ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ▪ At the end of the story, any

• Food, spices, and drinks mature female plant will always

• Fuel contain 7 cells
• Drugs ▪ one of 7 cells have two, while all
the others have one nuclei in them
• Others
▪ 6 cells with one nuclei + 1 cell
o Carnauba wax as shoe polisher, dental
with two nuclei = 7 cells
floss
▪ 2 nuclei in one cell is called polar
o Ingredient of medicated soaps and creams
nuclei
FLOWERS ▪ In one mature plant, there are
7 cells
OVERVIEW
• Most interesting and eye catching
• Also have tissues

MALE AND FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT

• Similar to how humans reproduce
Two kinds of spores:
• Microspores – anthers of flowers
• Megaspores – immature seeds-ovules
• Microspores Microgametophyte
o Mitosis; for male
o Usually diploid, complete number of
chromosomes
o Final product: haploid; 4 microspores which
become pollen grain
▪ Pollen grain - Immature male
gametophyte; partially developed
male gametophyte
▪ 4 microspores can become
another cell; vegetative cell and POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION
generative cell
▪ Vegetative cell – pollen TERMS
▪ Generative cell – two sperm cells • Pollination
*last final product o Transfer of pollen grains from the anther
o Haploid - means incomplete and recipient is the pistil
• Megaspores or Megagametophyte o Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
o Meiosis; for female • Pistil
o Occur in polygonum plant famillies: o Stigma
▪ Brassicacea ▪ Where pollen grain is received as
▪ Graminae vegetative cell
▪ Malvaceae o Style
▪ Leguminosae ▪ Vegetative cell or pollen grain
▪ Solanaceae becomes a pollen tube for transit
o Both have diploid cells ▪ The “stem” or stalk; passageway
▪ Undergoes meiosis – cell division of pollen
▪ Miosis – means construction of ▪ Pollen tube – for transit; comes
pupils; counterpart is to dilate from vegetative cell
o Special because you can’t dictate what ▪ Generative divides to become
happens to it or its end product sperm cell
▪ Depends on the flowering plant o Ovary
o Lily ▪ Sperm cell or pollen grain needs
▪ One mother megaspore becomes to reach the ovary
4 haploids, 3 haploid will come ▪ Formation of ovules
together • Self pollination
▪ There will be one megaspore – o “Self-love”
loner megaspore o Genetic diversity is reduced
▪ 3 haploid megaspore – o Involves only one flower
disintegrates; “dead megaspores” o Pollen grains from the anther fall directly
▪ Only one haploid left – called the onto the stigma of the same flower
“functional megaspore” • Cross pollination
▪ One haploid megaspore o More complex
undergoes mitosis, three times o At least two flowers are two different
and becomes 8 free nuclei species
o Genetic diversity is increased

9 I ESPIRITU BSP 1-2

 o Involves transfer of pollen from the anther o If the flower does not branch out, it is only
of one flower to the stigma of a different a peduncle
flower • Pedicels
o Agents of pollination: o Mini stalks holding individual flowers
▪ Wind • Receptacle
▪ Water o Cup that holds the flower
▪ Insects: butterflies, bees, bats, o Small pad resting at the tip of the
beetles, birds, also humans – peduncle or pedicel
transfers pollens from one flower
to another

• Flowers
o Essentially a short stem of several nodes
with short internodes between them
o Floral Shoot
▪ Does not have an apical meristem
that grows continuously
o Capable of producing flowers by
reproduction
o Dicots
▪ Magnoliopsida
o Monocot
▪ Liliopsida

PARTS OF THE FLOWER

• Receptacle
o Region of the flower shoot where the
flower parts are attached
• Calyx
o Group of sepals
• Corolla
o Group of petals
• Stamens and pistils
o Male and female part of flower
o Stamen – male
o Pistil – female
o Fertile parts
▪ Directly involved in reproduction
• Sepals and petals
o Sterile parts
STRUCTURES ▪ Helping in reproduction process

TERMS
• Embryonic primordium
o Develops into a bud
• Peduncle
o Tip of stalk; main stalk holding a group
of flowers

10 I ESPIRITU BSP 1-2

 • Petals
o Corolla
▪ Most noticeable part of the flower
o Influences flower symmetry
Has two forms:
o Regular
▪ Radial symmetrical – equally
arranged in all directions;
identical parts are arranged in a
circular fashion around a central
axis; corolla developed equally
▪ Ex. Mustard, lily, oleander, poppy
o Irregular
▪ Bilateral symmetrical – left
and right still look the same
despite of having an imaginary
plane; equal arrangement of
parts about a vertical plane
• Stamens running from head to tail
o Collective term for male parts of the flower
o Consist of four-pollen containing chambers
that are fused into an anther which is
often on a stalk called filament
o Anther – pollen grains
o Filament – supports anther; a long tube
o Microsporangia
▪ Chambers where microspores are
produced
o Androecium
▪ Collective term for stamens
• Pistils
o Stigma
▪ Receptive area for pollen
o Style
• Sepals
▪ Supports the stigma; extends
o Leaf-like structure but may resemble
from the ovary
petals or intergrade with them
o Ovary
o May be fused into a tube and the a calyx
▪ Final destination
may be regular or irregular in its symmetry
▪ Ovule-bearing units
o Vital for the protection of a growing flower
▪ An enlarged basal portion
o Number of sepals
o Gynoecium
▪ Corresponds to number of other
▪ Collective term for carpels
floral parts
o Placentae
▪ Area where ovules are attached
within the carpels

FLOWER VARIATION
• Complete
o Major parts: sepals, petals, pistil, stamen
are present
• Incomplete
o One major part is missing
• Perfect

11 I ESPIRITU BSP 1-2

 o Both stamen and pistil (androecium and
gynoecium) are present
• Imperfect
o Flower is only carpellate or staminate
▪ Only one of the stamen or pistil is
present

Question: Imperfect flowers are always incomplete. TRUE

• (-) stamen = incomplete
• (-) pistil = incomplete
Question: Incomplete flowers are always imperfect. FALSE
• (-) stamen = imperfect
• (-) pistil = imperfect
• (-) petals = perfect (still because pistil, stamen are
still present)
• (-) sepals = perfect (still because pistil, stamen are
still present)

Question: Incomplete flowers may or may not be imperfect.

TRUE

POSIITION OF OVARY
Hypanthium – floral tube; formed in a fushion of stamen,
petals, and sepals
• Hypogynous
o No hypanthium because floral tube is not
seen
o Ovary is superior
▪ Ovary is superior to point of
connection
• Perigynous
o Hypanthium is seen; extended below the
ovary
o Ovary is superior to the extension of point
of connection
• Epigynous
o Hypanthium is seen; fused at gynoecium
o Ovary is inferior; below point of connection

12 I ESPIRITU BSP 1-2