PRACTICAL TRAINING

REPORT
ON
Uttarakhand power corporation limited (UPCL)
33/11 KV Electrical substation
Kaladhungi chauraha, Haldwani

SUBMITTED BY : Dharmendra kumar

I.D. NO. : 60284
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF : Dr. H s rawat
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
G.B. PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND
TECHNOLOGY
PANTNAGAR

1
 Table of content
1. Introduction
2. Training objectives
3. Acknowledgement
4. Specification of 33/11KV substation Kaldhungi chauraha ,Haldwani
5. substation overview
5.1 Types of substation
5.1.1 According to the service requirement
5.1.2 According to the constructional features
6. Earthing and bonding
6.1 Types of earthing
6.1.1 Equipment earthing
6.1.2 Neutral earthing
6.1.3 System earthing
6.1.4 Fencing earthing
6.1.5 Yard Earthimg
6.1.6 Lightning protection earthing
6.1.7 Control room earthing
6.1.8 Cable sheath earthing
6.2 Types of equipments used in earthing
6.2.1 Plate earthing
6.2.2 Pipe earthing
6.2.3 Rod earthing
6.2.4 Strip earthing
6.2.5 Earthing through water pipe
6.2.6 Earthing with earth electrode
6.2.7 Chemical earthing
7. Transformers
7.1 Types of Transformer
7.1.1 Power transformer
7.1.2 Instruments transformer
7.1.3 Autotrasformer
7.1.4 On the basis of working
7.1.5 On the basis of structure
8. Bus bars
9. Cables used in transmission and connection
2
 9.1 Overhead transmission cables
9.2 Transmission cables
9.3 Power cables
9.4 Communication cables
9.5 Control Cables
[Link]
10.1 Circuit breaker
10.2 Oil circuit breaker
10.3 Air blast circuit breaker
10.4 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6)
10.5 Vacuum circuit breaker
[Link] and Indication Equipment
11.1 Relay
11.2 Relays used in control panel substation
11.2.1 Differential relay
11.2.2 Over current relay
11.2.3 Directional Relay
11.2.4 Tripping relay
11.2.5 Auxiliary relay
[Link] Equipment
12.1 Capacitor bank
12.2 Bus coupler
12.3 Lightning arrester
12.4 Feeders
12.5 Isolator
12.6 Electronic trivector meter
12.7Termination kit
13. Conclusion

3
 PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

[Link]

This report presents the practical training that I performed at the 33/11kv Kaladhungi
chauraha Haldwani substation, under UPCL (Uttarakhand power corporation limited ) as a
part of my electrical engineering course. The training was conducted for 15 days, from 12
JULY to 29 JULY 2024, and covered various aspects of the substation operation.

2. TRAINING OBJECTIVES

The main objectives of my 15-day practical training at UPCL were as follows:

• Gain an understanding of the power generation and distribution process.

• Familiarize myself with the company's organizational structure.
• Observe and participate in various departmental activities.
• Learn about safety protocols and procedures in the power industry.
• Apply theoretical knowledge to practical situations

[Link]

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited
(UPCL) for providing me the opportunity to undergo 15 days practical training at their
substation. I am especially thankful to Mr. Vinod Pathak sir (the substation engineer), and Mr.
Manish joshi sir (Subdivision officer) of Kaladhungi chauraha Haldwani subdivision for his
valuable guidance and supervision throughout the training period. He taught me various
aspects of power transmission and distribution, such as switchgear operation, transformer
maintenance, meter reading, load management, and fault detection. He also encouraged me
to ask questions and clear my doubts whenever I faced any difficulty. I learned a lot from his
experience and expertise.
4
I also appreciate the support and cooperation of the other staff members of the substation,
who helped me in understanding the functioning of different equipment and devices. They
were very friendly and helpful, and made me feel comfortable in the work environment. I am
grateful for their kindness and hospitality.
The practical training at UPCL substation was a very enriching and rewarding experience for
me. It enhanced my theoretical knowledge and gave me a glimpse of the practical aspects of
power engineering. It also exposed me to the challenges and opportunities in this field. I am
confident that this training will help me in my future academic and professional endeavours.

