T1 – Temperature of compressor inlet (suction) (0C)
T2 – Temperature of compressor outlet (discharge) (0C)
T3 – Temperature of condenser outlet (0C)
T4 – Temperature of evaporator inlet (0C)
T5 – Temperature of water inlet (0C)
T6 – Temperature of water outlet (0C)
H1 – Enthalpy at compressor inlet (KJ/kg)
H2 – Enthalpy at compressor outlet (KJ/kg)
H3 – Enthalpy of sub-cooling at condenser outlet (KJ/kg)
H4 - Enthalpy of refrigeration at evaporator inlet (KJ/kg)
P1 & P2– Pressure at compressor suction and discharge (kg/cm2)
V & I – Voltmeter and ammeter reading
Conclusion:

QUESTIONS:
1. Why in practice a throttle valve is used in vapour compression refrigerator rather than an
expansion cylinder to reduce pressure between the condenser and the evaporator?
2. Explain Construction and working of simple vapour compression refrigeration system

with P-V, T-S and P-H diagram and derive equation of COP for Bell-Coleman cycle.
3. A 5 t006Fnne R-12 refrigeration plant has saturated suction temperature of -5°C. The
condensation takes place at 32°C and there is no undercooling of refrigerant liquid.
Assuming isentropic compression, find (i) COP of the plant, (ii) Mass flow rate of
refrigerant
(iii) Power required to run the compressor in KW.
Take the following properties of R-12.
P (bar) Sat. Temp.(°C) hf (KJ/Kg) hg (KJ/Kg) Sg (KJ/Kg-K)

7.85 32°C 130.5 264.5 1.542
2.61 -5°C 95.4 249.3 1.557
4. A vapor compression machine is used to maintain a temperature of - 230C in refrigerated

space. The ambient temperature is 370C.The compressor takes in dry saturated vapor of F
-12. Aminimum100C temperature difference is required at the evaporator as well as
condenser. There is no sub-cooling of liquid. If refrigerant flow is rate is 1kg/min find (i)
Tonnage of refrigeration. (ii) Power requirement (iii) Ratio of COP of this cycle to COP of
Carnot cycle.
5. R-12 vapour compression system has saturated suction temperature of -5°C and saturated
discharge temperature of 40°C. The refrigerant vapour is dry-saturated at the suction of
compressor and becomes superheated after compression. For one ton of refrigeration
capacity, Calculate (i) Refrigerating effect (ii) mass flow rate (iii) Power and (iv) COP of the
system.
6. An air refrigerator working on Bell Coleman cycle takes in air at 1 bar and at a
temperature of 100 C. The air is compressed to 5 bar abs. The same is cooled to 250 C in
the cooler before expanding in the expansion cylinder to cold chamber pressure of 1 bar.
The compression and expansion laws followed are pv1.35 = C and pv1.3 = C respectively.
Determine C.O.P of the plant and net refrigeration effect per kg of air. Take Cp = 1.009
kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K for air.

EXPERIMENT-2 Study of Electrolux refrigerator
Aim: To understand working of Electrolux Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system and

determine it’s COP.
Introduction:
Electrolux refrigeration is an absorption type refrigeration system. In absorption refrigeration

system, the vapour is drawn from the evaporator by absorption into liquid having high affinity
for refrigerant. The refrigerant is expelled from the solution by application of heat and its
temperature is increased. This refrigerant in the vapour form passes to the condenser gets
liquefied where heat is rejected and the refrigerant gets liquefied. This liquid again flows to the
evaporator at reduced pressure and the cycle is completed.
Absorber: -The main function of the absorber is the absorption of the refrigerant vapour by its
weak or poor solution in a suitable absorbent, forming a strong or rich solution.
Condenser: -It condenses the vapour refrigerant into the liquid by condenser fan and passes it
into the receiver tank for recirculation.
Evaporator: - It evaporates the liquid refrigerant by absorbing the heat into vapour refrigerant
and sends back to next run.
Fig. - Schematic Diagram of domestic Electrolux type refrigerator

Theory:
The flow of fluids in the system has been shown in the diagram with different shadings and the
index of these shadings also indicated in diagram.
Vertical generator in which an aqua solution of ammonia can range itself from distilled
water at the bottom of the generator to strong ammonia vapour at the surface of liquid.
A water separator which is provided to remove water vapour so that they should not
enter the condenser, get condensed there and pass on to evaporator where chocking might
occur due to its freezing. The water vapour is formed in the boiler as some of the water may
evaporator on application of heat to the boiler. The separator is jacked with liquid ammonia at
pressure of about 14 bar gauge for which the saturation temperature is about 400C.
The dehydrate ammonia gas condensed to liquid in the condenser and gravitates to ‘U’
tube which acts as seal for the gas to enter the evaporator or any gas passing from evaporator
to condenser.
In the evaporator, ammonia liquid comes across an atmosphere of hydrogen at about 12

bar pressure. The plant is charged to a pressure of about 14 bars. Hence due to Dalton’s law of
partial pressure. The pressure of ammonia gas should fall to about 2 bar gauge and the
saturation temperature corresponding to about 2 gauges is about -100C. The temperature
surrounding the evaporator is much high than this. Thus ammonia evaporates and produces
the refrigerating effect i.e. absorbs the latent heat of vaporization at 2 bar gauge and about -
100C from the space to be refrigerated.
In order to ensure continues action, hydrogen gas has to be removed from ammonia
vapour. This is done in the absorber where a descending spray of very dilute ammonia liquid
moseys the ascending mixture of ammonia vapour and hydrogen. Ammonia vapour is readily
absorbed with evaluation of heat so that absorber has to be water jacketed or air cooled,
otherwise evaporation may take place in this unit and the absorption may cease.
Heat exchanger: Liquid heat exchanger is placed between absorber and the generator. This
weak liquid gets cooled and strong liquid gets heated. Thus is economized and better thermal
efficiency is obtained. This heat exchanger is counter flow type. The strong solution from the
absorber is preheated on its way to generator or boiler and the dilute solution on its way to
absorber is cooled. This cooling of weak liquid also helps absorption and reduces the cooling of
absorber by external source.

Working:
 Strong ammonia solution flows from the absorber vessel through heat exchanger to the
generator.
 When the ammonia solution is heated in the generator by applying heat from the
external source, bubbles of ammonia gas raises from the generator and passes to
condenser through rectifier.
 The ammonia vapour is removed from the solution and passes into the condenser. Weak
ammonia solution left behind in the generator flows to the absorber through the heat
exchanger.
 Air circulating over the fins of the condenser, cool down the vapour, condensing it into
liquid ammonia, which flows under gravity to the evaporator where it meets the
hydrogen gas.
 The hydrogen in the evaporator lowers the ammonia vapour pressure and makes it
evaporate.
 This process extracts heat from the evaporator, which in turn extracts heat from the
food storage space. Thereby the temperature inside the refrigeration is lowered.
 The mixture of hydrogen and ammonia passes from the evaporator to the absorber.
Weak ammonia solution is fed from the generator system through heat exchanger.
 As it returns to the absorber vessel, it absorbs the ammonia from the
ammonia/hydrogen mixture and gets ready for another round in the generator.
Experimental Procedure: -
1. Ensure that all ON/OFF switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
2. Switch On the main supply.
3. Switch On the refrigerator.
4. Record the temperature when the steady state is achieved.
Observation Table: -
SR. No. T1 T2 T3

