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Object-Oriented Java

Java objects’ state and behavior

In Java, instances of a class are known as objects. Every public class Person {
object has state and behavior in the form of instance
// state of an object
fields and methods respectively.
int age;
String name;

// behavior of an object
public void set_value() {
age = 20;
name = "Robin";
}
public void get_value() {
System.out.println("Age is " + age);
System.out.println("Name is " + name);
}

// main method
public static void main(String [] args)
{
// creates a new Person object
Person p = new Person();

// changes state through behavior

p.set_value();
}
}

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Java instance

Java instances are objects that are based on classes. For public class Person {
example, Bob may be an instance of the class Person .
int age;
Every instance has access to its own set of variables
which are known as instance fields, which are variables String name;
declared within the scope of the instance. Values for
instance fields are assigned within the constructor
// Constructor method
method.
public Person(int age, String name) {
this.age = age;
this.name = name;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Person Bob = new Person(31, "Bob");
Person Alice = new Person(27,
"Alice");
}
}

Java dot notation

In Java programming language, we use . to access the public class Person {

variables and methods of an object or a Class.
int age;
This is known as dot notation and the structure looks like
this-
instanceOrClassName.fieldOrMethodName public static void main(String [] args)
{
Person p = new Person();

// here we use dot notation to set age

p.age = 20;

// here we use dot notation to access

age and print
System.out.println("Age is " + p.age);
// Output: Age is 20
}
}

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Constructor Method in Java

Java classes contain a constructor method which is used public class Maths {
to create instances of the class.
public Maths() {
The constructor is named after the class. If no
constructor is defined, a default empty constructor is System.out.println("I am
used. constructor");
}
public static void main(String [] args)
{
System.out.println("I am main");
Maths obj1 = new Maths();
}
}

Creating a new Class instance in Java

In Java, we use the new keyword followed by a call to public class Person {
the class constructor in order to create a new instance of
int age;
a class.
The constructor can be used to provide initial values to // Constructor:
instance fields. public Person(int a) {
age = a;
}

public static void main(String [] args)

{
// Here, we create a new instance of
the Person class:
Person p = new Person(20);
System.out.println("Age is " + p.age);
// Prints: Age is 20
}
}

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Reference Data Types

A variable with a reference data type has a value that public class Cat {
references the memory address of an instance. During
public Cat() {
variable declaration, the class name is used as the
variable’s type. // instructions for creating a Cat
instance
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// garfield is declared with reference
data type `Cat`
Cat garfield = new Cat();
System.out.println(garfield); //
Prints: Cat@76ed5528
}
}

Constructor Signatures

A class can contain multiple constructors as long as they // The signature is `Cat(String furLength,
have different parameter values. A signature helps the
boolean hasClaws)`.
compiler differentiate between the different
constructors. public class Cat {
A signature is made up of the constructor’s name and a String furType;
list of its parameters.
boolean containsClaws;

public Cat(String furLength, boolean

hasClaws) {
furType = furLength;
containsClaws = hasClaws;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Cat garfield = new Cat("Long-hair",
true);
}
}

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null Values

null is a special value that denotes that an object has a public class Bear {
void reference.
String species;
public Bear(String speciesOfBear;) {
species = speciesOfBear;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Bear baloo = new Bear("Sloth bear");
System.out.println(baloo); // Prints:
Bear@4517d9a3
// set object to null
baloo = null;
System.out.println(baloo); // Prints:
null
}
}

The body of a Java method

In Java, we use curly brackets {} to enclose the body of public class Maths {
a method.
public static void sum(int a, int b) {
The statements written inside the {} are executed when
a method is called. // Start of sum
int result = a + b;
System.out.println("Sum is " +
result);
} // End of sum

public static void main(String [] args)

{
// Here, we call the sum method
sum(10, 20);
// Output: Sum is 30
}
}

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Method parameters in Java

In java, parameters are declared in a method definition. public class Maths {

The parameters act as variables inside the method and
public int sum(int a, int b) {
hold the value that was passed in. They can be used
inside a method for printing or calculation purposes. int k = a + b;
In the example, a and b are two parameters which, when return k;
the method is called, hold the value 10 and 20
}
respectively.

public static void main(String [] args)

{
Maths m = new Maths();
int result = m.sum(10, 20);
System.out.println("sum is " +
result);
// prints - sum is 30
}
}

Java Variables Inside a Method

Java variables defined inside a method cannot be used //For example, `i` and `j` variables are
outside the scope of that method.
available in the `main` method only:

public class Maths {

public static void main(String [] args)
{
int i, j;
System.out.println("These two
variables are available in main method
only");
}
}

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Returning info from a Java method

A Java method can return any value that can be saved in a public class Maths {
variable. The value returned must match with the return
type specified in the method signature.
The value is returned using the return keyword. // return type is int
public int sum(int a, int b) {
int k;
k = a + b;

// sum is returned using the return

keyword
return k;
}

public static void main(String [] args)

{
Maths m = new Maths();
int result;
result = m.sum(10, 20);
System.out.println("Sum is " +
result);
// Output: Sum is 30
}
}

Declaring a Method

Method declarations should define the following method // Here is a public method named sum whose
information: scope (private or public), return type,
return type is int and has two int
method name, and any parameters it receives.
parameters a and b
public int sum(int a, int b) {
return(a + b);
}

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