Suspension System Wheels and Tyres

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Suspension System, Wheels and Tyres
Subject Incharge
Mr. Rohit Bharat Patil
Assistant Professor
email: rohitpatil@sfit.ac.in
St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Department of Mechanical Engineering Mr. Rohit Patil 1
The material in this presentation belongs to St. Francis Institute of Technology and is solely for educational purposes. Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Suspension System Wheels and Tyre

➢ Suspension:
• Requirement and Types-Independent, Dependent, Air and
Types of Shock absorbers ,Leaf spring types
➢ Wheels and Tyres:
• Tyre requirement, tire characteristics, Constructional
detail, , tyre dimensions and specifications, Types of
wheels and Hub

Suspension System Need

1. For absorbing shocks and vibration caused due to road
irregularities.
2. For transmitting vehicle load to the wheels (Supporting the
weight)
3. For maintaining the stability of vehicle (contact of the
wheels to ground)
4. For providing cushioning and ride comfort to the
passengers
5. For preventing body squat and body dive.

Functions
1. To safe guard passengers and goods
against road shocks
2. To preserve the stability of vehicles
while in motion (Pitching or Rolling)
3. To provide the wheels always in
contact with road while driving
cornering and braking
4. To maintain proper steering geometry
5. To provide suitable riding and
cushioning properties
6. To Allow rapid cornering without
extreme body roll
7. To prevent excessive body squat or
body dive.

Requirement
1. There should be minimum deflection.

2. It should be of low initial cost.
3. It should be of minimum weight.
4. It should have low maintenance and low operating cost.
5. It should have minimum tyre wear.

Vehicle Axis System

Rotations: –
A roll rotation about x-axis
A pitch rotation about y-axis
A yaw rotation about z-axis
Basic suspension movements:

1. Bouncing: The vertical movement of
the complete body.
2. Pitching: The rotating movement of
all the parts between the spring and
road and the portion of spring weight
itself.
3. Rolling: The movement about
longitudinal axis produced by the
centrifugal force during cornering.
Suspension System Wheels and Tyre

Sprung Mass:
• In a vehicle with a suspension, such as an automobile, motorcycle or a tank,
sprung mass (or sprung weight) is the portion of the vehicle's total mass that
is supported above the suspension.
• The sprung weight typically includes the body, frame, the internal
components, passengers, and cargo but does not include the mass of the
components suspended below the suspension components (including the
wheels, wheel bearings, brake rotors, callipers)
Un-sprung Mass:
• In a ground vehicle with a suspension, the un-sprung weight (or the unsprung
mass) is the mass of the suspension, wheels or tracks (as applicable), and
other components directly connected to them, rather than supported by the
suspension.
• Un-sprung weight includes the mass of components such as the wheel axles,
wheel bearings, wheel hubs, tires, and a portion of the weight of drive shafts,
springs, shock absorbers, and suspension links.
Types of Suspension System
1. Non-independent/Rigid
suspension has both right and
left wheel attached to the same
solid axle. When one wheel hits a
bump in the road, its upward
movement causes a slight tilt of
the other wheel.
2. Independent suspension allows

one wheel to move up and
down with minimal effect to the
other.

Leaf Springs
Forces and Moments acting on Leaf Spring:

1. Vertical force caused by vehicle laden weight.
2. Longitudinal forces caused by tractive and braking effort.
3. Transverse forces caused by centrifugal force, side slopes, lateral winds.
4. Rotational torque reaction caused by driving and braking efforts.

Types of Leaf Springs
Types: There are six types of leaf springs

1. Full – elliptic type
2. Semi – elliptic type
3. Quarter – elliptic type
4. Three Quarter – elliptic type
5. Transverse Spring type
6. Helper Spring type


1. Full – Elliptic:
• The advantage of this type is
the elimination of shackle
and spring.
• The lubrication and wear
frequently which are on of
the main draw back of this
type of springs


2. Semi – elliptic
• Mostly used in Trucks, buses (for rear and front
Suspension) and in some cars (for rear suspension)


3. Quarter – elliptic
• This type is rarely used in now-a-days.
• It gives very less resistance in road shocks.


4. Three Quarter – elliptic
• This type is rarely used in now-a-days.
• It gives good resistance to shocks, but occupies more
space than other types.


5. Transverse Spring :
• This type of spring is arranged transversely across the vehicle instead of
longitudinal direction.
• The transverse spring for front axle, which is bolted rigidly to the frame at
the centre and attached to the axle by means of shackle at both ends.
• Disadvantage of this spring is that the vehicle body in this case is attached
to the springs at only two places, which imparts the vehicle a tendency to
roll easily when it runs fast on sharp corners.

