INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering

by

Mr. Kshiteej Chouragade

Industry / Organization Guide

Er. Arpit Mehta
(Deputy Project Manager)
at
Jain Engineering Work (India) Pvt. Ltd. Indore

Institute Guide (from College)

Prof. Nikhil H. Pitale

(Assistant Professor)

June 2024

Department of Civil Engineering

G H Raisoni College of Engineering
An Empowered Autonomous Institute affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
Accredited by NAAC with “A++” Grade (3rd Cycle)
CRPF Gate No. 3, Hingna Road, Digdoh Hills, Nagpur – 440 016 (INDIA)
T: +91 9604787184, 9689903286, 9921008391 | E: principal.ghrce@raisoni.net |W: ghrce.raisoni.net
 INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted in
partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering

by

Mr. Kshiteej Chouragade

Industry / Organization Guide

Er. Arpit Mehta
(Deputy Project Manager)
at
Jain Engineering Work (India) Pvt. Ltd. Indore

Institute Guide (from College)

Prof. Nikhil H. Pitale

(Assistant Professor)

June 2024

Department of Civil Engineering

G H Raisoni College of Engineering
An Empowered Autonomous Institute affiliated to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
Accredited by NAAC with “A++” Grade (3rd Cycle)
CRPF Gate No. 3, Hingna Road, Digdoh Hills, Nagpur – 440 016 (INDIA)
T: +91 9604787184, 9689903286, 9921008391 | E: principal.ghrce@raisoni.net |W: ghrce.raisoni.net

© GH Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, Year 2024

 Declaration

We, hereby declare that the Industry Internship report submitted herein has been carried out
by us in Jain Engineering Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. Indore. towards partial fulfillment of
requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering. The work is
original and has not been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any degree /
diploma at this or any other Institution / University.

I/We also hereby assign to G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur all rights under
copyright that may exist in and to the above work and any revised or expanded derivatives works
based on the work as mentioned. Other work copied from references, manuals etc. are disclaimed.

Name of student Mobile No Mail ID Signature

Kshiteej Chouragade 8459143321 kshiteejchouragde11@gmail.com

Place: Nagpur
Date:
 Certificate

The Industry Internship Report entitled as " Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Waste
Paper" carried out under our supervision in Jain Engineering Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. Indore. by
Kshiteej Chouragade for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering. The work
submitted is comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation.

Er. Arpit Mehta Prof. Nikhil H. Pitale

Industry Guide Institute Guide,
Deputy Project Manager Assistant Professor
Jain Engineering Works (India) Department of Civil Engineering
Pvt. Ltd. Indore. G H R C E, Nagpur

Prof. Prakash Patil Dr. B. V. Khode

III Coordinator, Civil Engineering Head Of Department
Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering G H R C E, Nagpur
G H R C E, Nagpur

Mr. Gurpal Singh Dr. Sachin Untawale

Dean III Cell Director
G.H.R.C.E, Nagpur G.H.R.C.E, Nagpur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take a great pleasure and immense pride in presenting our project report on " Partial Replacement of
Cement in Concrete with Waste Paper ". The sense of achievement, comprehended without the earnest
support provided by various people associated with us.

We would like to express our deep appreciation to our project guide, Mr. Arpit Mehta, Deputy Project
Manager, for his continuous supervision and expert guidance throughout our internship, which greatly
contributed to its successful completion.

We are extremely grateful to our college project guide Prof. Nikhil H. Pitale, Assistant Professor for his
guidance throughout the project work.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. Sachin Untawale, Director GHRCE Nagpur, Mr. Gurpal
Singh, Dean of III Cell and Dr. B. V. Khode Head of Civil Engineering Department., for giving us all support
and guidance. Also, we would like to extend our sincere esteems to all staff in laboratory for their timely support.
 ABSTRACT

To make concrete, you'll need cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water.
The waste paper has been thrown as waste, causing pollution in the environment
behind the mill or landfill. Annually, the amount of paper wasted in the sector grows.
More room is required for landfills, which consumes energy and depletes natural
resources, resulting in an increase in cost and numerous sorts of pollution.
Environmental pollution will be reduced by using waste paper as a cement
replacement or addition in concrete manufacturing.
As an alternative to landfill disposal, the use of paper-mill pulp in concrete
mixtures was examined. For M-25, the cement has been substituted with sludge in
proportions ranging from 0% to 15% by weight. Keeping this in mind, we came up
with the idea of combining a particular amount of waste paper pulp with an
appropriate proportion of other materials such as cement, sand, and gravel. By
conducting this experiment, we will determine the proportions in which various
necessary ingredients should be mixed in order to produce better concrete, as
opposed to standard concrete. Our main focus is on how to make it more cost-
effective.
Concrete mixtures were made with an acceptable amount of waste paper
pulp and water and compared to standard concrete in terms of slump and strength.
The concrete specimens were put through three different tests: compression, splitting
tensile, and flexural strength. The mechanical qualities were evaluated for 14 and 28
days in these tests. As a result, the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural
strength increased by up to 5% after the addition of waste paper pulp, and the
strengths gradually decreased. According to this study, waste paper can be beneficial
when used as an additional material in concrete manufacturing.

I
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Page no.

1 Operational Structure of Company

6

2 Construction of Water Tank under JEW 8

3 Pipe Laying in Jatara Town under JEW 9

4 Finished Project of JEW 9

5
Flowchart for Methodology 24

6
Slump Cone Test 36

7 Compressive Testing Machine 37

Slump value for the various trial mixes and

8 nominal mix. 37

The compressive strength at the cube at 7 days

9 of each cube 38

Average compressive strength of trial mixes

10 after 7 days curing 39

Result of compressive strength of each cube

11 after 28 days curing 40

Average compressive strength of trial mixes

12 after 28 days curing 41

II
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Page No.

1 Projects by Jain Engineering Works 10

(India) Pvt. Ltd.

2 31
Test Results on Cement (OPC 43 Grade)

3 31
Test Results of Fine Aggregate

4 Test Results of Coarse Aggregate 31

5 Consistency of Waste paper pulp 32

6 Initial setting time of waste paper pulp 32

7 Final setting time of waste paper pulp 32

8 Mix proportion 33

9 Final Mass of Ingredient’s 36

10 Result of 7 days curing after replacement of 38

Cement on compressive strength

11 Average Compressive Strength of Cube After 7 39

Days of Curing.

12 Result of 28 days curing after replacement of 40

cement

13 Average Compressive Strength of Cube After 28 41

Days of Curing.