Calculation: -
T3  T1  T2 
COP 
T1  T2  T3 
Nomenclature:
COP – Co-efficient of performance
T1 – Temperature of generator, K
T2 – Temperature of condenser, K
T3 – Temperature of evaporator, K
Conclusion:-

QUESTIONS:
1. What is basic principle of Vapour absorption refrigeration system? Write brief note on
Electrolux (NH3-H2) refrigerator.
2. Explain the significance of Hydrogen used in Electrolux Refrigerator system. In a 15 TR

ammonia refrigeration plant, the condensing temperature is 250C and evaporating
temperature -100C. The refrigerant ammonia is sub-cooled by 50 C before passing through
the throttle valve. The vapour leaving the evaporator is 0.97 dry. Find (1) Coefficient of
performance and (2) power required. Use the following properties of ammonia:-
Enthalpy, Entropy,
Saturation Specific heat,
kJ/kg kJ/kg K
temperature kJ/kg K
0C
Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour
25 298.9 1465.84 1.1242 5.0391 4.6 2.8
-10 135.37 1433.05 0.5443 5.4770 -- --
3. Discuss the advantages of vapour absorption refrigeration system over vapour

compression refrigeration system.
4. What is the effect of sub-cooling on the performance of vapour compression refrigeration

system?

EXPERIMENT-3 Refrigeration Compressors
Aim: To understand construction and working of reciprocating, rotary and centrifugal

compressor used for Refrigeration and Air-conditioning system.
Description:
The compressor is the heart of vapour compression system. The compressor is used to reclaim
the refrigerant vapour leaving the evaporator. The refrigerant must be compressed to the
pressure corresponding to a saturation temperature higher than the temperature of the
naturally available air or water. The compressor is also used to circulate the refrigerant
through the system. The capacity of compressor determines the capacity of refrigeration
system as a whole. The refrigeration compressor and gas or air compressor differs very much
because the refrigerating compressor is integral part of the cycle and it is coupled to other
components.
Classification:
Classification of refrigeration compressors:

1. Reciprocating compressor.
2. Rotary compressor.
3. Centrifugal and scroll compressor.
1. Reciprocating Compressor:
The reciprocating compressors are available in sizes as small as 1/12 hp up to about 150 hp for
large capacity installation. The reciprocating compressors are of three types.
a) Open type compressor.

b) Hermetically sealed compressor.
a) Open type of compressor:
A compressor whose crankshaft extends through the compressor housing so that a motor can
be externally coupled to the shaft is called open type compressor.These types of compressors
adopt a volumetric compression system using pistons and work much like an internal
combustion engine. The pistons run up and down inside cylinders, producing suction and
compression of the refrigerant gas. Each cylinder has a suction valve for the gas refrigerant and
a discharge valve to deliver the gas to the condenser after having been compressed. A
disadvantage of the open type of compressor is that the shaft seal is most vulnerable point for
leakage of refrigerant.

Fig – Cross-Section of Open Type compressor
b) Hermetically sealed compressor:

In hermetic compressor there is no need for shaft seal. The compressor and motor are
mounted on single shaft and whole assembly is fixed in a steel shell, the joint of which are
welded. The losses due to drive package and shaft seal friction are also eliminated i.e. the
power required per tone of refrigeration is less then that of the open type.
Fig- Schematic Diagram of Hermetically sealed compressor
In a hermetic reciprocating compressor, as a result of the perfect hermetic sealing of the

refrigeration circuit on the compressor body, unlike the two alternative variants – there are no
refrigerant leaks possible. They are suitable for air conditioning, cold rooms or low
temperature applications, the technology is very reliable, and they come in many different
designs for all common refrigerants.

2. Rotary compressor:
As the name implies, the displacement and compression of the refrigerant vapour is achieved
due to circular or rotary motion instead of reciprocating motion. These compressors are very
efficient because the actions of taking in refrigerant and compressing refrigerant occur
simultaneously. They have very few moving parts, low rotational speeds, low initial and
maintenance costs, and are forgiving in dirty environments. However, they are limited to
smaller volumes of the gas and produce less pressure than other types of compressors. There
are two types of rotary compressor.
a) Rolling or Stationary Single Blade type rotary compressor:
The main components of rotary compressor are cylinder, roller mounted eccentrically on
motor shaft and a spring loaded shaft. The roller moves eccentrically on the driver shaft inside
a stationary cylinder. The vane moves up and down in the slot. This vane is dividing line
between the suction and discharge of compressor.
Fig – Schemaic diagram of Rolling type compressor
The suction and discharge ports of the compressor are located on either side of the vane. The
suction vapour entering the cylinder gets compressed due to eccentric rotation of the rotor. It
progressively reduces the volume of the annular space between cylinder and the rotor. The
compressed vapor passes out of the discharge port.
b) Scroll type compressor:
Scroll compressors are in widespread use in air-conditioning systems (their classic application
is chiller). In scroll compressors, the crankshaft is arranged vertically. The scroll set is located
above it. This scroll set comprises one fixed and one orbiting spiral. These two spirals mesh
with one another, compressing the refrigerant through an orbital motion from the outer part of
the scroll set towards the middle.
Fig – scroll type of compressor
As a result of this principle, there are various stages of compression (differently sized “pockets”
in which compression is currently occurring) at any point in the compression process.
Compared to reciprocating compressors, scroll compressors expel smaller portions of
refrigerant more frequently. This leads to smaller pulsations.
c) Screw type compressor
Screw compressor is also known as helical rotary compressor. It consists of two meshing
multistory helical grooved rotors with vary close tolerance clearance within a housing. Suction
and discharge ports are provided at the either ends of the housing.
Fig – working of Screw type compressor
The rotor whose shaft is connected to motor is called as male rotor and other as female. When
the male rotor rotates, the female rotor in turn rotates, obviously in opposite direction.

3. centrifugal compressor
Centrifugal compressors are similar in construction to centrifugal pumps , the incoming fluid
enters the eye of the spinning impeller and is thrown by centrifugal force to the periphery of
the impeller. Thus the blades of the impeller imparts a high velocity to the gas and also build up
the pressure. From the impeller the gas goes either into diffuser blades or into a volute casing,
where some of the kinetic energy is converted into pressure.
Fig – Centrifugal Compressor

The centrifugal compressors may be manufactured with only one wheel if the pressure ratio is
low, although the machines are generally multistage. Centrifugal compressors operate with
adiabatic compression efficiency of 70 to 80%.
Different protective devices used on compressors:

Protective devices are designed to protect the compressor against abnormal working
conditions.
 High pressure cutout switch.
 Internal pressure relief value.
 Low pressure switch
 Motor winding thermal protector (Thermostat)
 Time delay relays.

QUATIONS:
1. Write brief note on Hermetically sealed compressor also give advantages.

2. What is a multi-stage compressor? Give its advantages.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal compressor over reciprocating
compressors?
4. Explain working of screw type compressor.