4. Specification of 33/11KV substation Kaldhungi chauraha ,Haldwani

The Kaladhungi chauraha Haldwani substation is a 33/11Kv substation which is one of the
substations under the Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), which is the sole
distribution licensee in the state of Uttarakhand. UPCL is responsible for the generation,
transmission, and distribution of electricity in the state. The substation receives power from
the 132/33kv Kamluaganja, Kathgodam substation through a double circuit line, which is
about 22 and 23 km long. The substation supplies power to the nearby areas of Nainital road,
Station road, Kaladhungi, Gandhinagar, Bareilly road, Aajad Nagar, Rampur road and Bazar
poshak .These areas are mainly residential and market places that’s why have a high demand
for electricity. The substation has a total installed capacity of 20MVA, with two 31.5MVA
transformers. The transformers are oil-immersed and have onload tap changers to regulate
the voltage. Substation also consists of 6-8 CTs (Current Transformer) of rating 800-1200/1A
respectively and PT 2-3 (Potential transformer) of rating 33/110kv. The substation has total
eight feeders namely- Nainital road, Station road, Kaladhungi, Gandhinagar, Bareilly road,
Aajad Nagar, Rampur road and Bazar poshak . The feeders are connected to the transformers
through busbars and isolators. The feeders have different load characteristics and are
controlled by circuit breakers and relays. It also consist a distribution transformer of 11kv has
outgoing supply to rural area.

5
6
7
5.1 TYPES OF SUBSTATION
5.1.1 According to the service requirement:
[Link] Transformer substation
[Link] Switch Substation
[Link] Power factor correction substation
[Link] Frequency change substation
[Link] Converting substation
[Link] Industrial substation

5.1.2 According to the constructional features:

[Link] Indoor substation

[Link] Outdoor substation
[Link] Underground substation
[Link] Pole mounted substation

[Link] Transformer Substation: A transformer

substation is a part of the electrical distribution
system that steps voltage up or down using
transformers. These substations are crucial for
changing the voltage levels to suit different stages of
power transmission and distribution. For instance,
high voltage is used for long-distance transmission to
reduce energy loss, and it is stepped down to lower
voltage for safe distribution to homes and businesses.

[Link] Switch Substation: A switch substation primarily functions to connect or

disconnect parts of the electrical grid. These substations contain switches, circuit breakers, and
other protective devices that allow for the isolation of different sections of the network for
maintenance or during fault conditions. They play a
critical role in managing and protecting the power
grid.

8
[Link] Power factor correction
substation:
A power factor correction substation
improves the power factor of the electrical
system. The power factor is a measure of
how effectively electrical power is being
used. Low power factor indicates poor
efficiency and higher losses. This substation uses capacitors, inductors, and other equipment to
correct the power factor, reducing losses and improving the efficiency of the power system.

[Link] Frequency change substation:

A frequency change substation is used to
convert power from one frequency to
another. This is necessary in regions where
different areas operate on different
frequencies, or for specific industrial
applications that require a frequency
different from the standard supply. It involves
the use of frequency converters or motor-
generator sets.

[Link] Converting substation: A converting substation changes the form of electrical

energy. For example, it can convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or vice versa.
These substations are critical for connecting AC and DC grids, and they enable high-voltage
direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, which are used for efficient long-distance power
transmission.

9
[Link] Industrial substation:
An industrial substation serves the power
needs of industrial facilities. These substations
are tailored to the specific requirements of
industrial operations, providing the necessary
voltage levels and ensuring reliability and
stability for heavy machinery and processes.
They often include features for enhanced safety
and the ability to handle large power loads.

[Link] Indoor substation: An indoor substation is an electrical substation that is housed

within a building or enclosed structure. These
substations are protected from environmental
conditions like weather, pollution, and
vandalism, making them suitable for urban areas
or locations with harsh environmental
conditions. They are designed to optimize space
and may include advanced cooling and
ventilation systems.

[Link] Outdoor substation: An

outdoor substation is an electrical
substation that is located outdoors,
without an enclosing structure. The
equipment is designed to withstand
various weather conditions and
environmental factors. These
substations are typically used in rural
or open areas where space and
environmental exposure are less of a

10
concern. They are generally more accessible for
maintenance and expansion.

[Link] Underground substation: An

underground substation is an electrical substation
that is built below ground level. These substations
are used in densely populated urban areas where
space is limited and above-ground installations are
not feasible. They are designed to minimize their
footprint and visual impact, while providing the
same functionality as above-ground substations. They often require specialized construction
techniques and ventilation systems.