6. Helper Spring:
• Helper spring are provided on many commercial vehicles in
addition to the main leaf springs.
• They allow wide range of loading. When the vehicle is lightly
loaded, these helper springs do not come into operation.
• But as load is increased, they take their share of load.
• Generally helper springs are used on rear suspension.

Coil Springs
• Coil springs are made of special round spring steel wrapped in a helix shape.
• The strength and handling characteristics of a coil spring depend on the
following.
• The larger the diameter of the steel, the “stiffer” the spring.
• The shorter the height of the spring, the stiffer the spring.
• The fewer the coils, the stiffer the spring.
• The coil springs are used mainly with independent suspension, though they
have also been used in the conventional rigid axle suspension as the can be
well accommodated in restricted spaces.
• The energy stored per unit volume is almost double in the case of coil
springs than the leaf springs.
• Coil springs do not have noise problems nor do they have static friction
• Coil springs can take the shear as well as bending stresses.
• The coil springs however cannot take torque reaction and side thrust for
which alternative arrangements have to be provided.
• A helper coil spring is also sometimes used to provide progressive stiffness
against increasing load.
Torsion Bars
• This is a straight bar of circular or square
section fixed to the frame at one end, and a
lever or wishbone-shaped member connects
its other end to the wheel. A torsion bar
suspension system used on a car is illustrated
in Figure
• The diameter is increased at each end of the
bar and the bar is connected with the levers
by serrations. Provision for the adjustment is
made at the frame end to ‘level’ the
suspension.
• Since the coil spring is a form of torsion bar,
the rate of both springs depends on the
length and diameter. The rate decreases or
the spring becomes softer if the length is
increased or the diameter is decreased.


Advantages
➢ Light in weight.
➢ Less space required.
➢ Its maintenance cost is less.
➢ Initial cost is less.
➢ Ride comfort is more.
Disadvantages
➢ It does not take acceleration & Braking thrust so required
additional linkages
➢ Lack of friction damping

Types Of Independent Suspension Systems
Types Of Independent Suspension Systems:

1. Double Wishbone suspension
2. Mac-Pherson strut type
3. Vertical guide suspension
4. Trailing link suspension

1. Double Wishbone suspension

• It is the most common type of
independent suspension system.
• The use of coil springs with a
damper in front axle is common in
this type of suspension.
• The upper and lower wishbone
arms are pivoted to the frame
member.
• The spring is placed in between
the lower wishbone and the under
side of the cross member.
• The vehicle weight is transmitted
from the body and the cross
member to the coil spring through
which it goes to the lower
wishbone member.
Double Wishbone suspension

• The shock absorber is placed inside the
coil spring and is attached to the cross
member and to lower wishbone member.
• The wishbones not only position the
wheels and transmit the vehicle load to
the springs, but these also resist
acceleration, braking and cornering or
side forces.
• The upper wishbone arm is generally kept
shorter in length than the lower ones to
keep the wheel track constant and there
by avoiding the excessive tyre wear.
• However a small change in the camber
angle does occur with such an
arrangement.

2. Mac-Pherson strut type

• The MacPherson strut, which is
named after Earle S. MacPherson,
who developed the suspension
design in the late 1940s and
patented it in 1953, is the most
commonly used type.
• In this layout only the lower
wishbone is used.
• A strut containing shock absorber
and the coil spring also carries the
stub axle on which the wheel is
mounted.

Mac-Pherson strut type

• The wishbone is hinged to the cross
member and positions the wheel as well as
takes the accelerating, braking and side
forces.
• This system is simpler in construction
• The camber angle does not tend to change
as the wheel moves up and down.
• This system will give maximum room in the
engine compartment and therefore
commonly used in the front wheel drive
cars.
• This system with an anti roll bar provides
increased road safety, improve ride
comfort, light and self stabilizing steering.

3.Vertical guide suspension

• In this suspension the king pin is directly attached to the cross
member of the frame.
• It can slide up and down as shown corresponding to the motion of
the wheel and there by compressing or elongating the springs.
• In this type, the wheel track, wheel base and wheel altitude remain
unchanged.
• But the system is having the disadvantage of less stability.

4. Trailing Arm/Link suspension

• A trailing-arm suspension, sometimes
referred as trailing-link is a vehicle
suspension design in which one or more
arms (or "links") are connected between
(and perpendicular to and forward of)
the axle and a pivot point (located on
the chassis of a motor vehicle).
• It is typically used on the rear axle of a
motor vehicle

Air Suspension
• Air suspension is used in place of conventional steel springs in

passenger cars, and in heavy vehicle applications such as
buses and trucks.
• It is broadly used on semi trailers, trains (primarily passenger
trains).