EXPERIMENT-4 Refrigeration Tools
Aim:To understand various tools used for refrigeration tubing and and to perform various
operations like flaring, swaging, bending, brazing etc.
Introduction: -
The following instruments are used in refrigeration and air conditioning industries.
 Pipe Cutter
This instrument resembles wrench. It has a cutting wheel and two sliding wheels. The
distance between the cutting wheel and sliding wheel can be altered by means of
mechanism on the handle itself. The pipe is fixed in between the wheels and the instrument
is given one rotation around the pipe. Then the distance between the wheels is decreased
by rotation. Thus repeating the procedure, the pipe can be cut into two pieces.
Fig- Pipe Cutter
 Wrench
This is commonly used to tight the bolt. It is also used for holding the parts tightly. These
are available in different sizes depending upon the diameter of pipe. It is also available in
adjustable form. By turning screw we get desire length between two ends.
Fig - Wrench

 Flaring Instruments
This instrument is a simple instrument of two pieces joined by means of two bolts operated
by two wing nuts. When joined together, they form holes of different sizes in which
different sizes of pipes are held tightly for flaring. The pipes do not slip because grips are
provided in the inner side of the holes.
Fig – Flaring Instrument
 Pinch Off Tool

The pinch off tool has a similar constructional feature as a flarer. It consists of two parts
assembled by two bolts as both ends. This is used for holding the pipes while working.
Another use is that it pinches off the pipe line before the spot of leakage and helps the
workman to work with damaged part.
Fig- Pinch Off Tool

 Swazing Tool
This tool has a similar construction as the pinch off tool. One end of the tool is pointed
which help in swazing the pipe held firmly with a pinch tool. Swazing means increasing the
diameter of the pipe. This is done because bolt is not coming out. So after bolt is screwed,
swazing operation is done.
Fig – Swazing Tool
 Bender Tube
This is nothing but a spring given a special construction from general spring. One end of the
spring is made wider to make it easy to push the pipe inside it. Then it is bended thereby
giving the shape to the pipe. Then it is bended. Then the spring is removed. There are
different sizes of bender tubes available.
Fig – Tube Bender

 Yoke
The yokes are the complete part of the flaring instruments. It has got a movable in operated
thread mechanism. The yoke is gripped with the flare and the pipe is moved to make flaring
of the pipe.
Fig - Yoke
 Vacuum Pump
This pump is used to make vacuum into the system. The pipe is connected to suction line.
Then start motor so all refrigerant will be sucked from the system. We can see the reading
dial.

EXPERIMENT-5 Leak Detection Techniques
Aim: To study the Charging, Testing, Evacuating, Pumping down and leak detection techniques
in a refrigeration plant.
Charging and Evacuating Techniques:
Charging and evacuating techniques are the method of charging the plant with
refrigeration. The detailed procedure of charging the plant is as under:
Initially there may be air entrapped in the piping circuit of the plant. Thus before
charging the plant with the refrigerant, it is essential to remove entrapped air. For removing
this air and thereby to create a vacuum, a vacuum pump is used, which sucks the air.
A vacuum pump fitted with a compound gauge is connected to the suction line. As the
air is sucked the pointer on the compound gauge keeps on falling steady and vacuum is
created. The pump is run for a while till the compound gauge reads. The system is left as it is
for some hours at a stretch and the compound gauge reading is observed. If the pointer starts
climbing towards zero there, it would be ascertained that there is a leakage and if there is no
change in the reading, then we can conclude that the piping is leak proof.
If there is any leakage i.e. if the compound gauge reading slowly rises to higher values,
then this leakage has to be detected and plugged properly. For this the plant is pressurized
with the air at high pressure, so that the leakage may be removed. This completes the
evacuating process.
Now the vacuum pump is disconnected and the suction line is connected to the cylinder
containing the refrigerant. There is a valve, provided at the suction line, which is closed before
disconnecting the vacuum pump. After connecting the cylinder to the suction line of the
compressor, the cylinder valve is opened and the nut joining the pipe to the suction is kept
slightly loose. So that when the valve is opened the refrigerant rushes out and forces the air
entrapped in the pipe to the atmosphere. Now the suction line is opened. There is vacuum
inside, it sucks the refrigerant from the refrigerant cylinder very rapidly. At the same time a
pressure gauge indicates the pressure developed in the compressors due to a charging of pipe
attached to the suction line is disconnected and back pressure is measured. The correct
charging pressure is 175 to 200 lb/in2 and the back pressure is about 20-25 Ib/in2. The correct
charging pressure is of importance because if the pressure is more i.e. more refrigerant is
charged, then the handling of the refrigerant is not proper, thereby affecting the performance
of the plant.
Once the charging is over the plant is ready for service.

Testing :
When the refrigerant plant is newly set-up, the pipe joints and other connections of the
system have to be tested for leakage. For that in beginning CO2 and N2 is passed through the
system and pressure gauge reading is noted. Then at the joint, some soap solution is applied. If
no bubbles are formed at the joint and pressure remains constants then we can conclude that
the joints are free from any leakage and if bubbles are formed then the joint has to be tightened
more. The second method is used to detect the leakage.
The system is completely evacuated after performing leakage test and this is done with
the help of a vacuum pump. Whether the system is completely evacuated or not is determined
by the pressure gauge readings. Then the plant will be evacuated and charged with refrigerant.
Pumping Down:
Pumping down means collecting all the refrigerant of the plant into its receiver tank. It
is useful when there is some minor repair of the plant is to be done. So refrigerant is not
required to be removed of the plant which is otherwise necessitates recharging.
For this the delivery valve of the receiver tank is closed and the plant is run for few
minutes. After some time all the refrigerant will be collected in the receiver tank and after
rectifying the fault, by opening the delivery valve of the plant refrigerant is charged in the line.
If necessary, extra amount of refrigerant should be added from the refrigerant cylinder.
Leak Detection:
If there is any leakage i.e. if the compound gauge reading slowly rises to higher values, then this
leakage has to be detected and plugged properly
Leak Test Methods :

Different leak testing methods one employed for different types of refrigerants.
1. Ammonia, R12, R22:
A. Sulphur Test Method:

Burning sulphur stick shows a dense white smoke if ammonia is present. The burning
sulphur stick is passed around all the joints and suspected leaky points for the
appearance of smoke. This test is applicable for tracing minute leaks only.
B. Soap Bubble Test:

This test may not be very effective to trace very minute ammonia leak as it is soluble in
water. Fortunately, ammonia is having plungent odor, a heavy leak can be easily
detectable.
C. Litmus Test:
Wet litmus paper (Phenolpthalene paper) which turns red in contact with ammonia
can also be used to detect leaks.
2. Halogenated Refrigerants:
Soap solution, Halogen leak detector, Halide torch and Electronic leak detectors are the
methods used to trace leaks in halogenated refrigerants
A. Halogen Torch:
A halogen torch can detect minute leaks, which are not possible to trace with soap
solution. The presence of trace of refrigerant can change the light blue colour of the
detector flame to green or deep blue. The end of the explorer tube of the detector is
carefully passed over the joints and suspected leakage points. If there is a leak, the
refrigerant can be drained in with the suction effect at the end of the explorer tube to
the hot copper or brass portion of the burning torch. The
refrigerant reacts with the metal to form copper chloride, which produces the
color change in the flame. A well maintained halogen torch is claimed to detect leaks of
the order of about 15 gram per year.
B. Electronic Leak Detector:
This is an electrical instrument. In this also an explorer tube is used to suck the
refrigerant from the leaky points to an instrument. A vibrator is provided to suck the
refrigerant through the explorer tube. A filter is also provided at the tip of the tube to
prevent atmospheric dert entering the instrument. A heating element in the tube heats
the refrigerant drawn in and the refrigerant creates a variation in the current flow of the
instrument. The extent of variation of the current is an indication of the amount of leak.
The current variation is read on the dial of the instrument. The change of current
actuates a relay which operates an indicating light. These detectors are capable of
detecting refrigerant leaks of the order of about 0.3 gm per year. The electronic leak
detector is a very sensitive instrument and should be handled and stored carefully.