[Link] Pole mounted substation: A pole

mounted substation is a small substation that is
mounted on a utility pole. These substations are used
for local distribution of electrical power in areas
where constructing a traditional substation is not
practical or necessary. They are typically used to step
down voltage for residential or small commercial
areas and are designed to be compact and easy to
install.

11
6.1

TYPES OF EARTHING 6.1.1 Equipment Earthing:

Equipment earthing involves connecting the non-current-carrying parts of equipment (such as
metal enclosures) to the earth. This is done to ensure safety by preventing electrical shock to
individuals in case of insulation failure. It provides a path for fault current to flow to the
ground, triggering protective devices to disconnect
the faulty circuit.

6.1.2 Neutral Earthing:

Neutral earthing (or grounding) is the process of

connecting the neutral point of a power system (like
the star point of a transformer or generator) to the
earth. This helps in stabilizing the system voltage
during unbalanced load conditions and ensures the
proper operation of protective devices during
ground faults.

6.1.3 System Earthing: System earthing

refers to the overall grounding scheme of an
electrical system, including the grounding of
the neutral point, equipment, and other
components. This type of earthing ensures the
safety and stability of the electrical system,

12
providing a reference point for the system voltage and
helping to control the voltage during transient faults.

6.1.4 Fencing Earthing:

Fencing earthing involves grounding the metal fences
surrounding electrical installations, such as substations. This is done to prevent electric shock
to people who might come in contact with the fence, especially during a fault condition where
the fence could become energized.

6.1.5 Yard Earthing:

Yard earthing is the grounding of all exposed
conductive parts in the switchyard of a substation.
This includes structures, equipment frames, and
other metallic parts. Yard earthing ensures that all
parts are at the same potential, reducing the risk of
electric shock and providing a low-impedance path for fault currents.

6.1.6 Lightning Protection Earthing: Lightning protection earthing involves installing

grounding systems specifically designed to dissipate the energy from lightning strikes safely
into the earth. This protects buildings and electrical installations from the damaging effects of
lightning by providing a direct path for the lightning current to flow to the ground.

6.1.7 Control Room Earthing: Control room earthing ensures the grounding of electrical
equipment and systems within a control room. This is crucial for the protection of sensitive
electronic equipment and for the safety of personnel. It also helps in maintaining the integrity
of control signals and preventing electrical noise.

13
6.1.8 Cable Sheath Earthing: Cable sheath earthing
involves grounding the metallic sheath or armor of
cables. This helps in reducing induced voltages,
preventing the build-up of static charges, and providing a
path for fault currents. Proper cable sheath earthing
ensures the safety and reliability of the cable system.

6.2 Types Of equipment used in earthing

6.2.1 Plate earthing:

Plate earthing involves burying a conductive metal plate
(usually made of copper or galvanized iron) in the
ground. The plate is connected to the electrical system through a conductor. The large surface
area of the plate allows for effective dissipation of fault currents into the earth, ensuring a low
resistance path.

6.2.1 Pipe Earthing:

Pipe earthing uses a conductive pipe (usually made of
galvanized iron) buried vertically in the ground. The pipe is
perforated to allow moisture to enter, which helps
maintain low resistance. It is connected to the electrical
system using a conductor. This method is often used in areas with high soil resistivity.

6.2.3 Rod earthing:

Rod earthing involves driving a conductive rod (typically made of copper or galvanized iron)
into the ground. The rod is connected to the electrical system via a conductor. Rod earthing is
effective in providing a low-resistance path for fault currents and is commonly used due to its
simplicity and effectiveness.

14
6.2.4 Strip earthing:

Strip earthing involves burying a conductive strip

(usually made of copper or galvanized iron)
horizontally in the ground. The strip is connected
to the electrical system through a conductor. This
method provides a larger surface area for
dissipation of fault currents and is often used in
areas with low soil resistivity.

6.2.5 Earthing through water pipe:

Earthing through a water pipe involves connecting the grounding conductor to a metal water
pipe that is buried in the ground. This method utilizes the existing water pipe system to provide
an effective grounding path. However, modern practices often discourage this method due to
potential corrosion and reliability concerns.