• The purpose of air suspension is to provide a smooth, constant ride

quality, but in some cases is used for sports suspension.
• Modern electronically controlled systems in automobiles and light trucks
almost always feature self-leveling along with raising and lowering
functions.
• Although traditionally called air bags or air bellows, the correct term is
air spring (although these terms are also used to describe just the
rubber bellows element with its end plates).

Advantages
• These maintain a constant
bounce frequency of vibration
(Narrow band-60 to 110)
whether the vehicle is laden
or un-laden.
• Constant frame height is
maintained.
• It gives smooth and comfort
ride of the vehicle.
• The stiffness of the system
increases with the increase of
the deflection.

Rigid Axle Front Suspension

• This type of suspension was universally used before the introduction of
independent front wheel suspension.
• It may use either two longitudinal leaf spring, as shown in the figure,
or on transverse spring, usually in conjunction with shock absorbers.
• These assemblies are mounted similar to rear leaf spring suspensions.

Telescopic Shock Absorbers

• The shock absorber is a part of suspension
system used as springing device to
compromise between flexibility and stiffness.
• It absorbs the energy of shock converted into
the vertical movement of the axle by
providing damping and dissipating the same
into heat.
Working:
When the vehicle comes across a bump, the
lower eye will move up. So, the fluid follows
from the lower side of the valve V1 to the upper
side.

• Due to less volume of the space above valve V1 than the volume
of the rod, the pressure is exerted on valve V2 Thus, the damping
force is produced by this pressure of the fluid.
• The fluid will flow from the upper side of the valve V1 to the
lower side when the lower eye moves down and from the lower
side of the valve V2 to its upper side.
When a car absorbs shocks from the road surface, the suspension
springs will compress and expand because the spring has the
characteristic of continuing to oscillate for a long time of
oscillation to stop.
• So, a riding comfort will be poor even the damp oscillation is
supplied. Shock absorbers provide better road-holding
characteristics and improved steering stability to tires.

Twin-Tube or Dual Tube Shock Absorber

• It is the type of shock absorber in which 2 hollow tubes named primary
tube and secondary tube or shell are used which are merged together
in telescope type fashion i.e. primary tube inside secondary tube or
shell.
• The primary tube contains the moving piston, compression valve along
with other assembly components and is filled with high viscosity index
oil.
• The secondary tube or shell contains the primary tube along with low-
pressure gas (mostly nitrogen gas).
• This whole assembly of twin-tube is surrounded by a coil spring that
provides the stiffness and also helps this assembly to regain its initial
position after actuation.


Mono-Tube Shock Absorber

• It is the type of shock absorber in which instead of a double tube, a
single tube is used inside which the moving piston is placed.
• High viscosity index oil along with the low-pressure gas (nitrogen in
most cases) is filled inside a single tube in a particular proportion.
• The oil and gas-filled inside this single tube is separated by a floating
piston that is placed airtight inside the tube.
• This whole assembly is surrounded by a coil spring same as a twin-tube
shock absorber
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93SotyItxUU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhlPqqDUmUM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvSOXX44Ym8

Tyre
• A tire (American English) or tyre (British
English) is a ring-shaped component that
surrounds a wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's
load from the axle through the wheel to the
ground and to provide traction on the surface
over which the wheel travels.
• Most tires, such as those for automobiles and
bicycles, are pneumatically inflated
structures, which also provide a flexible
cushion that absorbs shock as the tire rolls
over rough features on the surface.
• Tires provide a footprint, called a contact
patch, that is designed to match the weight of
the vehicle with the bearing strength of the
surface that it rolls over by providing a
bearing pressure that will not deform the
surface excessively.

Tyre Construction
Basic tyre parts:
• Inner liner
• carcass
• Bead wires
• Bead filler
• Bead bundle
• Side wall
• Tread

Cross Ply Tyre

• It is also called a bias-ply or conventional tyre. It is
constructed of 2 or more plies or layers of textile
casing cords, positioned diagonally from bead to
bead.
• The rubber-encased cords run at an angle of
between 30 and 38 degrees to the centreline, with
each cord wrapped around the beads.
• A latticed criss-crossed structure is formed, with
alternate layers crossing over each other and laid
with the cord angles in opposite directions.
• This provides a strong, stable casing, with relatively
stiff sidewalls.
• However during cornering, stiff sidewalls can distort
the tread and partially lifting it off the road surface.
• This reduces the friction between the road and the
tyre. Stiff sidewalls can also make tyres run at a high
temperature.