III
 INDEX

Sr. No Contents Page No.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1
1.1: About the Company
1.2: Historical Background
1.3 : Location 3-10
1.4 : Operational Structure
1.5 : Vision and Mission of Company
1.6: Projects
Chapter 2: Case Study
2
2.1: Introduction
2.3 Background of research 11-16
2.4 Problem Identification
2.5 Objectives

3 Chapter 3: Literature Review

3.1 Introduction
17-21
3.2 Literature Review
3.3 Conclusion Remark
Chapter 4: Methodology
4
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Test on Cement (OPC 43 Grade)
4.2.1 Finess Test
4.2.2 Normal consistency
4.2.3 Initial Setting Time
4.2.4 final Setting Time
4.2.5 Soundness Test
4.3 Test on Fine Aggregate
4.3.1 Sieve Analysis
22-29
4.3.2 Specific gravity
4.3.3 Bulking of Sand
4.4Test on coarse Aggregate
4.4.1 Sieve Analysis
4.4.2 Specific gravity
4.4.3 Impact Value
4.4.4 Bulking of Coarse
Aggregate 4.5Test on Samples
4.5.1 Compressive Strength Test

1
 Chapter 5: Results:
5
5.1 : Cement
Testing
5.2 Fine Aggregate testing
5.3 Coarse Aggregate Testing
5.4 Waste Paper Pulp Testing
5.5 Tests on fresh concrete
5.6 Test On hardened Concrete 30-41
5.7 Compressive Strength of Cubes at 7/28 Days
5.7.1 Compressive strength test results in 7 days
5.7.2 Compressive strength test results in 28 days

6 Chapter 6: Conclusion
42-43

7 Chapter 7: References
44-46

8 Chapter 8: Appendices
47-48

2
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPANY

3
1.1 About the Company

Founded in 1988, Jain Engineering Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. has established itself as a
prominent manufacturer in the prefabricated structures industry. The company's extensive
product range includes Prefabricated Structures, Prefabricated Sheds, Panel Build Sheds,
Prefabricated Steel Structures, Prefabricated PEB Houses, and Pre Engineered Building
Structures. Additionally, Jain Engineering Works offers specialized services such as
Fabrication Services, Prefabricated Warehouse Services, and MS Plate CNC Cutting
Services.

The manufacturing process at Jain Engineering Works is characterized by the use of

superior quality materials and modern machinery, ensuring compliance with the highest
industry standards. This meticulous approach has resulted in products that are highly
sought after for their remarkable strength, longevity, ease of use, and minimal maintenance
requirements.

To facilitate efficient business operations, the company has structured its facilities into
various specialized departments. This organizational strategy, combined with a robust
infrastructure and a skilled workforce, enables Jain Engineering Works to meet the diverse
needs of its clients promptly. Quality assurance is a cornerstone of the company's
operations, with a dedicated team of quality controllers conducting rigorous checks to
ensure the delivery of flawless products. The company also emphasizes the importance of
secure packaging to guarantee the safe delivery of its products to customers.

Under the expert guidance of Mr. Aditya Surana, Jain Engineering Works has grown
rapidly, earning a reputation for reliability and efficiency. Mr. Surana's extensive industry
experience and profound knowledge have been instrumental in the company's ability to
meet client expectations effectively and maintain its position as a leader in the industry.

1.2 Historical Background

The story of Jain Engineering Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. is a tale of vision, determination, and
unwavering commitment to excellence. Established in 1988, the company began its
journey under the visionary leadership of its founders, who saw an opportunity to
revolutionize the prefabricated structures industry in India.

In the late 1980s, the construction industry was on the brink of transformation, and Jain
Engineering Works seized this moment to make a mark. Starting from humble beginnings,

4
the company focused on building a strong foundation, driven by a passion for innovation

5
and quality. The founders believed in the potential of prefabricated structures to reshape
the landscape of infrastructure development, offering a blend of efficiency, durability, and
cost- effectiveness.

From its inception, Jain Engineering Works was committed to producing superior quality
products. The early years were marked by relentless efforts to perfect manufacturing
processes, ensuring that each product met the highest standards. This dedication quickly
earned the company a reputation for reliability and excellence, setting it apart in a
competitive market.

As the company grew, it continually invested in cutting-edge technology and modern

machinery, staying ahead of industry trends. This forward-thinking approach enabled Jain
Engineering Works to expand its product range, including Prefabricated Structures,
Prefabricated Sheds, Panel Build Sheds, Prefabricated Steel Structures, Prefabricated PEB
Houses, and Pre-Engineered Building Structures. Each innovation was a testament to the
company’s commitment to providing robust and versatile solutions to its clients.

The journey was not without challenges. Economic fluctuations, evolving market demands,
and technological advancements posed significant hurdles. However, Jain Engineering
Works thrived on these challenges, viewing them as opportunities for growth and
improvement. The company’s resilience and adaptability became its hallmark, guiding it
through the toughest times and leading to remarkable achievements.

Central to this success was the company’s unwavering focus on its core values. Quality,
integrity, and customer satisfaction were not just goals but the very essence of Jain
Engineering Works. This ethos permeated every aspect of the business, from
manufacturing to customer service, fostering a culture of excellence that attracted and
retained a talented workforce.

Under the dynamic leadership of Mr. Aditya Surana, Jain Engineering Works has soared to
new heights. His extensive industry experience and visionary outlook have propelled the
company into a phase of rapid growth and diversification. Mr. Surana's leadership has been
instrumental in maintaining the company’s legacy while steering it towards a future of
innovation and sustainability.

Today, Jain Engineering Works stands as a beacon of success and a source of inspiration.
Its journey from a small startup to a leading manufacturer in the prefabricated

6
structures

7
 industry is a testament to the power of vision, hard work, and an unwavering commitment
to excellence. The company continues to set new benchmarks, driven by the same passion
and determination that defined its early years, and looks forward to a future filled with
endless possibilities.

1.3 Location
Address: Agrawal, near Prabhu Toll Kanta, 367 – 369, Udhyog Nagar, Palda, Indore,
Madhya Pradesh 452020

Open Office Hours:10AM – 6PM

Get in Touch: +91 7948549745

1.4 Operational Structure

Mr.Ashish
Trivedi (General

Mr. Alok Mishra

(Project Manager
Mr. Arpit Mehta
6J)
(Deputy Project Manager 6J)

QA&Q Planning Execution Electrical

Admin Billing Stores

Fig 1: Operational Structure of Company

8
 1.5 Vision and Mission of Company
"Building a Sustainable Future Through Innovative

Construction" Vision:

Our vision at Jain Engineering Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. is to lead the prefabricated
structures industry by championing innovative and sustainable construction practices
that contribute to nation-building. We are dedicated to setting new benchmarks in
quality and creativity, driving transformative infrastructure development that supports
economic growth and enhances the quality of life for communities across the globe.
Through our commitment to excellence, we aim to be recognized as a pioneer in
integrating advanced technology with creative construction solutions.