6.2.6 Earthing with earth electrode:

Earthing with an earth electrode involves using a specific conductive electrode (such as a rod,
pipe, or plate) designed for grounding purposes. The electrode is buried in the ground and
connected to the electrical system. This method ensures a reliable and low-resistance
grounding path.

6.2.7 Chemical earthing: Chemical earthing involves enhancing the conductivity of the soil
around the earth electrode by adding chemical compounds. These compounds reduce soil
resistivity and maintain moisture around the electrode,
ensuring a consistent low-resistance path. Chemical earthing
is especially useful in
areas with high soil
resistivity.

15
7.1 Types Of Transformer

7.1.1 Power Transformer:

Power transformers are used in
electrical power transmission and
distribution systems to step up
(increase) or step down (decrease)
voltage levels. They are typically
installed at substations and can handle high voltages and currents. Power transformers are
designed for maximum efficiency at full load and are essential for long-distance power
transmission. A power transformer is a type of transformer used primarily in electrical power
transmission and distribution systems to transfer electrical energy between different voltage
levels. It is a critical component in the electric grid, allowing for the efficient transmission of
electricity over long distances and the distribution of power to consumers.

7.1.2 Instruments transformer:

An instrument transformer is a type of transformer used in electrical power systems to
facilitate the safe and accurate measurement of high voltage and high current levels. They are
essential for monitoring, control, and protection of electrical power systems by providing
scaled-down values of voltage and current that can be safely handled by standard measuring
instruments and protective devices.
Types of Instrument Transformers:

(a)Current transformer(CT):

These are devices that measure the current flowing in a circuit

and produce a proportional low voltage output. They are used
to provide current signals to meters, relays, and protection
devices. The current transformers are connected in series
with the circuit and have a high turns ratio to reduce the
16
 current level. The substation has bar type
current transformers for the 33kv side and
wound type current transformers for the
11kv side. The bar type current
transformers have a single turn primary
winding that passes through a toroidal
core. The wound type current
transformers have multiple turns primary
winding that wraps around a toroidal core.
The current transformers have different
ratings and specifications depending on the voltage level and current rating of the circuit. The
current transformers also have secondary terminals that connect to other devices.

(b) Potential transformer(CT):

These are devices that measure the
voltage across a circuit and produce a
proportional low voltage output. They are
used to provide voltage signals to meters,
relays, and protection devices. The potential
transformers are connected in parallel with
the circuit and have a low turns ratio to
reduce the voltage level. The substation has
capacitor voltage transformers for the 33kv
side and electromagnetic voltage
transformers for the 11kv side. The
capacitor voltage transformers have a series
capacitor that divides the voltage and a
transformer that steps down the divided
voltage. The electromagnetic voltage
transformers have a primary winding that is
connected across the circuit and a secondary
winding that produces the output voltage.
The potential transformers have different
ratings and specifications depending on the
voltage level and voltage rating of the circuit.
The potential transformers also have
secondary terminals that connect to other
devices.

17
7.1.3 Autotransformer:
An autotransformer is a type of electrical
transformer with only one winding, which has at
least three electrical connection points called taps.
Unlike a typical transformer that has separate
primary and secondary windings, an
autotransformer uses a single winding to serve
both purposes. In an autotransformer, the winding
is divided into two sections. The primary voltage is applied across the entire winding, while the
secondary voltage is obtained from a part of the same winding. By changing the position of the
taps, different voltage levels can be [Link] are some key points about
autotransformers:
Single Winding: It has a continuous winding with multiple taps. A portion of the winding is
common to both the primary and secondary sides.
Voltage Transformation: It can step up or step down voltage levels. The voltage transformation
ratio is determined by the position of the taps.
Efficiency: Autotransformers are generally more efficient than conventional transformers
because they have lower losses due to the shared winding.

7.1.4 On the basis of working

[Link] Step-up transformer
[Link] Step-down transformer

7.1.5 On the basis of structure

Core Type Transformer Shell Type Transformer

18
8. BUS BARS:

These are conductors that connect different

circuits or equipment in a substation. They
are used to distribute power from one
source to multiple destinations or vice versa.
The busbars are made of copper or
aluminum and have high current carrying
capacity. The substation has double busbar
arrangement for both the 33kv and 11kv
sides. The double busbar arrangement has
two parallel busbars for each voltage level,
with bus couplers that can connect or
disconnect them. The double busbar
arrangement provides flexibility and
reliability in case of maintenance or fault in
one of the busbars.