EXPERIMENT-6 Study of Refrigerating Controls
Aim : To study different controls used in refrigeration and air conditioning equipments for
better performance.
Description:
For efficient and safe working of refrigeration and air conditioning systems,Different control
devices are used these are listed as below.
1. Flow control devices :
The major devices under this category air the expansion devices. The purpose of the expansion
devices is two fold : it must reduce the pressure of the liquid refrigerant, and it must regulate
the flow of refrigerant to the Evaporator. An expansion device offers a resistance to flow so
that the pressure drops Resulting in a throttling process. Basically there are two types of
expansion devices.
I. Variable restriction type

II. Constant Restriction Type
I. Variable restriction type
In the variable restriction type the extent of opening or area of flow keeps on changing
depending on the type of control. There are two common types of such control devices viz,
A. Thermostatic expansion valve.
B. Automatic expansion valve.
A. Thermostatic Expansion value (TEV):
The name may give an impression that it is a temperature control device. It is not a
temperature control device and it cannot be adjusted and used to vary evaporator
temperature. Actually TEV is a throttling device which works automatically maintaining proper
and correct liquid flow as per the dictates of the load on the evaporator. Because of automatic
operation, high efficiency and ability to prevent liquid flood backs this value is extensively
used.
P1 = Thermostatic Elements Pressure
P2 = Evaporator Pressure
P3 = Pressure Equivalent of the Superheat Spring Force

Fig.1 Thermostatic Expansion Valve
The functions of thermostatic expansion value are:
1. To reduce the pressure of the liquid from the condenser pressure to evaporator pressure.
2. To keep the evaporator fully active.

3. To modulate the flow of liquid to the evaporator according to the load requirement of the
evaporator so as to prevent flood back of liquid refrigerant to the compressor.
4. Pressure P1 in the power element acts to open the valve i.e. to move the value needle away
from its seat.
5. The evaporator pressure P2 acts an the bottom side of the diaphragm of the power element
tending to close the value.
6. Pressure P3 of the superheat spring also assist in the closing action. Therefore if the power
element pressure P1 is greater then the constrained pressure of P2 and P3, the value will
open. It does last two functions by maintaining a constant superheat of the refrigerant at
the outlet of the evaporator it would be more appropriate to call it a “constant superheat
valve”. The important parts of the valve are power element with feeler bulb, value seat,
needle and a superheat adjustment spring. The power element is charged with a
refrigerant. The operation of the valve i.e. the closing and opening of the value is controlled
by their basic forces. The force balance is shown in figure
B. Automatic Expansion Valve:
AEV is also called as constant pressure expansion value. As name implies it maintains a
constant pressure in the evaporator. It works on the same principle as the pressure reducing
valves used in compressed air lines, oxyacetylene cylinders etc. A schematic diagram of the
constant pressure Expansion. Valve is shown in figure

Fig.2 Automatic Expansion Valve
The valve consists of seat and needle- which forms the orifice, a metallic diaphragm or
bellow, spring and an adjusting screw. The spring pressure and the atmospheric pressure acts
on top of the diaphragm, thereby moving the needle a way from it seat that is moving the
needle valve in the opening direction. The evaporator pressure acts below the diaphragm
moving the needle valve towards the closing position. Thus the evaporator pressure and spring
pressure oppose each other and whichever is greater will determine the position of the needle
with respect to the seat.
When the plant is running the value maintain an evaporator pressure in equilibrium
with the spring pressure plus atmospheric pressure. The tension of the spring can be varied by
the spring adjusting screw. The value operates automatically to maintain a constant evaporator
pressure as per the setting of the spring pressure. By adjusting the tension of the spring, the
evaporator pressure can be varied. Once a setting is made, the valve functions to maintain a
constant evaporator pressure. Hence it is called the constant pressure expansion valve”. Once
the plant stops, the evaporator pressure increases due to the vaporization of the liquid left in
the evaporator. This increase in pressure acts on the diaphragm against the spring pressure
and closes the valve tightly. It remains closed until the compressor start again and reduces the
pressure in the evaporator which is advantageous.
II. Constant Restriction Type
The capillary tube, a long tube with very small bore comes under constant restriction type
expansion devices. The capillary tube is a fixed restriction type device. It is a long narrow tube
connecting the condenser directly to the evaporator. The pressure drop through the capillary
tube is due to the following reasons:
1. Friction due to fluid viscosity, resulting in frictional pressure drop.

2. Acceleration, due to the flashing of the liquid refrigerant into vapour resulting in
momentum pressure drop.
The mass flow through the capillary tube will, therefore be adjusted so that the pressure drop
through the tube just equals the difference in pressure between the condenser and evaporator.
For a given state of the refrigerant, the pressure drop is directly proportioned to the length and
inversely proportional to the bore diameter of the tube. A number of combinations of length
and bore are possible for a capillary tube to obtain the desired flow and pressure drop.
However, once a capillary tube has been selected, it will be suitable only for the designed
pressure drop and flow. It cannot satisfy the flow requirements with changing condenser and
evaporator pressures. Even then it is most commonly used expansion device in small
refrigeration units such as domestic refrigerators, window A/C, water coolers, etc. The
advantages of a capillary tube are its quite working, simplicity, low cost and absence of any
moving part. Also it is found most suitable with on-off control because of its unloading
characteristics. Thus when compressor stops it allow high and low pressure to equalize,
thereby enabling the compressor motor to restart on no load. Accordingly lower starting
torque motors can be used.
2. Safety Devices:
a) High pressure and low pressure cut-out:
Refrigerant compressors are provided with high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) cut outs.
High pressure cut-out is merely a safety control. When the head pressure increases beyond a
set point, the HP cutout cycles off the compressor in order to avoid the possible damage to the
compressor. When the head pressure subsequently drops, the circuit is one again closed and
the compressor starts. Because of the possibility of scale formation in condenser tubes and the
failure of water supply high pressure cutout are essential in the system with water cooled
condensers. These cutouts require manual setting. The low-pressure cutout is used both as
safety control as well as temperature control. The evaporator governs the suction pressure. A
low-pressure cutout is actuated by change in suction pressure and can be indirectly used to
control the evaporator temperature.
b) Starting relays:
The relays are generally used in hermetic type units. It allows the flow of electricity through
the starting winding of the motor and disconnects the starting winding or starting capacitor
from the circuit when the motor reaches 75% of its rated speed. There are two types starting
relays.
i. Current relay
ii. Voltage relay.

i. Current Relay:
The current relay is used primarily with capacitor start induction motors for disconnecting the
starting winding and starting capacitor from the circuit. It is a Magnetic type relay and actuated
by the change of current flow in running winding during starting and running periods of motor.
It consists of few turns of copper wire in which soft iron plunger is free to more up and down.
This soft iron plunger is free to more up and down. This soft iron plunger may be called
electronic net. It is connected in series with the running winding and the contact points, which
are fitted near the electromagnet, are connected in series with the current relays with the
starting winding.
When the motor is energized, the current flow through the relay in the running winding.
In the starting, the magnetic field produces around the relay and attracts the plunger to close
the contact thus energizing the stating winding. The speed of the motor increases gradually
and when it reaches 75% of its rated speed, the motor current and magnetic field of the relay
decreases. Permitting the contact points to open. Then motor runs on running winding alone.
ii. Voltage Relay:
The voltage relay is growing in popularity, especially in the larger units. Its operation depends
on the increase in voltage as a unit approaches and reaches its rated speed. In construction, the
voltage coil made of many turns of wire as compared with current coil which is made of few
turns of heavy wire and is connected parallel with starting winding.
A set of content points are connected in series with the starting capacitor and closed
when the motor is at rest. When the supply is connected to the motor, the motor starts up and
increases its speed then the voltage in the starting winding increases along the line voltage
because of capacitor in service with this winding. The higher voltage creates more in
magnetism in the relay coil, which attracts the plunger, the contact point opens and disconnect
the starting capacitor from the circuit.