Mission:

Our mission is to uphold the highest standards of business ethics and take a leading role
in fulfilling our commercial and social responsibilities. In an ever-evolving
technological landscape, we continuously strive to stay ahead by embracing cutting-
edge advancements and adapting to global and national trends. We believe that an ideal
mix of innovative ideas, meticulous planning, and state-of-the-art technology enables us
to outpace the competition and thrive. We are committed to delivering superior quality
services while meeting all contractual requirements and ensuring a safe working
environment for our employees. At Jain Engineering Works, we firmly believe in
"Nation Building Through Creative Constructions," reflecting our dedication to
impactful, sustainable infrastructure that benefits society and fosters growth.

1.6 Projects

As the company grew, it continually invested in cutting-edge technology and modern

machinery, staying ahead of industry trends. This forward-thinking approach enabled
Jain Engineering Works to expand its product range, including Prefabricated Structures,
Prefabricated Sheds, Panel Build Sheds, Prefabricated Steel Structures, Prefabricated
PEB Houses, and Pre-Engineered Building Structures. Each innovation was a testament
to the company’s commitment to providing robust and versatile solutions to its clients.

Jain Engineering Works (India) Pvt. Ltd. has undertaken numerous projects, showcasing
their expertise and dedication to quality. Among their significant achievements are
extensive pipe laying projects, which have greatly enhanced water distribution
9
networks.

1
Notable projects include the construction of Overhead Tanks (OHT), such as the 100
KL OHT and the 50 KL OHT, which are crucial for water storage and supply in both
urban and rural areas.

Additionally, the company has successfully completed the construction of Anicuts,

essential for water management and irrigation. They have demonstrated their ability to
handle complex tasks through pipe laying and blasting operations in Khargapur. The
versatility of Jain Engineering Works is further evident in their construction of state-of-
the-art warehouses, which meet diverse industrial and commercial needs.

Another critical aspect of their work includes the installation of dam gate seals, which
are vital for maintaining the integrity and operational efficiency of dams. The
company's innovative approach is also reflected in their development of Pre-Engineered
Building (PEB) structures and sheds, offering flexible and cost-effective solutions for
various industrial applications.

Moreover, the Housing Scheme Construction (HSC) in Jatara is a notable project that
underscores their contribution to residential infrastructure development. Their
commitment to improving water distribution systems is further highlighted by the pipe
laying project in Bijawar.

Through these projects, Jain Engineering Works has solidified its reputation as a
reliable and innovative player in the construction industry. Their continuous investment
in technology and quality has enabled them to provide superior solutions, aligning with
their vision of revolutionizing the prefabricated structures industry and their mission of
delivering excellence in every project.

Fig 2: Construction of Water Tank under JEW

1
Fig 3: Pipe Laying in Jatara Town under JEW

Fig 4: Finished Project of JEW

1
Table 1: Projects by Jain Engineering Works (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Projects Location
Pipe Laying
Bagli, Dewas District.

Pipe Laying Chapda, Dewas

District.
Pipe Laying Hatpipliya, Dewas
District.
100 KL OHT construction
Satna District.

50 KL OHT construction
Satai, Chhatatpur
District.
Anicut Construction
Barkhera, Chhatatpur
District
HSC in Jatara Chhatatpur District.

Pipe Laying in Bijawar Chhatatpur District.

Pipe Laying and Blasting in Khargapur Chhatatpur District

Construction of Ware house

Indore District

Dam Gate Seals Madhya Pradesh

PEB Structured Shed Madhya Pradesh

PRE-Engineered Building Structured Madhya Pradesh

1
CHAPTER 2
CASE
STUDY

1
2.1 Introduction

Concrete is a cornerstone of modern construction, renowned for its strength, durability,

and versatility. However, its production is associated with significant environmental
impacts, primarily due to the large quantities of cement required. Cement production is a
major source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, contributing to climate change and
resource depletion. As a result, there is a growing need to explore alternative materials
and methods that can mitigate these environmental effects.

One promising approach is the partial replacement of cement with alternative materials
that can also enhance the properties of concrete. Waste paper pulp, a byproduct of paper
recycling processes, has emerged as a potential candidate for this purpose. Waste paper
pulp is often considered a low-value byproduct, and its utilization in concrete could not
only reduce waste but also offer environmental and economic benefits.

This research investigates the feasibility of incorporating waste paper pulp as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete. By exploring the effects of waste paper pulp on the
physical and mechanical properties of concrete, this study aims to assess whether it is a
viable alternative that can reduce the carbon footprint of concrete production while
maintaining or even enhancing its performance.

The utilization of waste paper pulp in concrete not only addresses the issue of waste
management but also aligns with sustainable construction practices. This introduction sets
the stage for a detailed examination of how integrating waste paper pulp into concrete
mixes could lead to more sustainable construction practices and contribute to
environmental conservation.

2.2Background of Research

1. Environmental Impact of Cement Production

Cement production is a major industrial activity with substantial environmental

implications. The process of manufacturing cement involves the heating of limestone
(calcium carbonate) and other materials in a kiln to produce clinker, which is then ground
to produce cement. This process releases a significant amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂)
into the atmosphere. It is estimated that the cement industry accounts for approximately
8% of

1
 global CO₂ emissions, making it a critical target for sustainability efforts in the
construction sector.

2. Waste Paper Pulp: Composition and Characteristics

Waste paper pulp, derived from the recycling of paper products, consists primarily of
cellulose fibers and various fillers and additives. During the recycling process, paper is
pulped to separate the fibers from contaminants. This byproduct, often considered a waste
material, contains fibrous materials that can potentially contribute to the properties of
concrete.

3. Previous Research on Alternative Cementitious Materials

The use of alternative materials in concrete to reduce cement content has been
extensively studied. Some commonly explored materials include fly ash, slag, silica
fume, and natural pozzolans. These materials are known to enhance the properties of
concrete while reducing its environmental impact. However, the potential of waste paper
pulp as a partial replacement for cement has been less explored.

4. Properties of Concrete with Partial Cement Replacement

Research into the partial replacement of cement with various materials has shown that
these substitutions can influence the properties of concrete in several ways:

 Strength: The compressive strength of concrete can be affected by the type and quantity
of the replacement material. Some materials may reduce strength initially but enhance it
over time through pozzolanic reactions.
 Durability: The durability of concrete can be improved by replacing cement with
materials that reduce permeability and enhance resistance to environmental factors.
 Workability: The workability of concrete mixtures may change with the introduction of
alternative materials, impacting the ease of mixing, placing, and finishing the concrete.

5. Potential Benefits of Using Waste Paper Pulp

The integration of waste paper pulp into concrete mixes could offer several advantages:

 Waste Management: Utilizing waste paper pulp helps manage paper waste, reducing the
burden on landfills and promoting recycling.

1
 Resource Efficiency: By reducing the amount of cement needed, waste paper pulp
contributes to a more sustainable use of resources.
 Cost: Depending on the availability and processing costs of waste paper pulp, it could
potentially lower the overall cost of concrete production.