19
9. Cables used in transmission and connection
9.1 Overhead Transmission cables:
Overhead transmission cables are a critical component of the electrical power
transmission system, responsible for carrying high-voltage electricity over long distances from
power plants to substations and, eventually, to consumers. Here are the key aspects of
overhead transmission cables:

9.1.1 Types of Conductors

 Aluminum Conductors: Aluminum is widely used due to its good conductivity, light
weight, and cost-effectiveness.
o Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR): Combines aluminum strands with
a steel core for added strength.
o All-Aluminum Conductor (AAC): Made entirely of aluminum, used for shorter
distances and lower voltage lines.
o All-Aluminum Alloy Conductor (AAAC): Made of aluminum alloy, offering better
strength and corrosion resistance than AAC.

 Copper Conductors: Copper has excellent conductivity and is used in some specific
applications despite being heavier and more expensive than aluminum.

20
9.2 Transmission cables:
Transmission cables are vital components in the electrical power transmission system,
responsible for carrying electrical energy over long distances from power generation stations
to distribution networks and ultimately to consumers.

9.2.1Types of Transmission Cables

 Bundled Conductors: Multiple conductors bundled together to increase current-carrying

capacity and reduce losses.
 Underground Transmission Cables:

o High-Pressure Oil-Filled (HPOF) Cables: Oil-filled for insulation and cooling.

o Cross-Linked Polyethylene (XLPE) Cables: Solid insulation using cross-linked
polyethylene, offering high capacity and thermal resistance.
o Gas-Insulated Lines (GIL): Use gases like sulfur hexafluoride for insulation, suitable for
high-voltage applications.

High-Pressure Oil-Filled (HPOF) Cables Gas-Insulated Lines (GIL)

Cross-Linked Polyethylene (XLPE) Cables Bundled Conductors

21
9.3 Power cables:
Power cables are critical for transmitting electrical energy from one point to another, whether
over long distances, within buildings, or between devices. They are designed to handle various
voltage levels and environmental conditions. Here’s a detailed overview:

9.3.1 Types of Power Cables:

o Low Voltage (LV) Cables: Typically up to 1 kV, used for domestic wiring and small-
scale industrial applications.
o Medium Voltage (MV) Cables: Ranging from 1 kV to 35 kV, used for distribution in
industrial plants and urban networks.
o High Voltage (HV) Cables: From 35 kV to 230 kV, used for power transmission over
long distances.
o Extra High Voltage (EHV) Cables: From 230 kV to 765 kV, used for major
transmission networks.
o Ultra High Voltage (UHV) Cables: Above 765 kV, used for extremely long-distance
and high-capacity power transmission.

22
10. INSULATORS
These are devices that support or separate conductors or equipment in a substation. They
are used to prevent electric leakage or short circuit between different parts of a substation.
The insulators are made of porcelain or polymer and have high dielectric strength. The
substation has various types of insulators for different purposes, such as post insulators, pin
insulators, suspension insulators, etc. The post insulators are used to support busbars or
equipment on a structure. The pin insulators are used to support conductors on poles or
towers. The suspension insulators are used to support conductors in a string formation.

Various Types Of Insulators Used In Transmission Lines :

23
10.1 Circuit Breaker:

These are devices that can open or close a circuit under normal or abnormal conditions. They
are used to isolate faulty sections of the network and protect other equipment from damage.
The circuit breakers can be operated manually or automatically by relays. The substation has
vacuum circuit breakers for the 33kv side and air circuit breakers for the 11kv side. The vacuum
circuit breakers use vacuum as the interrupting medium and have low maintenance
requirements. The air circuit breakers use compressed air as the interrupting medium and have
high maintenance requirements. The circuit breakers have different ratings and specifications
depending on the voltage level and current rating of the circuit. The circuit breakers also have
auxiliary contacts that indicate their status and provide signals to other devices.