QUATIONS :
1. State the name of Different types evaporative devices used in refrigeration system Explain
Automatic expansion valve.
2. Explain construction, working, advantages and disadvantages of Thermostatic Expansion

valve with neat sketch.

EXPERIMENT-7 COP of Air Conditioning Test rig
Aim : To determine COP and apparatus dew point of an air conditioning test rig
Description:
Previously the air conditioning for human comfort was considered luxury in most of the
countries but now a days it is a necessity. Therefore air conditioning industry is growing fastly
throughout the world. Due to increase in population and industrialization the uncomfort may
be due to the inadequate supply of oxygen or unbearable temperature. Full air conditioning
does the automatic control of an atmospheric environment either for comfort of human being
or animals or for the proper performance of some industrial or scientific processes. The
purpose of air conditioning is to supply sufficient volume of clean air containing a specific
amount of water vapour and at a temperature capable of maintaining predetermined
atmospheric conditions.
In brief the air conditioning the space signifies.
1. Temperature Control: You can enjoy a perfect constant temperature because of the control of
not only cooling but also heating.
2. Humidity Control: The room can be humidified or dehumidified.
3. Air Filtering, Cleaning and Purification: The room is cleaned by removing dust and dirt from
the air.
4. Air movement and Circulation: Air which is cleaned and controlled in temperature and
humidity is distributed throughout the room. As a result, room air can be maintained evenly.
Experimental Set-Up:
The equipment consists of a hermetically sealed compressor, air cooled condenser,

blower for air circulation through a duct mounted on a frame, an evaporator is placed in the
duct, also there are heaters of suitable capacity in the duct. The refrigerant used in the system
is R22. The mass flow rate of air through duct can be varied by arrangement provided on the
blower unit. The humidity of air is increased by introducing steam generated in small boiler.
The relative humidity of air at inlet and outlet can be measured by noting dry / wet bulb
temperatures. The duct is insulated from outside to avoid heat loss. The control panel consists
of switches, voltmeter, ammeter etc. as well as energy meter for measuring the power
consumption of compressor. The refrigeration circuit and duct are mounted on a fabricated
frame.

Specifications:
1. Compressor: Hermetically sealed type.
2. Condenser: Air cooled type, cooling fan driven by motor.
3. Rotameter: Eureka make, range 6.1-61 LPH, calibrated for R22
4. Thermostatic Expansion valve: Danfos make no
5. Evaporator: Evaporator fitted in the duct size 10” x 10” x 3 row.
6. Blower unit: To force air through the duct 1HP 3 phase motor.
7. Heater fitted in the duct after the evaporator: 2kw
8. Steam generator to generate steam with suitable piping for introducing steam in the duct- 8
litre capacity, with 2 kw heater.
a) Pressure gauges for measurement of pressures.

b) HP & LP cut outs:
c) Energy meter for compressor with EMC ______ R/kwh.
TEST PROCEDURE:
The demonstration of the following processes can be done on the test rig.
1. Cooling process.
2. Heating process.
3. Cooling with dehumidification process.
4. Heating with humidification. Process.
Cooling Process: (Sensible cooling)
It is cooling with out subtraction of moisture is termed as sensible cooling. The cooling can be
achieved by parsing the air over cooling coil like evaporating coil of refrigeration cycle.
Heating Process:
Heating of air without addition of moisture is termed sensible heating. The heating can be
achieved by passing air over heater in the duct. The process is represented as below in
psychometric chart:
Cooling with Dehumidification:
In this process cooling along with humidification is carried out it is represented as below:

Heating with Humidification:
It is represented as given below.
Procedure:
for starting the test rig. Put ‘ON” the air condenser fan and run it for 2-3 minutes.
 Then start blower with suction full open.
 Now put ‘ON’ the compressor switch, so that refrigeration cycle may produce
refrigeration effect.
 Run the plant for achieving steady temperature at condenser and Evaporator.
 Measure the air velocity in the duct by using anemometer.
 Note down the following observations.
Conducting Trials and Measured Reading:
1 Condenser pressure = _____________kg/cm2
2 Evaporator pressure = _____________kg/ cm2
3 (a) Temperature of gas at inlet to condenser Tc1 = __________________˚C
(b) Temperature of gas at outlet to condenser Tco = ________________ ˚C
(c) Temperature of gas at inlet to evaporator Tei = __________________ ˚C
(d) Temperature of gas at outlet = to evaporator Teo = _____________ ˚C
4 (a) Refrigerant flow rate = ______________LPH.
(b) Dry bulb temperature of inlet air DBT1 = ___________ ˚C
(c) Wet bulb temperature of inlet air WBT1= ___________ ˚C
(d) Dry bulb temp. after evaporator DBT2 = ____________ ˚C
(e) Wet bulb temp. after evaporator WBT2 = ___________ ˚C
5 Time for 10 revolutions of energy meter = __________sec.
6 Air velocity in duct = __________m/sec
7 Voltmeter reading = ___________volts
8 Ammeter reading = ____________Amp.

Fig - psychometric chart
NOTE: Another set of reading can be achieved by changing the air velocity in the duct. This can
be done by adjusting the flapper position of air inlet to blower. And take all the readings.
Represent all the processes on psychometric chart.
Calculations:
Heo – Hei
1. Theoretical COP = (Hco = Hei)
Hcl − Heo
Refrigeration effect produced

2. Actual COP =
Work done
3. Refrigeration effect produced = Ma x (h1 – h2).
4. Mass of air (ma) = density x volume of air
5. h1 and h2 can be calculated from psychometric chart

rev x 3600
6. Work done by compressor = watt .
T x EMC
Actual COP
7 . Relative COP =
Theoretical COP
TL
8. Carnot COP = TH & TL = Saturation temperature of condenser and evaporator in K
TH – TL
Conclusion:
With the help of lab work we can verify different psychrometric processes and we can study
performance of refrigeration system.