6. Challenges and Considerations

While the use of waste paper pulp in concrete presents opportunities, several challenges
need to be addressed:

 Consistency and Quality: The variability in waste paper pulp composition may affect
the consistency and quality of the concrete.
 Performance: It is essential to evaluate how the inclusion of waste paper pulp impacts
the mechanical and durability properties of concrete.
 Processing: The preparation and processing of waste paper pulp for use in concrete must
be optimized to ensure it meets the required standards.

7. Recent Studies and Innovations

Recent studies have explored various aspects of integrating waste paper pulp into
concrete. Some research has focused on the effects of waste paper pulp on the hydration
process of cement, the microstructure of concrete, and its environmental benefits. These
studies provide valuable insights into the potential of waste paper pulp as a sustainable
alternative.

2.3 Problem Identification

1. Environmental Concerns with Cement Production

Cement production is a significant source of CO₂ emissions, contributing to climate

change and environmental degradation. The high carbon footprint of traditional cement
manufacturing processes necessitates the search for more sustainable alternatives.

Addressing this issue is critical for reducing the environmental impact of construction
activities and promoting sustainable practices within the industry.

1
2. High Volume of Waste Paper Pulp

Waste paper pulp is a byproduct of paper recycling processes, often ending up as landfill
waste or in lower-value applications. The management and disposal of this waste material
can be costly and environmentally harmful.

Finding a valuable use for waste paper pulp could alleviate disposal problems, promote
recycling, and reduce landfill contributions.

3. Performance Uncertainty of Concrete with Waste Paper Pulp

The mechanical and durability properties of concrete incorporating waste paper pulp are
not well understood. There are concerns regarding how waste paper pulp affects the
strength, workability, and long-term performance of concrete.

Understanding these effects is crucial for ensuring that concrete with waste paper pulp
meets the necessary structural and durability requirements for construction applications.

4. Inconsistencies in Waste Paper Pulp Composition

The composition of waste paper pulp can vary significantly depending on the source and
processing methods. This variability could lead to inconsistencies in concrete properties
and performance.

Standardizing the processing and quality of waste paper pulp is essential to achieve
consistent and reliable results in concrete applications.

5. Economic Viability

The cost-effectiveness of using waste paper pulp as a partial replacement for cement
needs to be evaluated. This includes assessing both the economic benefits and potential
cost savings compared to traditional cement.

Economic viability is a key factor in the adoption of new materials in construction. If

waste paper pulp offers a cost-effective alternative, it could accelerate its use and
adoption.

1
 6. Regulatory and Standards Compliance

The incorporation of waste paper pulp into concrete may need to comply with existing
building codes and standards. There may be a lack of guidelines or regulations specific to
this material.

Ensuring that concrete with waste paper pulp meets regulatory standards is essential for
its acceptance in the construction industry and for ensuring safety and reliability.

7. Processing and Integration Challenges

The methods for processing waste paper pulp and integrating it into concrete mixes may
present technical challenges. This includes how to effectively mix, handle, and
incorporate the pulp without affecting the concrete's quality.

Efficient processing and integration techniques are necessary to overcome practical

challenges and ensure the successful use of waste paper pulp in concrete.

2.4 Objectives
Little study has been conducted on the long-term durability of concrete containing Paper
Pulp. As a result, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effects replacement of
cement with Paper Pulp in concrete. Based on this, following are some key objectives:

 Investigate the workability of concrete mixes with varying Paper Pulp Content content.

 Mechanical Properties: To Evaluate the compressive strength with different percentages

of Paper Pulp replacement.

 Compare the results with conventional concrete to assess the feasibility of Paper Pulp as a
partial replacement for cement.

1
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE
REVIEW

2
3.1 Introduction

This study looks into the possibility of using waste paper sludge ash as a partial
replacement for cement in new concrete. Paper mill sludge is a major economic and
environmental problem for the paper and board industry. All across the world, a vast
volume of waste paper sludge is produced. Paper pulp has little calcium, a lot of calcium
chloride, and very little silica. Paper pulps behave as cement because of their silica and
magnesium concentration. The addition of silica and magnesium to concrete reduces the
time it takes to cure. Water-bound cellulose fibers, calcium carbonate, china clay, and
residual chemicals make up the material. Paper pulp is both beneficial to concrete and cost-
effective.

3.2 Literature Review

Jagdish D. kalapad, Mohan Mansute, Vishal Swami, Vaishnavi Sulbhewar, T. M.

Khandale [1] It is reported that waste paper pulp has pozzolanic as well as cementations
properties which may be used as partial replacement of cement clinker in concrete
production. This paper deals with experimental investigations to evaluate the optimum
percentage of waste paper pulp to be used for making concrete. Paper pulps behave like
cement because of silica and magnesium properties. This silica and magnesium improve
the setting of concrete. Paper pulp consist of cellulose Fibers, calcium carbonate, china
clay and residual chemicals which bound up with waterThe use of paper pulp in concrete
can save the paper waste disposal cost and produced green concrete for construction.

Sourabh Raghuwanshi, Dr. V. V. Singh, Pankaj Mishra [2] The cement has been
replaced by sludge accordingly in the range of 5% to 20%by weight for M-25. By using
adequate amount of the waste paper pulp and water, concrete mixtures were produced and
compared in terms of slump and strength with the conventional concrete. The concrete
specimens were tested in three series of test as compression test, splitting tensile test and
flexural test. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties for 14 and
28 days. As a result, the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength increased up to
5% addition of waste paper.

Cherian Varkey [3] Introducing waste paper sludge as pulp and paper mill residual solids,

2
which are mostly made up of cellulose fibres, moisture, and paper-making fillers such as
kaolin clay and calcium carbonate. To evaluate compressive strength, split tensile strength,
and flexural strength, the author tested cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm, a cylinder measuring
150 x 300 mm, and beams measuring 100 x 100 x 500 mm. The results showed that
replacing 5% of the cement with waste paper sludge resulted in better outcomes for all
three characteristics. He also mentioned that waste paper sludge appears to have a greater
impact on flexural strength than split tensile strength.

Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda and Abhinandan Singh Gill [4] Used waste paper sludge to
replace cement in the M-25 design mix to the extent of 0 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent,
and 15 percent by weight. Mechanical qualities such as compressive strength for up to 28
days and split tensile strength for the same amount of time were tested. According to the
findings, a 5% replacement of cement by waste paper sludge reduces compressive strength
by 33% and split tensile strength by 5.23 percent for M-25 mix, while a 50% replacement
of cement by waste paper sludge reduces compressive strength by 50.28 percent and split
tensile strength by 9.34 percent.

Faisal Shabbir [5] Found that waste paper sludge ash may partially substitute cement in
the ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Initial setting time, ultimate setting time,
mechanical strength (compressive and tensile strength), and dry density were all measured
on the specimens. The findings were compared to standard concrete without the use of
waste paper sludge ash in place of cement. The initial and final setting times of cement
were reduced when the percentage of waste paper sludge ash was increased, resulting in
lighter concrete. At 28 days, it was discovered that replacing 15% of the cement with waste
paper sludge ash resulted in the greatest increase in compressive and split tensile strength.

