Lithium cobalt oxide

Lithium cobalt oxide, sometimes called lithium cobaltate[2] or

lithium cobaltite,[3] is a chemical compound with formula Lithium cobalt oxide[1]
LiCoO2 . The cobalt atoms are formally in the +3 oxidation state,
hence the IUPAC name lithium cobalt(III) oxide.

Lithium cobalt oxide is a dark blue or bluish-gray crystalline

solid,[4] and is commonly used in the positive electrodes of
lithium-ion batteries.

Contents __ Li+ __ Co3+ __ O2−

Structure
Preparation
Use in rechargeable batteries
See also
References
External links

Names
Structure IUPAC name
lithium cobalt(III) oxide
The structure of LiCoO2 has been studied with numerous
techniques including x-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Other names
neutron powder diffraction, and EXAFS.[5] lithium cobaltite
Identifiers
+
The solid consists of layers of monovalent lithium cations (Li ) CAS Number 12190-79-3
that lie between extended anionic sheets of cobalt and oxygen
atoms, arranged as edge-sharing octahedra, with two faces parallel 3D model Interactive image (ht
to the sheet plane.[6] The cobalt atoms are formally in the trivalent (JSmol)
tps://chemapps.stol
3+
oxidation state (Co ) and are sandwiched between two layers of af.edu/jmol/jmol.ph
2− p?model=%5BLi%2
oxygen atoms (O ).
B%5D.%5BO-2%5
In each layer (cobalt, oxygen, or lithium), the atoms are arranged D.%5BCo%2B3%5
in a regular triangular lattice. The lattices are offset so that the D.%5BO-2%5D)
lithium atoms are farthest from the cobalt atoms, and the structure
repeats in the direction perpendicular to the planes every three ChemSpider 11262976 (http://ww
cobalt (or lithium) layers. The point group symmetry is in w.chemspider.com/
Hermann-Mauguin notation, signifying a unit cell with threefold Chemical-Structure.
improper rotational symmetry and a mirror plane. The threefold 11262976.html)
rotational axis (which is normal to the layers) is termed improper
ECHA 100.032.135 (http
because the triangles of oxygen (being on opposite sides of each
octahedron) are anti-aligned.[7] InfoCard s://echa.europa.eu/s
 ubstance-informatio
Preparation
n/-/substanceinfo/10
0.032.135)
Fully reduced lithium cobalt oxide can be prepared by heating a
stoichiometric mixture of lithium carbonate Li2 CO3 and EC Number 235-362-0
cobalt(II,III) oxide Co3 O4 or metallic cobalt at 600–800 °C, then PubChem 23670860 (https://p
annealing the product at 900 °C for many hours, all under an CID
ubchem.ncbi.nlm.ni
oxygen atmosphere.[6][3][7]
h.gov/compound/23
Nanometer-size particles more suitable for cathode use can also be 670860)
obtained by calcination of hydrated cobalt oxalate CompTox DTXSID40893216
β-CoC2 O4 ·2H2 O, in the form of rod-like crystals about 8 μm long Dashboard
(https://comptox.ep
and 0.4 μm wide, with lithium hydroxide LiOH, up to 750–900 (EPA)
a.gov/dashboard/DT
°C.[9]
XSID40893216)
A third method uses lithium acetate, cobalt acetate, and citric acid InChI
in equal molar amounts, in water solution. Heating at 80 °C turns
InChI=1S/Co.Li.2O/q+3;+1;2*-2
the mixture into a viscous transparent gel. The dried gel is then Key: LSZLYXRYFZOJRA-UHFFFA
ground and heated gradually to 550 °C.[10] OYSA-N

SMILES
Use in rechargeable batteries [Li+].[O-2].[Co+3].[O-2]

The usefulness of lithium cobalt oxide as an intercalation electrode Properties

was discovered in 1980 by an Oxford University research group Chemical LiCoO2
led by John B. Goodenough and Tokyo University's Koichi formula
Mizushima.[11] Molar mass 97.87 g mol−1

The compound is now used as the cathode in some rechargeable Appearance dark blue or bluish-
lithium-ion batteries, with particle sizes ranging from nanometers gray crystalline solid
to micrometers.[10][9] During charging, the cobalt is partially Hazards
oxidized to the +4 state, with some lithium ions moving to the
Main hazards harmful
electrolyte, resulting in a range of compounds LixCoO2 with 0 < x
< 1.[3] GHS
pictograms
Batteries produced with LiCoO2 cathodes have very stable
capacities, but have lower capacities and power than those with GHS Signal Danger
cathodes based on nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) oxides. Issues word
with thermal stability are better for LiCoO2 cathodes than other GHS hazard H317, H350, H360
nickel-rich chemistries although not significantly. This makes statements
LiCoO2 batteries susceptible to thermal runaway in cases of abuse GHS P201, P202, P261,
such as high temperature operation (>130 °C) or overcharging. At precautionary P272, P280, P281,
elevated temperatures, LiCoO2 decomposition generates oxygen, statements
P302+352,
which then reacts with the organic electrolyte of the cell. This is a P308+313, P321,
safety concern due to the magnitude of this highly exothermic P333+313, P363,
reaction, which can spread to adjacent cells or ignite nearby
P405, P501
combustible material.[12] In general, this is seen for many lithium
ion battery cathodes. Except where otherwise noted, data
are given for materials in their
standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F],
See also 100 kPa).
verify (what is ?)
List of battery types
 Sodium cobalt oxide Infobox references