Radial Ply Tyre

• Radial ply tyres have much more flexible
sidewalls due to their construction. They
use 2 or more layers of casing plies, with
the cord loops running radially from
bead to bead.
• This forms triangles where the belt cords
cross over the radial cords.
• There are no heavy plies to distort and
flexing of the thin casing generates little
heat, which is easily dispersed. A radial
ply tyre runs cooler than a comparable
cross-ply tyre and this increase tread life.


Wheel
A wheel is a circular object having a rim and a hub as the
major parts revolve around an axle to enable it to move easily
over the ground.
Types of Wheels:
There are 3 types of wheels, those are as follows:
1. Pressed Steel Disc Wheel
2. Wire Wheel
3. Light Alloy Wheel
4. Divided Rims Wheel
5. Split Rims

Pressed Steel Disc Wheel

• This type of disc wheel will be used by
Majority of manufacturers all over the
world.
• This type of wheel consists of two parts.
One is the steel Rim and the other is the
Pressed steel disc.
• In the figure shown below, the pressed
steel disc is welded to the rim.
• It is possible to mount or remove the tyre
from the wheel with the help of well only,
else it is not possible.
• It is possible to pass the tyre over the
opposite edges of the rim, when the bead
of the tyre is resting in the well.
• Especially for heavier vehicles like trucks,
buses etc. which are bulkier and doesn't
fit in the well region. Therefore, the well
rims are not used for them.
Advantages of Pressed Steel Disc Wheel:

1. Robust construction
2. Simplicity
3. Ease of cleaning
4. Lower cost of manufacturing
5. Less maintenance
6. High production

Wire Wheel
• It is lighter in weight and the heat
dissipation will be high.
• It can be mounted and removed from the
axle easily.
The wire wheel consists of the following parts:
Steel Rim
Spokes
Hub
Advantages of Wire Wheel:
1. This type of wheels can be used for tubed
tyres only.
2. Heat dissipation takes place to the
surroundings by means of spokes fitted in
the rim.
Disadvantages of Wire Wheel:
1. The tubeless tyres cannot be fitted over
wire wheels.
2. These wire wheels are difficult to clean.
Light Alloy Cast Wheel or Forged Wheel

• The latest trend in the case of
automobile wheels, was the usage of
wheels made by aluminium alloys or
magnesium alloys.
• The strength of the forged wheel is very
high compared to the cast wheel.
• Therefore, light alloy cast wheels will be
used in cars whereas forged wheels will
be used in heavy vehicles.
• Light alloy wheels are better conductors
of heat which helps the wheels to
dissipate the heat which is generated
by the tyres or brakes.
• The forged wheels and the cast wheels
have to be machined to produce better
appearance. Fig. Alloy Wheel
Advantages of Light alloy Wheels:

1. The main advantage of light alloy wheels is, it weighs about 50% of
Steel wheel and 70% of Aluminium alloy wheel for similar strength.
2. Wider rims are possible in this case of light alloy wheels in order to
improve the stability on cornering.
3. Magnesium alloys have the properties of high impact and fatigue
strength so that they can withstand the vibrations and the shocks
during loading.
Disadvantages of Light alloy Wheels:
1. Magnesium alloys are prone to corrosion and therefore some
protective coating has to be given to it.
2. Higher cost is the biggest disadvantage of light alloy wheels compared
to other wheels mentioned above.


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Suspension System, Wheels and Tyres

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Suspension System Wheels and Tyre

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Suspension System Need

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

1. There should be minimum deflection.

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Vehicle Axis System

Basic suspension movements:

Suspension System Wheels and Tyre

Types of Suspension System

2. Independent suspension allows

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Forces and Moments acting on Leaf Spring:

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Types of Leaf Springs

Types: There are six types of leaf springs

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Types of Leaf Springs

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Types of Leaf Springs

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Types of Leaf Springs

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Types of Leaf Springs

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Types of Leaf Springs

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Types Of Independent Suspension Systems

Types Of Independent Suspension Systems:

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

1. Double Wishbone suspension

Double Wishbone suspension

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

2. Mac-Pherson strut type

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Mac-Pherson strut type

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

3.Vertical guide suspension

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

4. Trailing Arm/Link suspension

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

• Air suspension is used in place of conventional steel springs in

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

• The purpose of air suspension is to provide a smooth, constant ride

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Rigid Axle Front Suspension

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

Telescopic Shock Absorbers

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System

St. Francis Institute of Technology Vehicle System