A. Ritzawaty Binti Mohamad Shukeri and Ritzawaty Binti Mohamad Shukeri Naser
Abdul Ghani [6] partially replaced cement with waste paper sludge ash in the proportions
of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% for the 1:2:3 mix proportion. The compressive strength reduced
after 7 days from 16.03 to 11.0 N/mm2, but increased for 28 days from 19.0 to 15.67
N/mm2.

To measure compressive strength, tensile strength, absorption, and dry density, Sajad
Ahmad, M. Iqbal Malik, Muzaffar Bashir Wani, and Rafiq Ahmad [7] investigated
concrete for M-25 mix by increasing amounts of waste paper sludge by 5%, 10%, 15%,
and 20%. He discovered that waste paper sludge ash can be utilised as a cement substitute

2
up to

2
5% by weight with a particle size less than 90m and a 5% reduction in workability.

Sumit A Balwaik ; S P Raut [8] The use of paper-mill pulp in concrete formulations was
investigated as an alternative to landfill disposal. The cement has been replaced by waste
paper sludge accordingly in the range of 5% to 20% by weight for M-20 and M-30 mix [9].
By using adequate amount of the waste paper pulp and water, concrete mixtures were
produced and compared in terms of slump and strength with the conventional concrete.
The concrete specimens were tested in three series of test as compression test, splitting
tensile test and flexural test. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical
properties for up to 28 days. As a result, the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural
strength increased up to 10% addition of waste paper pulp and further increased in waste
paper pulp reduces the strengths gradually. The research on use of paper sludge can be
further carried out in concrete manufacturing as a new recycled material.

3.3 Concluding Remark

The research presented collectively underscores the potential of waste paper pulp and
sludge as viable partial replacements for cement in concrete production. These studies
reveal that waste paper pulp, due to its silica and magnesium content, can enhance the
setting and performance of concrete, contributing to both environmental sustainability and
economic efficiency by reducing waste disposal costs.

Jagdish D. Kalapad et al. highlight the pozzolanic properties of waste paper pulp,
suggesting its effectiveness in cement replacement. Sourabh Raghuwanshi et al.
demonstrate improved mechanical properties with up to 5% addition of waste paper pulp,
corroborated by Cherian Varkey et al., who noted similar enhancements in strength
characteristics with 5% replacement.

Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda and Abhinandan Singh Gill identify a significant reduction in
both compressive and tensile strength with higher percentages of waste paper sludge,
suggesting a delicate balance in its application. Faisal Shabbir et al. and A. Ritzawaty
Binti Mohamad Shukeri et al. provide evidence of optimal performance improvements
with up to 15% replacement, highlighting the effects on setting times and concrete density.

At the present time researchers searched some substitute for these materials such as fly ash,
blast furnace slag, silica fume, rice husk ash, etc apart from this the recent studies research

2
has shown that the paper pulp is also useful for construction of concrete as a fine
aggregate. Paper pulp contains low calcium and minimum amount of silica, because of this
silica and magnesium paper pulp can be used like cement, paper pulp reduces cost of
concrete and also it improves the strength of concrete [10].

It undergoes beneficial pozzolanic reactions in the concrete and could replace up to 30% of
cement in some concrete mixes with satisfactory strength development. The drying
shrinkage of the concrete containing GLP was acceptable [11].

Sajad Ahmad et al. reinforce the findings by demonstrating that waste paper sludge ash can
be effectively used as a cement substitute up to 5%, enhancing compressive and tensile
strength while maintaining workability.

Overall, these studies advocate for the strategic use of waste paper pulp and sludge in
concrete, emphasizing the need for further exploration to optimize the balance between
environmental benefits and mechanical performance.

2
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOG

2
4.1 Introduction

Methodology is a systematic, theoretical investigation of the methods used in a field of

study, as well as a knowledge concept. This is a review of research methodology, which
includes the methods used to acquire data and analyse it.

Materials Required: -

1. Cement:- It serves as one of the project's binders. Cement is the most important building
material in today's construction. Grade 53 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) according to IS:
8112-1989

2. Fine Aggregate: Concrete is made from a combination of fine aggregate, a binder

(cement), and water. Fine-aggregate concrete is similar to construction mortars in terms of
composition and properties. Thin-walled and classic reinforcing-concrete structural
components and products are the most common applications. Fine-aggregate concrete is used
in highway and airfield construction because of its fine-grained structure and high tensile
strength. Concrete preparation, shipping, and placing are all made much easier by the lack of
coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel), especially when concrete pumps are used. Fine-
aggregate concrete has the disadvantage of requiring more binder than other concrete kinds,
resulting in higher shrinkage and creep. By crushing some of the sand, using plasticizers, or
autoclaving agents, the amount of binder in the concrete can be lowered. Sand was used that
was locally available and passed through a 4.75mm IS sieve.

3. Coarse Aggregate: Crushed blue granite stones with a nominal size of 12.5 mm that are
locally available, according to IS: 383 – 1970 graded aggregate. All specimens will be made
of crushed granite material that has been sieved to a size of 4.75 mm. The maximum size of
coarse aggregate in the composite should be regulated, according to several research. In
addition to the cement paste-to-aggregate ratio, the aggregate type has a considerable impact
on concrete dimensional stability.

4. Waste paper pulp: - Paper mills provided the wastepaper for this investigation ( hardoli
paper mill Nagpur ,ellora paper mill Nagpur etc.).

2
 The methodical approach taken to conduct research or find a solution is presented in the
methodology. It provides a timeline for conducting the study by detailing the procedures for
collecting and evaluating data in addition to the research design. A well-defined methodology
enhances the study's credibility and reproducibility.

LITERATURE REVIEW

COLLECTION OF CONSTITUENT MATERIAL

MATERIAL TESTING

MIX DESIGN

CASTING

RESULTS

Fig 5: Flowchart for Methodology

4.2 Test on Cement (OPC 43 Grade)

4.2.1 Finesse Testing

The fineness test on OPC attempts to evaluate and measure the particle size
distribution, providing essential information about the quality of the cement and its
potential influence on the properties of concrete. The two major methods for measuring
cement fineness are the Blaine Air Permeability Method and the Sieve Analysis
Method. Cement is filtered through an increasing number of sieves with finer mesh
sizes using the

2
 sieve analysis method. A fineness modulus is calculated, as well as the proportion of
cement retained on each sieve. A lower fineness modulus indicates finer particles.

4.2.2 Normal Consistency

Normal consistency, one of cement's basic properties, is critical to both workability

and curing time. The Normal Consistency Test on OPC seeks to determine the amount
of water required to produce a cement paste with a standard consistency. This test
serves in identifying the setting and workability properties of the cement. The Vicat
device is commonly used to perform the Normal Consistency Test. The technique is
outlined in the following phases. To make a paste, a sample of OPC is mixed with a
specific quantity of water. The apparatus is made up of the Vicat needle and frame. The
needle is attached to a rod and has a 1 mm2 cross-sectional area. The frame holds the
cement paste Mold in place.