References
1. 442704 - Lithium cobalt(III) oxide (2012-09-14).
"Sigma-Aldrich product page" (http://www.sigmaa
ldrich.com/catalog/search/ProductDetail/ALDRIC
H/442704). Sigmaaldrich.com. Retrieved
2013-01-21.
2. A. L. Emelina, M. A. Bykov, M. L. Kovba, B. M.
Senyavin, E. V. Golubina (2011),
"Thermochemical properties of lithium cobaltate".
Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry, volume Nanometer-sized and sub-micrometer sized
85, issue 3, pages 357–363; LCO synthesis route[8]
doi:10.1134/S0036024411030071 (https://doi.org/
10.1134%2FS0036024411030071)
3. Ondřej Jankovský, Jan Kovařík, Jindřich Leitner,
Květoslav Růžička, David Sedmidubský (2016)
"Thermodynamic properties of stoichiometric
lithium cobaltite LiCoO2". Thermochimica Acta,
volume 634, pages 26-30.
doi:10.1016/j.tca.2016.04.018 (https://doi.org/10.1
016%2Fj.tca.2016.04.018)
4. LinYi Gelon New Battery Materials Co., Ltd,
"Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2) for lithium ion
battery " (https://www.diytrade.com/china/pd/6152
229/Lithium_Cobalt_Oxide_LiCoO2_for_lithium_i
on_battery.html#normal_img). Catalog entry,
accessed on 2018-04-10,
5. I. Nakai; K. Takahashi; Y. Shiraishi; T. Nakagome;
F. Izumi; Y. Ishii; F. Nishikawa; T. Konishi (1997).
"X-ray absorption fine structure and neutron
diffraction analyses of de-intercalation behavior in
the LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 systems". Journal of
Power Sources. 68 (2): 536–539.
doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(97)02598-6 (https://doi.
org/10.1016%2FS0378-7753%2897%2902598-
6).
6. Shao-Horn, Yang; Croguennec, Laurence;
Delmas, Claude; Nelson, E. Chris; O'Keefe,
Michael A. (July 2003). "Atomic resolution of
lithium ions in LiCoO2" (https://digital.library.unt.e
du/ark:/67531/metadc736745/). Nature Materials.
2 (7): 464–467. doi:10.1038/nmat922 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1038%2Fnmat922). PMID 12806387 (http
s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12806387).
7. H. J. Orman & P. J. Wiseman (January 1984).
"Cobalt(III) lithium oxide, CoLiO2: structure
refinement by powder neutron diffraction". Acta
Crystallographica Section C. 40 (1): 12–14.
doi:10.1107/S0108270184002833 (https://doi.org/
10.1107%2FS0108270184002833).
 8. Qi, Zhaoxiang; Koenig, Gary M. (2016-08-16).
"High-Performance LiCoO2Sub-Micrometer
Materials from Scalable Microparticle Template
Processing". ChemistrySelect. 1 (13): 3992–
3999. doi:10.1002/slct.201600872 (https://doi.org/
10.1002%2Fslct.201600872). ISSN 2365-6549 (h
ttps://www.worldcat.org/issn/2365-6549).
9. Qi, Zhaoxiang (August 2016). "High-Performance
LiCoO2 Sub-Micrometer Materials from Scalable
Microparticle Template Processing".
ChemistrySelect. 1 (13): 3992–3999.
doi:10.1002/slct.201600872 (https://doi.org/10.10
02%2Fslct.201600872).
10. Tang, W.; Liu, L. L.; Tian, S.; Li, L.; Yue, Y. B.; Wu,
Y. P.; Guan, S. Y.; Zhu, K. (2010-11-01). "Nano-
LiCoO2 as cathode material of large capacity and
high rate capability for aqueous rechargeable
lithium batteries". Electrochemistry
Communications. 12 (11): 1524–1526.
doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2010.08.024 (https://doi.org/
10.1016%2Fj.elecom.2010.08.024).
11. K. Mizushima, P. C. Jones, P. J. Wiseman, J. B.
Goodenough (1980), "Lix CoO2 (0<x<1): A New
Cathode Material for Batteries of High Energy
Density". Materials Research Bulletin, volume 15,
pages 783–789. doi:10.1016/0025-
5408(80)90012-4 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F002
5-5408%2880%2990012-4)
12. Doughty, Daniel; Pesaran, Ahmad. "Vehicle
Battery Safety Roadmap Guidance" (http://www.n
rel.gov/docs/fy13osti/54404.pdf) (PDF). National
Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved
19 January 2013.

External links
Imaging the Structure of Lithium Cobalt Oxide at Atomic Level (http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Ar
ticles/Archive/MSD-1-Ang-microscope.html) from the Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory

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