QUATIONS:
1 Define Air-conditioning . Explain Central air conditioning system.
2 Classify air conditioning systems and enlist factors affecting comfort air conditioning.
3 An air refrigeration open system operating between 100 KPa and 1 MPa is required to
produce a cooling effect of 2000 kJ/min. Temperature of the air leaving the cold chamber is
(– 5)°C and at leaving the cooler is 30°C. Neglect losses and clearance in the compressor
and expander. Determine : (i) Mass of air circulated per min, (ii) Compressor work,
expander work, cycle work , (iii) COP and power in kW required.
4 A Refrigerator working on Bell-Coleman cycle takes air into the compressor at 1 bar and –
50C. It is compressed in compressor to a 5 bar and cooled to 250C at the same pressure. It
is further expanded in the expander to 1 bar and discharged to take cooling load. The
isentropic efficiency of the compressor = 85% and the isentropic efficiency of the Expander
= 90% find the following: (i) Refrigerating capacity of the system if air circulation is
40kg/min. (ii) KW capacity of motor required to run the compressor (iii) COP of the system.
Take ᵞ =1.4 Cp =1kJ/kg Cv = 0.7 kJ/kg for air.
5 An air refrigerator working on Bell coleman cycle takes in air at 1 bar and at a temperature
of 100 C. The air is compressed to 5 bar abs. The same is cooled to 250 C in the cooler
before expanding in the expansion cylinder to cold chamber pressure of 1 bar. The
compression and expansion laws followed are pv1.35 = C and pv1.3 = C respectively.
Determine C.O.P of the plant and net refrigeration effect per kg of air. Take Cp = 1.009 kJ/kg
K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K for air.

EXPERIMENT-8 Study of Different Psychrometers
Aim: To study different types of Psychrometers and to determine Psychrometric properties of

air and analyze the same using psychrometric chart.
Anemometer :
It is used to measure velocity of the air. In Fig. (1) propeller type anemometer is shown.
It consists of a propeller on which blades are mounted. The propeller is internally connected to
a main pointer which in turn is internally connected to other three small pointers.
The anemometer is provided with four scales viz. main scale and three small scales. One
complete revolution of main scale, scale-1, scale-2 and scale-3 measures 100m, 1000m
10000m and 100000m respectively.
For measuring the velocity, it is oriented in the direction of the airflow. Measure the
displacement ‘s’ of the pointer in terms of meter in fixed amount of time ‘t’. Then the velocity of
𝑠
air is m/s.
𝑡
Psychrometers:
The word ‘PSYCHROMETERY’ means study of properties of atmospheric moist air. Therefore
the device which measures the property of moist air is known as psychrometer.
The types of psychrometer which will be studied under this experiment are:
1. Sling psychrometer
2. Wet-bulb & Dry bulb thermometers
3. Hair type hygrometer
4. Barometer
1. Sling psychrometer:
It is used to measure the thermodynamic wet bulb temperature of the air. Thermodynamic wet
bulb temperature is the temperature at which water by evaporating into air, may bring the air
to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature. In construction, a wet bulb thermometer is
attached at two points along length of the wooden sick & the thermometer whirl around it.
When the thermodynamic temperature is to be measured,
a) Wet the wick
b) Whirl the thermometer around the wooden stick for some time
c) Then immediately measure the temperature

2. Wet bulb & Dry bulb thermometer:
They are shown in fig. 3 mounted on a wooden piece. As the name indicates they are used
to measure the wet bulb and dry bulb temperature respectively. In case of wet bulb
thermometer, the bulb of the thermometer is always covered with a wet wick. But in case of
dry bulb thermometer, bulb of the thermometer is not covered with wet wick; rather it is
always kept dry.
3. Hair type hygrometer:
It is shown in fig. 4. It directly measures the relative humidity of the air in terms of
percentage.
Relative humidity is the rate of mole fraction of water vapour in a given sample of moist air to
the mole fraction of water vapour if the same air is brought to saturation a t constant pressure
and temperature.
Volume of the hair and Biological matter changes in humidity. This is the working principle
of it. The scale also gives the idea of weather viz. dry, normal or humid.
4. Barometer:
It is shown in fig. 5. It measures the pressure of the moist air. There are two scales provided
on it. The outer scale gives the pressure of the air in terms of inches of mercury whereas the
inner scale gives the pressure of air in terms of mili bars.
There are two equations by which we can calculate psychrometric properties. They are as
follows:
a) Dr. Carrier’s Equation:
p p wb Tdb  Twb 
p w  p wb 
1940  1.44Twb
b)  
ha  1.004Tdb  W hdp  1.884Tdb _ Tdp  KJ/kg of dry air
where,
pw = Existing partial pressure of water vapour in bar
pwb = Saturation pressure in bar corresponding to wet bulb temperature, Twb
p = Total pressure of the environment in bar
Tdb = Dry bulb temperature
Tdp = Dew point temperature

Psychometric Properties:
A. By Observation:
All reading are taken on date ______________ at __________ pm

1) Dry bulb temperature Tdb = ____________ ˚C
2) Wet bulb temperature Twb = ____________ ˚C
3) Relative humidity by hair hygrometer RH = ____________%
4) Barometric pressure p = ____________ bar
B. By calculation:
1) Dew Point Temperature Tdp = ____________ ˚C

2) Relative Humidity RH = _____________%
3) Partial pressure of water vapour by Dr. Carrier’s Eq. = _____________bar
4) Specific Humidity = _____________kg/kg of dry air
5) Absolute Humidity = _____________for 100m3 of air
6) Enthalpy of air ha = _____________ KJ/kg of dry air
7) Specific volume of air = _____________ m3/kg of dry air
8) Amount of dry present in 100m3 of air = _____________ kg
C. By psychrometric chart:
1) Relative Humidity RH = _____________ %

2) Work done w = _____________ KJ/kg of dry air
3) Enthalpy of air ha = _____________ KJ/kg of dry air
4) Specific volume va = _____________ m3/kg
5) Dew point temperature Tdp = _____________ ˚C

QUATIONS :
1. Define following terms: (i) Saturated air

(ii) Specific humidity
(iii) Relative humidity
(iv) Absolute humidity
(v) Dry bulb temperature
(vi) Dew point temperature
(vii) Wet bulb depression
2. The sling- psychrometer reads 35°C DBT and 25°C WBT calculate followings:
(i) Specific humidity (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Absolute humidity in air (iv) Dew point
temperature (v) Enthalpy of the mixture per kg of dry air. Assume atmospheric pressure to
be 1.01 bar.
3. 40 m3 of air at 35°C DBT and 50% R.H. is cooled to 25°C DBT maintaining its specific
humidity constant. Determine : (i) Relative humidity (R.H.) of cooled air ; (ii) Heat removed
from air.
4. The atmospheric air at 300C dry bulb temperature and 75 % relative humidity enters a
cooling coil at the rate of 200 m3/min. The coil dew point temperature is 140C and the by-
pass factor of the coil is 0.1. Determine: 1. The temperature of air leaving the cooling coil;
2. The capacity of the cooling coil in tonnes of refrigeration 3. The sensible heat factor for
the process.

EXPERIMENT-9 COP of Heat Pump Test Rig
Aim: To study the Mechanical Heat Pump Testing Rig and calculate its Coefficient of
Performance (COP).
Description:
Now-a-days, energy conservation is becoming very important. Hence engineers have

started using heat pump systems for commercial and industrial buildings to save energy. The
heat pump is a machine that absorbs heat at one location and transfers it to another location at
a different temperature. Heat pump is the modern expression for a refrigeration system In
which heat discharged at the condenser is of prime importance. Thus heat pump is device
which collects heat from one source and delivers it to another source using refrigeration cycle.
The medium being, cooled serves as heat source.
Heat is picked up by the refrigerant, which is pumped to another higher level by the
compressor and given to the medium cooling condenser so that it can be used practically. The
heat pumps can be operated on low temperature heat energy using winter air, a body of water
or the ground as a reservoir and rejecting heat at a higher temperature, not enough to energize
heating systems.
Thus the basic heat sources that are normally used are air, water and earth. When heat
pumps are installed frequently provision is made for both heating and cooling services to be
supplied simultaneously to the separate zones of buildings.
Experimental Set-up:
Mechanical Heat Pump is a table mounted model which uses water as well as air as a
heat source and sink for both cooling and heating purposes. The experiments can be done as
water to water heat pump i.e. using water condenser and water evaporator and water to air
heat pump i.e. using water condenser and air evaporator.
On the unit, compressor is mounted centrally and both the water and air condensers are
mounted on either sides of the compressor. All the components are mounted on the main unit
and the schematic layout of the Mechanical Heat Pump Is sell-explanatory.