4.2.3 Initial Setting Time

The initial setting time test determines how long it takes cement to solidify—that is,
when the paste becomes less flexible and hardens. Here's a step-by-step guide to doing
the initial setting time test on Ordinary Portland Cement: After gently lowering the
Vicat plunger onto the surface of the cement mix, remove it. The plunger should be able
to pierce the cement mixture partially without causing visible deformation. Keep track
of the initial time of setting, which is the amount of time it takes the cement paste to
transition from plastic to semi-solid.

4.2.4 Final Setting Time

The final setting time test is conducted to determine the time taken by cement to
completely set, indicating the point at which the cement paste has hardened sufficiently
to resist certain pressures. Here is a step-by-step guide for conducting the final setting
time test on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): Release the Vicat plunger after carefully
lowering it onto the surface of the cement mix. Allow the plunger to come into contact
with the paste without generating any noticeable distortion. Keep track of the final time
of setting, which is the amount of time it takes for the cement paste to fully set and
harden.

2
 5.2.1 Soundness Test
The soundness of cement is tested to ensure it does not undergo excessive expansion
after setting, which can lead to cracking and disintegration, compromising structural
integrity and durability. The test is performed using the Le Chatelier apparatus, where a
cement paste is placed in a mold and submerged in water. After an initial measurement,
the mold is boiled for three hours and cooled, followed by a final measurement. The
difference in measurements indicates the expansion. Ensuring cement soundness helps
maintain construction quality, safety, and longevity by detecting impurities that cause
volumetric changes.

4.3 Test on Fine Aggregate

4.3.1 Sieve Analysis

A popular technique for figuring out the fine aggregate's particle size distribution
which is crucial for creating concrete mixes is the sieve analysis test. This test evaluates
the suitability of fine aggregate for use in concrete and other building applications. For
the purpose of generating concrete mixes, the sieve analysis test on fine aggregate offers
crucial information on the particle size distribution. The findings support the
optimization of aggregate size ratios in concrete mixes for the needed workability and
strength, as well as ensuring that the fine aggregate meets the indicated graduation
requirements. Routine testing and standard compliance aid in fine aggregate quality
control in building applications.

4.3.2 Specific Gravity

The fine aggregate specific gravity test is used to determine the relative densities of
fine aggregate particles. It is essential for mixing concrete proportions and plays a
critical function in defining fine aggregate quality. The specific gravity test on fine
aggregate provides important information about the relative densities of the particles.
When calculating concrete mix proportions and making sure the fine aggregate satisfies
quality standards, this information is crucial. AASHTO T84 and ASTM C128 are two
standards that are regularly followed and tested to maintain the quality control of fine
aggregates used in construction.

3
 4.3.3 Bulking of Sand

Bulking of sand is assessed to determine the increase in sand volume due to

moisture, which affects concrete mix proportions and workability. Moisture creates a film
around sand particles, causing them to repel and occupy more space. To measure bulking,
a sample of moist sand is placed in a graduated cylinder and the volume is noted. Water
is then added to the sand to remove air gaps, and the volume is measured again. The
difference between the two measurements indicates the bulking percentage. This test
ensures accurate sand measurement in concrete mixes, preventing potential issues in
construction quality and strength.

4.4 Test on Coarse Aggregate

4.4.1 Sieve Analysis

An essential step in the testing of building materials is the sieve analysis of coarse
aggregate, which yields vital details regarding the aggregate's particle size distribution.
To conduct this test, a standard set of sieves with progressively finer openings is used to
carefully screen a representative sample of the coarse aggregate. The aggregate is
mechanically shaken to separate the particles according to size, and the sieves are
arranged in descending order of aperture size. We can calculate the proportion of the
sample weight that goes through each sieve and is retained by weighing the material
kept on each sieve. This data is then used to generate a gradation curve that depicts the
distribution of particle sizes within the aggregate. After mechanically shaking the
aggregate to separate the particles by size, the sieves are placed in decreasing order of
aperture size. By weighing the material retained on each sieve, we can calculate the
percentage of the sample weight that goes through and is retained. With this
information, a gradation curve illustrating the distribution of particle sizes within the
aggregate is subsequently produced. the sieve analysis procedure, supporting both the
overall performance of concrete in building projects and the coarse aggregate quality
control. Maintaining consistency and dependability in building materials requires
routine testing.

3
 4.4.2 Specific Gravity

The specific gravity test on coarse aggregate is a crucial evaluation for measuring the
relative density of the aggregate particles. For this test, a sample of coarse aggregate is
weighed in the air and then immersed in water. The buoyant force imparted on the
aggregate can be used to calculate the apparent and bulk specific gravities. Specific
gravity values are useful in determining the volume proportions of aggregate, cement,
and water in a concrete mix, which affect the mix's workability, strength, and durability.

4.4.3 Impact Value

When it comes to coarse aggregate, the impact value test is a crucial tool for
determining how resilient it is to abrupt impacts like those encountered during road
construction. In this test, a standard steel hammer is used to impact a representative sample
of coarse aggregate in a predetermined way. The percentage of fines generated as a result
of separation upon impact is calculated; this value represents the toughness and shock
acceptance of the aggregate. Higher toughness and durability—two essential
characteristics for aggregates used in pavement applications and road construction—are
indicated by a lower impact value. the impact value test, which guarantees accuracy and
consistency when assessing coarse aggregate quality. When choosing and ensuring the
quality of aggregates for applications where impact and abrasion resistance is essential to
the longevity and functionality of building materials, this test is essential. Maintaining the
durability and integrity of building materials in a variety of engineering projects requires
routine testing.

4.4.4 Bulking of Coarse Aggregate

Bulking of coarse aggregate is assessed to ensure accurate volume measurement in
concrete mix designs, as moisture can cause volume changes, impacting mix proportions and
concrete strength. To measure bulking, a sample of coarse aggregate is placed in a container
and its volume is noted. The sample is then saturated with water to fill air voids and the volume
is measured again. The difference between the dry and wet volumes indicates the bulking
effect. Understanding this helps adjust the aggregate quantity accurately in concrete mixes,
ensuring consistency, workability, and the desired strength in the final construction.