10.2 Oil Circuit Breaker:

An oil circuit breaker (OCB) is a type of circuit breaker
that uses oil as an arc-quenching medium to interrupt
electrical circuits. These breakers are typically used in
high-voltage and high-current applications, providing
reliable protection and control in power systems. The
primary function of an oil circuit breaker is to interrupt
the flow of electricity during a fault condition, such as a
short circuit or an overload, by quenching the arc that
forms when the circuit is broken. Under normal
operating conditions, the contacts of the oil circuit
breaker are closed, allowing current to flow through the
circuit. When a fault occurs (e.g., a short circuit or
overload), the breaker detects the abnormal condition
and triggers the opening mechanism. The contacts begin to separate, and an electric arc forms
between them due to the ionized air. As the contacts continue to move apart, the arc is forced
into the oil. The high temperature of the arc vaporizes the oil, creating hydrogen gas and
decomposing the oil into carbon and other by products. The hydrogen gas, being highly
conductive, forms a gas bubble around the arc, helping to quench it by cooling and deionising
the arc path. The arc chute or arc control devices further aid in confining and cooling the arc.
Once the arc is extinguished, the current flow is interrupted, and the breaker can then be reset
or repaired as needed.

24
10.3 Air blast circuit breaker:
An air blast circuit breaker is a type of circuit
breaker that uses a high-speed blast of air to
extinguish the electrical arc that forms when the
circuit is interrupted. This type of breaker is
typically used in high-voltage applications due to
its effective arc-extinguishing capabilities. When a
fault occurs, the circuit breaker opens, and an arc
forms between the [Link] air blast is directed
across the arc to cool and extinguish it. The blast of
air is created by a compressed air system and is forced through nozzles that direct the air flow
across the arc.

10.4 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit

breaker (SF6):
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breakers are
advanced high-voltage circuit breakers that use
sulfur hexafluoride gas as the primary medium
for insulating and interrupting the electrical
arc. SF6 is a highly effective insulating and arc-
extinguishing medium due to its excellent
electrical properties. When a fault occurs, the
circuit breaker opens, and an electrical arc
forms between the contacts.SF6 gas is used to quench the arc. The gas has a high dielectric
strength, meaning it can withstand high voltages without breaking down, and it helps to
extinguish the arc quickly. SF6 gas provides insulation between the live components and the
ground, preventing electrical breakdown and ensuring safety.

10.5 Vacuum circuit breaker:

A vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) is a type of circuit breaker that
uses a vacuum as the medium for interrupting the electrical
arc. It is commonly used for medium voltage applications due
to its effectiveness in quenching the arc and its reliable
performance. When a fault occurs, the circuit breaker opens,
and an arc forms between the contacts. In a vacuum circuit

25
breaker, the arc is extinguished within a vacuum chamber. The contacts are housed inside a
sealed glass or ceramic envelope that maintains a high vacuum (low pressure). The circuit
breaker has contacts that open and close to interrupt the circuit. The vacuum provides a
medium where the arc quickly extinguishes due to the absence of ionizable gases. The absence
of air prevents the formation of a continuous arc and allows the arc to be rapidly extinguished.

[Link] and Indication Equipment

11.1 Relay:

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits
the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system.
For high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic
protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker,
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the
current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current
flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn
closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty
section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit
equipment from the damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system.
Basically relay work on the following two main operating principles

11.1.1 Electromagnetic attraction relay

11.1.2 Electromagnetic induction relay
11.2 Relays used in control panel substation:
26
11.2.1 Differential relay:

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two of more electrical
quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than
the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty
section.

11.2.2 Over current relay:

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The
actuating source in the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer.
These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction.
This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

11.2.3 Directional Relay:

This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the
earth due to any fault. A directional power relay is so
designed that it obtains its operating torque by the
interaction of magnetic field derived from both voltage and
current source of the circuit it protects. The direction of
torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.

11.2.4 Tripping Relay:

27
This type of relay is in the conjunction with resin relay. When main relay sense any fault in the
system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section.

11.2.5 Auxiliary Relay:

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

[Link] Equipment

12.1 Capacitor bank:

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result is the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take
lagging currents. The low power factor is highly
undesirable as it causes increases in current, resulting
in additional losses. So in order to ensure most
favourable conditions for a supply system from
engineering and economical stand point it is
important to have power factor as close to unity as
possible. In order to improve the power factor come
device taking leading power should be connected in
parallel with the load. One of such device can be
capacitor bank. The capacitor draws a leading current
and partily or completely neutralizes the lagging
reactive component of load current.