Specifications:
1. Compressor: hermetically sealed, using R-12 refrigerant.

2. Condenser: Water cooled copper tube, Shell & Coil type.
3. Rotameter: Eureka make, range 6.1-61 LPH, calibrated for R22
4. Thermostatic Expansion valve: Thermostatic expansion valve having 1/2 ton of
Refrigerating Capacity.
5. Evaporator: (a) Water circulated copper tube, Shell and Coil type.
(b) Air circulated copper tube type.
6. Multichannel Digital temperature indicator with thermocouples: 0-3000 C. with 10 C least
count
7. Pressure gauges: Two Nos. for delivery and suction for measurement of pressures.
8. HP & LP cutouts: of suitable range.
9. Energymeter for compressor with EMC ______ R/kwh.
Test Procedure / Operating Procedure:
This experiment is performed by using water condenser and water evaporator. -
a) Start the water supply to both condenser and evaporator and adjust the flow rate to
predetermine value.
b) See that pressures in both the gauges are equal.
c) Put ‘ON’ the main switch.
d) Check the valve positions as per given diagram.
e) Now, start the compressor cooling fan first and then start the compressor. Within a
short period, clear liquid refrigerant flow will be seen in the rotameter.
f) After sometime the pressure of refrigeration cycle will become stable. Allow the plant to
run for at least half an hour.
g) During testing see that water flow rates are constant and not varying.
h) Allow the plant to attain steady state. Check tor steady state by taking the readings
periodically.
i) Take all readings as mentioned in the observation table. Complete one set of
observations.
j) By varying the water flow rate of condenser, effect of sub- cooling can be studied.
Similarly by varying water flow rate of evaporator, load on the plant can be varied.

Conducting Trials and Measured Reading:
1. Condenser pressure = _____________kg/cm2
2. Evaporator pressure = _____________kg/cm2
3. Tempratures
a) Condenser Inlet Tci = ________________˚C
b) Condenser Outlet Tco = ______________ ˚C
c) Evaporator Inlet Tei = ________________ ˚C
d) Evaporator Outlet Teo = _____________ ˚C
4) a) Refrigerant flow rate = ______________LPH.
5) Time for 10 revolutions of Compressor energy meter = __________sec.
Condenser Side
1) Water Temperature
a) Inlet = ________________ ˚C
a) Outlet = _______________ ˚C
2) Water flow rate = ____________LPH
Evaporator Side
1) Water Temperature
a) Inlet = _____________ ˚C
a) Outlet = ____________ ˚C
2) Water flow rate = ____________LPH
Calculations:
Heo – Hei
1. Theoretical COP = (Hco = Hei)
Hcl − Heo
Heat absorbed in evaporator from water

2. Actual COP =
Compressor Work

Fig - Plot the operating cycle on p-h chart
3. Heat absorbed in evaporator from water = me x Cp x Te
Where, me = Mass flow rate of water in evaporator Kg / hr
Cp = Specific heat of water 1 Kcal / Kg oC
Te = Temp. difference of water in Evaporator
860 x 10 x 3600
4. Work done by compressor = watt
Tc x EMC
Where,
Tc = Time for 10 revolutions of energymeter disc sec.
Actual COP
5. Relative COP =
Theoretical COP
TL
6. Carnot COP =
TH – TL
TH = Saturation temperature of condenser pressure in oK
TL = Saturation temperature of evaporator pressure in oK
Conclusion:
With the help of above data we can determine the COP of the Mechanical Heat Pump and study
performance of various Heat Pumps.

EXPERIMENT-10 COP of Ice Plant
Aim:-To determine COP of an Ice-plant.
Introduction: -
Natural ice was used for preservation purpose for a very long time. But it has been replaced to
a large extent by manufactured ice since the beginning of twentieth century because of the
uncertainly of the natural supply and also because of the cost of transportation to the retail
trade.
The manufacturer of ice is one of the principal needs of refrigeration and it will continue, as ice
is the cheapest means for short time preservation of food. A vast amount of research has been
put in developing a least expensive means of manufacture.
The quantity of ice required for different purpose is very large so that the manufacture of ice is
one of the principal applications of refrigeration. Ice factories are commonly installed now a
day in every small town of India to fulfill day-to-day requirements of the people.
The appearance of the ice plays important role for the sale in the retail trade. Therefore,
preliminary chemical treatment and filtration of water, agitation of water during freezing to
issue transparency, core sucking to remove impurities in the water supply and scoring of ice
cakes in size required for retail trade are important features of ice manufacturing.
In present day ice factories, all the operations mentioned above are automatically done to keep
the speed of production and distribution.
Theory:
The vapour compression refrigeration cycle is based on a circulating fluid media viz. a
refrigerant having special properties of vaporizing at temperatures lower than the ambient and
condensing back to the liquid form, at slightly higher than ambient conditions by controlling
the saturation temperature and pressure.
When the refrigerant evaporates or boils at temperature lowers then ambient it extracts or
removes heat from the load and lowers the temperature consequently providing cooling.
The superheated vapour is increased to a level by the compressor to reach a saturation

pressure so that heat added to vapour is dissipated / rejected into the atmosphere, using
operational ambient conditions with cooling medians such as air or water. The vapour is
condensed to liquid form and recycled gain to form the refrigeration cycle.

Main components of refrigeration cycle: -
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Throttling device
4. Evaporator
Compressor:
The compressor is known as the heart of the refrigeration system. It pumps the refrigerant
vapour in refrigeration cycle as the heart pumps blood in the body. The low temperature,
pressure, superheated vapour from the evaporator is conveyed through suction line and
compressed by compressor to a high pressure, without any change of gaseous state and the
same is discharged into condenser. During this process, heat is added to the refrigerant and is
known as heat compression. The compressor should have a compression ratio to raise the
pressure of the refrigerant to such a level that the saturation temperature of the discharged
refrigerant is higher than the temperature of the available cooling medium, to enable the
superheated refrigerant to condenser at normal ambient condition.
Condenser:
The heat is added in the evaporator and compressor to the refrigerant is rejected in condenser
at high temperature. This superheated refrigerant vapors enters the condenser to dissipate its
heat in three stages. First on entering the refrigerant loses its superheat, it then loses its latent
heat at which the refrigerant is liquefied at saturation temperature pressure. This liquid loses
its sensible heat, further and the refrigerant leaves the condenser as a sub-cooled liquid.
The heat transfer from refrigerant to cooling medium takes place in the condenser. The sub-
cooled liquid from condenser is collected in a reservoir and is then fed through the throttling
device by liquid line to the evaporator.
There are several methods of dissipating the rejected heat into the atmosphere by condenser.
These are water-cooled, air cooled and evaporative cooled condensers.
Throttling device:
Throttling device is design to pass maximum possible liquid refrigerant to obtain a good
refrigeration effect. The line should be properly designed to have minimum pressure drop.The
throttling device is a pressure reducing device and a regulator for controlling the refrigerant
flow. It also reduces the pressure from the discharge pressure to the evaporator pressure
without any change of state to the liquid refrigerant.