3
4.5 Test on Samples

4.5.1Compressive Strength Test

The concrete is designed to endure compression so, determining its compressive

strength is crucial. Because the compressive strength of different specimens for the
same concrete mix varies, cured specimens are placed in a compressive testing machine
and a force is applied. Compression testing produces a more complicated stress system.
According to the Poisson's ratio effect, the cubes expand lateral due to compression
load. At the limiting load, the specimen breaks and the load is given. The compressive
strength test assesses the axial load-bearing capacity of a concrete mix in accordance
with IS 516:1959 standards. For seven or twenty-eight days, cylindrical specimens are
cured after casting. After that, the specimens are compressed in a hydraulic press, and
the maximum load immediately prior to failure is recorded. By dividing this load by the
specimen's cross-sectional area, the compressive strength is computed. Conformance to
IS 516:1959 guarantees consistent testing for dependable outcomes, which is essential
for evaluating the structural soundness of concrete in building projects. In order to
account for potential variations, the IS 516:1959 standard points out the significance
of testing a minimum of three specimens for each concrete mix. The average
compressive strength of these specimens is regarded as the typical strength of the mix.
This test is critical for quality control in the construction industry because it offers
critical information regarding the load-bearing capacity and structural performance of
the concrete.

3
CHAPTER 5:
RESULTS

3
Result

5.1 Cement Testing

Table 2: Test Results on Cement (OPC 53 grade)

Testing on Cement Readings/Results

Fineness Test 1%
Normal Constituency 34%
Initial Setting Time 30min
Final Setting Time 330min
Soundness of cement 3mm

5.2 Fine Aggregate Testing

Table 3: Test Results of Fine Aggregate

Test on Fine Aggregate Readings/Results

Sieve Analysis Zone III
Specific Gravity 2.56
Bulking of Sand 1%

5.3 Coarse Aggregate Testing

Table 4: Test Results of Course Aggregate

Test on coarse aggregate Reading/Result

Sieve Analysis 20mm

Specific Gravity 3.01

Impact Value 13.46

Bulking of Course Aggregate 0.5%

3
 5.4. Waste paper pulp Testing
A. Fineness of Waste paper pulp: - The fineness of the waste paper pulp is found
that in this study is 5%.

B. Table 5: Consistency of Waste paper pulp: -

C. Table 6: Initial setting time of waste paper pulp: -

D. Table 7: Final setting time of waste paper pulp: -

E. Specific gravity of waste paper pulp:

Specific gravity of the waste paper pulp is 2.11

Mix Proportioning

Concrete mix design is the process of selecting suitable concrete materials and
determining their relative proportions with the goal of generating a concrete with the
required strength, durability, and workability as affordably as possible. The proportioning
of concrete ingredients is determined by the concrete's needed performance in two

3
stages,

3
namely the plastic and hardened states. It is impossible to correctly put and compact plastic
concrete if it is not workable. The compressive strength of hardened concrete, which is
often used as an indicator of other attributes, is affected by a variety of elements, including
cement quality and quantity, water and aggregate, batching and mixing, placement,
compacting, and curing. IS: 10262-2009 was used to suggest a concrete mix design or M25
grade. Table 8 shows the design mix proportion.
Table 8: Mix proportion

Mix Design
a. Concrete grade: M 25

b. Cement type: Ordinary Portland Cement

c.Maximum coarse aggregate nominal size: 20
mm
d. Minimum cement amount: 300
kg/m3 e.Maximum water-cement ratio: 0.50

1) Target strength for mix proportioning

f'’ck=fck + 1.65 s
f’ck = average target compressive strength of concrete at 28 days,
fck = characteristics compressive strength of concrete at 28 days,
S = standard deviation. From table 2 of IS 10262-2019 S = 4 N/mm²
f’ck=fck+1.65
S=25+1.65 x 4 = 31.60 N/mm²

3
 2) Selection of water-cement ratio

Maximum water cement ratio required foe the target strength of 36 N/mm 2 is from IS
10262-2019 Adopted water cement ratio is 0.44

0.44<0.5

Hence OK

3) Selection of water content

From Table 4 of IS 10262:2019

Maximum water content for 20 mm aggregate = 186 liter (for 25 to 50 mm slump

range) For an increase by about 3 percent for every additional 25 mm slump so here
estimated water content for 125 mm slump

=186+(9/100) x 186

= 202 liter.

Based on trials with Super plasticizer water content reduction of 23.76% has been
achieved. Required water = 202-(202 x 23.76) % = 202-48 = 154.0 litre

4) Calculation of cement content:

w/c Ratio 0.50
Cement Content = 154/0.44= 350 kg/m³
From Tables of IS 456, minimum cement content for 'moderate' exposure conditions is 300 kg/m² w
e had taken 350 kg/m³ > 340 kg/m³
hence ok

3
 5) Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
content: As per table number 5 of IS 10262:2019 volume of coarse aggregate for
20 mm water-cement ratio = 0.50-0.64

In present case water-cement ratio is 0.44.

As the water-cement ratio is lower by 0.06. the proportion of volume of coarse
aggregate is increased by 0.012 = (0.06/0.05) = 1.2 times of 0.01 so 0.01 x 1.2 = 0.012
0.64+0.012=0.65
Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement
ratio of 0.44 = 0.65

For pumpable concrete these values should be reduced up to 10%

Volume of coarse aggregate =0.65 x 0.9=0.58

6) Determination of mass of admixture:

7) Mix Calculation
a) Volume of concrete = 1 m³
b) Volume of cement = [Mass of cement] / {[Specific Gravity of Cement] x 1000}
= 350/{3.15 x 1000} = 0.111 m³
c) Volume of water = [Mass of water] / {[Specific Gravity of water] x 1000}
= 154/{1 x 1000} = 0.154 m³
d) Volume of admixture = (mass of admixture/ spec. gravity of admixture)*(1/1000)
=(7/2.11)*(1/1000)
=0.00331m³
e) Volume of all aggregate =[A-(B+C+D)] =[1-(0.111+0.154+0.00331)] =0.762
f) Mass of CA: ex vol. of CA x SP. Gravity of CA
=0.762*0.58*3.01
= 1.330 k

4
Final mass of ingredients
Table 9: Final Mass of Ingredient’s

Experimental Programs

5.5 Tests on fresh concrete:

The workability and consistency of all the concrete mixtures were determined via slump
testing with a metallic slump mould. The difference in level between the height of the mould
and the highest point of the subsided concrete was termed as slump. Slump tests were
performed according to IS: 1199-1959.

Fig 6: Slump Cone Test

5.6 Tests on hardened concrete:

Concrete's compressive strength was measured using standard cubes measuring

150mm×150mm×150mm. A total of 24 cubes were cast for the strength parameters. In this
study, waste paper sludge was used to substitute cement in M-25 mixtures to the level of
5%, 10%, and 15%. The compressive strengths of cubes after seven and twenty-eight days
were determined using IS 516: 1959.

4
 Fig 7: Compressive Testing Machine

Result on fresh concrete: -

As indicated in the graph, the slump cone test was used to determine the result on fresh
concrete (i.e. workability of concrete) for various experimental mixtures.

Slump Value
80

70

60

50

40
Slump

30

20

10

0% 5% 10% 15%
0
Concrete with Various mix of Paper Pulp

Fig 8: Slump value for the various trial mixes and nominal mix.