28
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:
12.1.1 Supply reactive power
12.1.2 Increases terminal voltage
12.1.3 Improve power factor

12.2 Bus coupler:

A bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any interruption
in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. A bus coupler is a breaker used to couple
two busbars to perform maintenance on other circuit breakers associated with that busbar.

12.3 Lightning arrester:

These are devices that protect the equipment from high voltage surges caused by lightning or
switching operations. They divert the excess voltage to the ground and limit the voltage across
the equipment. The lightning arresters are connected in parallel with the equipment and have
nonlinear resistance characteristics that vary with the applied voltage. The substation has
metal oxide surge arresters for both the 33kv
and 11kv sides. The metal oxide surge arresters
have zinc oxide blocks that act as resistors and
change their resistance according to the voltage
level. The lightning arresters have different
ratings and specifications depending on the
voltage level and surge rating of the equipment.
The lightning arresters also have discharge
counters that record the number of surges that
occur.

29
12.4 FEEDERS:
Feeders are crucial components in electrical distribution systems. They are the power lines that
carry electricity from substations to distribution transformers, which then distribute the power
to end-users like homes and businesses. Feeders ensure the efficient and reliable delivery of
electrical power and can be overhead lines or underground cables. There are different types of
feeders based on their configuration and usage:

 Radial Feeders: Power flows in one direction from the source to the load. They are
simple and cost-effective but less reliable because a fault in the line can interrupt power
to all downstream customers.
 Loop or Ring Feeders: Power can flow in both directions around a loop, providing a more
reliable supply as it can be rerouted if there is a fault.
 Networked Feeders: Multiple interconnected paths that offer the highest reliability but
are complex and expensive to
implement.

12.5 Isolator:
These are switches that can disconnect a
circuit when there is no current flowing
through it. They are used to isolate a circuit
breaker for maintenance or testing
purposes. The isolators can only be operated manually and have visible contacts to indicate
their status. The substation has horizontal centre break isolators for the 33kv side and vertical
break isolators for the 11kv side. The horizontal centre break isolators have two arms that
rotate around a central pivot to open or close the circuit.
The vertical break isolators have two arms that move
vertically to open or close the circuit. The isolators have
different ratings and specifications depending on the
voltage level and current rating of the circuit. The isolators
also have earthing switches that can ground the circuit for
safety purposes.

12.6 Electronic trivector meter:

30
A trivector meter is a type of advanced electrical meter used for measuring various parameters
of electrical energy. It is commonly used in industrial and commercial settings to monitor and
record the consumption of electricity. The trivector meter gets its name because it measures
three main parameters: active power (kW), reactive power (kVAR), and apparent power (kVA).
These parameters are essential for a comprehensive understanding of power consumption and
quality.

12.7 Termination kit:

Medium voltage (MV) cable terminations play a crucial role in power distribution networks.
These terminations connect cables to transformers, switchgear, or other equipment, ensuring
safe and efficient power delivery. Different types of terminations include heat shrink, cold
shrink, and pre-moulded slip-on kits. Heat shrink terminations use heat to create a tight seal,
while cold shrink kits expand upon cable insertion without requiring heat. Pre-moulded slip-on
terminations come factory-engineered for precise installation. Environmental considerations
(indoor vs. outdoor) and cable type (single-core, three-core, armoured) guide material
choices. MV cable terminations are essential for applications in substations, industrial plants,
renewable energy installations, transportation infrastructure, and critical facilities. They offer
features like high dielectric strength, insulation resistance, and
controlled partial discharge for reliable operation.
13. CONCLUSION

This practical training was very beneficial for me as an

electrical engineering student. It gave me an opportunity to
learn about the various equipment and their functions in a
real-life setting. It also helped me to understand the operation
and maintenance procedures of a substation.

31
 Also, I gain practical knowledge and experience of various electrical equipment and systems
installed at UPCL substation, testing, fault detection and troubles. During the training, I
learned about the functions, operations, maintenance and protection of transformers, circuit
breakers, isolators, bus bars, relays, meters and other devices. I also observed the procedures
of switching at the substation. I gained valuable insights into the power transmission and
distribution system, the grid operation and control, the power quality and reliability issues
and the safety measures followed at the substation,
I gained valuable knowledge and skills that will help me in my future career as an electrical
engineer.

THANK YOU

32