Various types of throttling devices are:
a) Capillary tubes
b) Thermostatic valves
c) Hand expansion valves
d) Hand valves
Evaporator:
The liquid refrigerant from the condenser at high pressure is fed through a throttling device to
an evaporator at a low pressure. On absorbing the heat to be extracted from media to be
cooled, the liquid refrigerant boils actively in the evaporator and changes state. The refrigerant
gains latent heat to vaporize at saturation temperature /pressure and further absorbs sensible
heat from media to be cooled and gets fully vaporized and superheated.
Description of set-up: -
Primary refrigerant : R-22 refrigerant gas

Secondary refrigerant : Brine solution
Measuring controls : Suction pressure gauge for low pressure measurement
: Discharge pressure gauge for high pressure measurement
: Filter, drier, capillary tube type expansion device
: Main switch, Voltmeter, Amp-meter for compressor I/p
: Switches and indication lights
Temperature indicator : Digital temperature indicator provided with RTD sensors
Chemical Required : Sodium chloride ( Nacl ) – 15 kg
Experimental procedure:
Starting procedure :
1. Give supply of 220V on the main switch of the rig.
2. Check the voltage.
3. Switch on the condenser fan switch.
4. After 2 minutes, switch on the compressor.
5. Check the compound and pressure gauge and note the readings.
6. Note down the pressure and temperature readings.
7. Put brine solution in the ice tank.
8. Note down the temperature of the brine tank from digital temperature indicator.
9. At the time of starting the apparatus note down the ampere & voltage reading.
10. Note down the reading of gauges, temperatures, ampere meter & voltmeter after running
of the rig at least 20 to 30 min. take 2 to 3 readings.
11. Start the agitator motor for 5 minutes only, after the gap of every 15 minutes.
12. Run the unit continuing at least 2-3 hours and note down the brine solution temperature,
if the brine temperature reaches up to 40C then put water in the ice can for freezing.
13. Now again check the temperature of suction pressure and discharge pressure.
14. Always close the door of ice tank and the door should be open at he time of putting ice
cans of lifting the same.
Closing procedure:
1. While closing the rig, first switch off the compressor.
2. Then close the condenser fan motor.
3. Then close all the other valves.
4. At last switch off the units.
5. After closing the unit, drain the brine solution from the tank in order to avoid the rusting
of the tank.
Specifications:
Compressor : Hermetically sealed along with its std. accessories
Condenser : Fins and tube type air cooled condenser
Condenser fan motor : one no.
Cooling coil : Water immersed type
Agitator with motor : Provided to circulate the brine
Brine tank cabinet : Inner and Outer surface of brine tank fabricated with S.S
Temperature measurement : RTD PT-100 type
Control panel : Digital voltmeter (0-300V) and ammeter (0-10A)
Temperature Indicator : Digital temperature indicator with multi channel switch

Observation table: -
Sr. Pressure
Temperatures (oC) V I
n (kg/cm2)
o P1 P2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
1
Calculation:
Heat Extracted in evaporaor H 1  H 3

Theoretica l COP  
Workdone by compressor H 2  H1
[Note: H1 at P1-T1 , H2 at P2-T2 and H3 at P2-T3 from P-H diagram of R-134a]
net cooling effect ( Actual )

Actual COP 
power consumed by compressor
Net Cooling effect  m x C pb x (T1  T4 )

Cpb = 3.20 KJ/kg0C
Power consumed by compressor V * I * cos  watt cosΦ = 0.8
Theoretica l COP
Re lative COP 
Actual COP
Result Table: -
Sr. No Theoretical C.O.P Actual C.O.P. Relative C.O.P.

Nomenclature:
T1 – Temperature of compressor inlet (suction) (0C)
T2 – Temperature of compressor outlet (discharge) (0C)
T3 – Temperature of condenser outlet (0C)
T4 – Temperature of evaporator inlet (0C)
T5 – Brine temperature (0C)
T6 – Ice temperature (0C)
P1 – Pressure at compressor suction (kg/cm2)
P2 – Pressure at compressor discharge (kg/cm2)
V – Voltmeter reading
I – ammeter reading
H1 – Enthalpy at compressor inlet (KJ/kg)
H2 – Enthalpy at compressor outlet (KJ/kg)
H3 – Enthalpy of sub-cooling at condenser outlet (KJ/kg)
H4 - Enthalpy of refrigeration at evaporator inlet (KJ/kg)
Conclusion:

QUATIONS :
1. State important applications of refrigeration system. Explain construction and working of

an Ice plant.

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RAC LAB MANUAL

GOVT. ENGG. COLLEGE, VALSAD.

MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT. (FOR EVEN TERM - 2016)

This is to certify that

Sign of Faculty Head of the

2 Study of Electrolux Refrigerator.

5 Leak detection techniques in a refrigeration plant.

6 Study of refrigerating controls.

7 Determine COP of Air conditioning Test rig.

8 Study of different Psychrometers.

9 Determine COP of Heat pump Test rig.

10 Determine COP of an Ice-plant.

EXPERIMENT-1 Study of Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR) system

Refrigeration: - Refrigeration may be defined as an art of producing and maintaining a

Standard Vapour Compression Cycle: - (SVCC)

This cycle consists of following four processes:

(1) Reversible adiabatic compression from the saturated vapour to a superheated

System components and its function: -

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

(b) Capillary tube: -

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

Compressor : Hermetically sealed make

Observation table: - (with data)

(1) C.O.P. theo :-

[Note: H1 at P1-T1 , H2 at P2-T2 and H3 at P2-T3 from P-H diagram of R-134a ]

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

2. Explain Construction and working of simple vapour compression refrigeration system

P (bar) Sat. Temp.(°C) hf (KJ/Kg) hg (KJ/Kg) Sg (KJ/Kg-K)

4. A vapor compression machine is used to maintain a temperature of - 230C in refrigerated

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

Aim: To understand working of Electrolux Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system and

Electrolux refrigeration is an absorption type refrigeration system. In absorption refrigeration

Fig. - Schematic Diagram of domestic Electrolux type refrigerator

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

In the evaporator, ammonia liquid comes across an atmosphere of hydrogen at about 12

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

2. Switch On the main supply.

3. Switch On the refrigerator.

4. Record the temperature when the steady state is achieved.

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

COP – Co-efficient of performance

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

2. Explain the significance of Hydrogen used in Electrolux Refrigerator system. In a 15 TR

Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour Liquid Vapour

25 298.9 1465.84 1.1242 5.0391 4.6 2.8

-10 135.37 1433.05 0.5443 5.4770 -- --

3. Discuss the advantages of vapour absorption refrigeration system over vapour

4. What is the effect of sub-cooling on the performance of vapour compression refrigeration

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

Aim: To understand construction and working of reciprocating, rotary and centrifugal

Classification of refrigeration compressors:

a) Open type compressor.

a) Open type of compressor:

Prepared by: Prof. J. P. Tandel

b) Hermetically sealed compressor:

Fig- Schematic Diagram of Hermetically sealed compressor

In a hermetic reciprocating compressor, as a result of the perfect hermetic sealing of the