According to the graph above, the slump value decreases as the percentage of
cement replaced by waste paper pulp increases (0, 5%, 10%, 15%). (WPP).

4
 5.7 Compressive Strength of Cubes at 7/28 Days
Concrete's compressive strength can be defined as its ability to withstand loads
before breaking. The compressive strength test is the most important of the several
tests performed on concrete since it offers information about the material's qualities.

5.7.1 Compressive strength test results in 7 days:

Table10: Result of 7 days curing after replacement of Cement on compressive strength

Sample A B C D
of
Cube
% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Replac
ement
Curing 20.12 20.88 21.33 18.88
Period
20.36 20 22 20.44
7 days
20.18 20.93 22.66 17.33

Compressive Strngth of Cubes (7 Days)

25
22.66
22
20.88 20.93 21.33
20.12 20.36 20.18 20 20.44
2018.88 17.33
Compressive Strenght

15

10

0
0% 5% 10% 15%
Different Cube Samples with % of Paper Pulp replaced with cement

Fig 9: The compressive strength at the cube at 7 days of each cube

4
 The average compressive strength the cubes at 7 days calculate is given and compare the
value obtain for various trial mixes is given the following table and graph:
Table 11: Average Compressive Strength of Cube After 7 Days of Curing.

Samples `0% 5% 10% 15%

of Cube
with %
Paper
Pulp
replaced
Average 20.22 20.6 21.99 18.8
value of
Compress
ive
Strength
(7 Days)

Average value of Compressive Strength

23

22
Compressive Strenght

21

20

19

18

17
0% 5% 10% 15%
% of Paper pulp Replaced Cube Samples

Fig10: Average compressive strength of trial mixes after 7 days curing

5.7.2 Compressive strength test results in 28 days:

The graph here shows the compressive strength result of average cement waste paper pulp
cubes when cured in water for 28 days with respective replacement .it shows the strength of
maximum 10% replacement of cement by waste paper pulp respectively.

4
Table12: Result of 28 days curing after replacement of cement

Sample A B C D
of
Cube
% 0% 5% 10% 15%
Replac
ement
Curing 32.08 33.4 37.6 27.33
Period
32.36 32 37.51 29.64
28 days
32.16 31.55 35.51 25.04

Compressive strength of 28 days curing:

The compressive strength at the cube at 28 days of each cube in the following graph

Compressive Strngth of Cubes (28 Days)

37.6 37.51
40 35.51
33.4

35 32.08 32.36 32.16 32 31.55

29.64
30 27.33
25.04
Compressive Strenght

25

20

15

10

0 0% 5% 10% 15%
A B C D
Different Cube Samples with % of Paper Pulp replaced with cement

Fig 11: Result of compressive strength of each cube after 28 days curing

4
 The average compressive strength the cubes at 7 days calculate is given and compare the
value obtain for various trial mixes is given the following table and graph:
Table:13: Average Compressive Strength of Cube After 28 Days of Curing.
Samples `0% 5% 10% 15%
of Cube
with %
Paper
Pulp
replaced
Average 32.2 32.31 36.87 27.33
value of
Compre
ssive
Strength
(28
Days)

Fig: 12The average compressive strength of trial mixes after 28 days curing

41
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIO
N
42
Conclusion:

Waste paper sludge is a viable substitute for cement in the creation of concrete,
according to this study. In this study, 5 percent to 10% replacement yielded the best
results when strength was the criterion.

 When compared to a reference mix of M25 concrete, there was a 7.5 percent
increase in compressive strength at 28 days for a 5 percent substitution of cement.
 When comparing the costs of paper sludge concrete to conventional concrete, it
was discovered that the former is more cost-effective for large-scale projects.
 The preservation of our environment is one of our society's major challenges. The
use of paper sludge in concrete can reduce disposal expenses for the paper
industry, alleviate landfill issues, and create a greener concrete for building.
 There was a minor drop in workability when waste paper sludge was added.
 The preservation of our environment is one of our society's major challenges. The
use of discarded paper pulp in concrete can reduce disposal costs for the paper
industry, alleviate landfill issues, and create a greener concrete for building.
 The percentage water absorption increases as the waste paper pulp content increases.
 The workability of concrete mixes declines as the amount of waste paper pulp in
the mix increases.
 Waste paper pulp can be used in concrete to save money because it is a non-useful
waste that is also free.
 The use of waste paper pulp in concrete will solve the waste paper pulp disposal
problem, minimise harmful pollutants released into the environment by the cement
manufacturing industry, and thus prove to be environmentally beneficial, opening
the way for greener concrete.
 As the paper pulp content in the concrete mixtures was raised, the slump increased
up to 5% cement replacement; however, as the paper pulp content in the concrete
mixtures was increased, the slump decreased.
 In general, the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength increased up to
5% with the addition of waste paper pulp, and the strength steadily decreased as
the amount of waste paper pulp was increased. The best appropriate mix
percentage is a 5% waste paper pulp to cement replacement.

43
CHAPTER 7
REFERENC
E

4
References:

1) Jagdish D. kalapad, Mohan Mansute, Vishal Swami, Vaishnavi Sulbhewar, T.

M. Khandale “Experimental investigations to evaluate the optimum percentage
of waste paper pulp to be used for making concrete”

2) Sourabh Raghuwanshi IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research &

Development| Vol. 5, Issue 12, 2018 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613.

3) Cherian Varke Y “Experimental investigation To evaluate compressive strength,

split tensile strength, and flexural strengthof waste paper pulp used for concrete”

4) Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda and Abhinandan Singh Gill (2014) “Assessment of

Sorptivity and Water Absorption of Concrete with Partial Replacement of
Cement by Fly Ash and Hypo Sludge”

5) Faisal Shabbir “Recycling of high quantities of wastepaper sludge ash for

production of blended cements and alternative materials”

6) Ritzawaty Binti Mohamad Shukeri and Ritzawaty Binti Mohamad Shukeri

Naser Abdul Ghani “Effect of paper sludge ash on properties of cement
concrete: A review”

7) Sajad Ahmad, M. Iqbal Malik, Muzaffar Bashir Wani, and Rafiq Ahmad
“Effective utilization of waste paper sludge ash as a supplementary material for
cement”

8) Sumit A Balwaik ; S P Raut,” UTILIZATION OF WASTE PAPER PULP BY

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE ”, international
journal of engineering research and applications.

9) 10262:2019, bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi, India.6

4
10) Jawahar Singh , LNMIPPL; Premit Kumar Patil,” application of paper pulp in
concrete”, international journal for scientific research & development| vol. 4,
issue 05, 2016 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613.

11) A. Shayan and A. Xu. (Jan.2009). Value added utilization of waste paper in
concrete. cement and concrete research. 44 (1), 81-89.

4
CHAPTER 8
APPENDICES

47
Appendices

Photo with Industry Guide: Er. Arpit Mehta

Photo with Institute Guide: Prof. Nikhil H. Pitale

48