Modes of Hea Traaier:

hene ave two basi. Mechai'sms thad trans fev

ne hecut

Conducttm

Raoli autdm
n the Pcess of enevq fev
Cunductm
mediuM
statAmay
thangh v

also k e s plaee in fuids Cquid/qai)

Conductan
motim.
ane statmaw ov In qie body
14 they
selids heat cond uctm îs
the onl
onlt
lm Opaque 4ransfere d
Wkich khet s
mechanim by
trnujev otcurs becawe
becaue
In sol'ds th ene
empewahr.
vl brate move rapêdly
entom at htgn
Tafev enewgy to n earby
Can TAfew

me hence iney
miCo sc epie work, that
lowe demperaMe by
atoms at
TS sheact

of free electng clso

calso
mgraBm
In meals
heat conductim
buke to the pwcess ot
Comtnb

moleces move at VandoM

Tnliquids omed ases
molecar
omd also eonduckd by
enerqy
collisonns
Rodiaam he tranulev Ts 4he met erthange ot

hevmal onerqy b et" two suvtaoes obeyin1 the

eAWO eleetro ma qneis

meeli um thmg
which the
the ex chnnqe
exchange
> The
tuoo suraees OCUY

0f 4hevmal enev1 b et"

a tatimn
In h e ra a oi im
oY Maynot particèpatc
May and
oCessbabsrbing
heat ransfev

S c a t r n r a d t a t m

refexs of
to dranfe ot
term Tadiatam
The
prpaatn
dsovqenized phot on
eaer by
continually
2mik photons randomly
A A boey
cfim omel te
me
ndine
photums ts
enerqy
transferred by
The net
es heot
Countee
sueh as radio
Organëzed phofum eneaa,
> be Waeosco pically
wMaoscopically
comtras1, CaM
n
r a m i s cm,
heat
dentt fte d one is not Cmstdemeocs
 thtre Me hanism of heut
S p e a k of ov
Enqn
Cngneeas
t3onateN, namely, Con
vectemM

The term 'Comvectim' applie d to the eme

s enerqa7
Solics and fluids ming
anstew bet" a
VBL
Past the colid
TAL
TaU T4)
Ts
Ts
\usO NO lip
convected
Convected
not heat thats beng
Howeve, t Ts
1mtrnal eneqy om bulk kinetic enej
energd
but mottm otetluid.
macro Soopic
u e to
C o n t n u u M

C?) fluid flws past ev

when
imperMeasle heated solid surface
Surface,
statamay Nze
a the colid Surtace
the u i d veloc1ty
CNo slip gom the
heat ransfev
m 0t
mechanis Huid
The
surtace to the ewng luid
heatd solie
sCmductm omd radiautam

altersthe
tHuid sream
T h e flowing fluid in dhe
the
d i s t i b u t i m in

Temeratuve
ot the solid surface
vici nit ransterreo bt
heat ts
hich
The r a t at w
the fluie
coneuctam fum the solid surtaee to

om the noma radient ot fluid

depenos
tempewame idbuttm at hee colid surdate m d

the
therma Conductv1 of the flurd

Tocnege in the tlued veloc1y uRucly n cnea4es

îni ve as en
tempev amne radients. by
thene
he
of heat ranute b eonductim m
the rate
the solid Surtaee to t e fotat Slwtng flui
Conductm s the emeay dranu porto
Heat
amod ahove that tooneporttd by macoscopft
over
motM mornditem

Comductm'
vejers to trans fev of
The term wkich not
does mot
doeg
mareal
twmg h
ov
MeN g în the absence
of
scattev raoliataM,
md
ab srb motm t the
Material.

e t Mass
cmductam
ot ememg
transtew b
Theratt Pewamve
the tempewam
the Maqnchuole
of
depenolson Materia
îmstde the
radient
Is
+he enewgy
troane port
In dilu gates molecufes
, O the molecules
motam of
Pmo by
trans port t k e s Plaee
he enegy
In liquds, the interactim
miqrataM ot molecules Gmd
mojerues
be nerh bawng
hat ot homm tranupart
Mechanis s
In soliods the
 Cnductim in yo4.
Mechanism of heat
cfim in q
The
The Mechanucm of heat Condu
btConsi denna sha.vmn
ynay be explained hon2ntal
fw0 OYce
laye ot qcbef
sane H
dislante
Sepavaldby
Isothermal plales
T= Tu
XH
Tu

X=
Ty7 T
dA
TL
T TL
L e t +he empev ane 0f the owe plae plae be
O+ the up per plale
T. omo let the tempov ahve
be l . C o s T o d i n a h e systcm w
T o fix ideu Consi dev
ou the l w e plakt.
the ovqtn
verteca co0redinakc
Le denote Hhe
duibutn
the temb eveshhve
TC) denote
Let H
ot quu în the regcm 0
nsde the layw
C located at =o) mo uppe
be the lwer plak
plete ( lotattd at =H
hovi2umtal plane hhrngh
Cosicdev hypolhe Heal
cordinates, ( MoZo) inside he ejas
o poivt wH
Whene 0X,H
 ttcal plane s CoutemH being Csed
Ths hypothe
molecwles fwn ahove emd belm due to ther
thee s no bulk v

nndo mottM, thwa

maeoicope
motam ot the q
T Tu

T TL
Molecules a highew tmpevae huve hdy hev
speeds omd hence, highev knett Emegies
when megh bang moleufes caljide energy
m o emevqeHT
molecwes to
transermed t m
molecules
the less eneqett
ITu TL the hulk kmpevae qradient,
,pos che .

molecules whech CUSs the hypothetita

Thu the
drm belw
hoi2mta plane
the poîn Cx, t, z.) thnn
an
vew e Y
om
hove a lew ev tempenaane
the plane
Sm above
above

h e mole cudes whtch

ceSs

hawe
have
Cince noleules wit kiyew tempewame
hiqher steeds
omd hiqhev kineHt enewaiesthes
AeresS
fray fer of
emewq
net
thene
the random anicsop
plane oue
to
hy po
theHtal
the pnesene of
molecues in
the
motam of
amne qraoient
bulk tempev cujav
moleculav
trnnstev hy
a ndo M
rando w mole
Thix net emeN
q
eve in the Pesence
pesence
at he midsCopie eve
mottm
qradient IS etevmed to
o bulk tempew ahve
a dHutm of enevq
conductm în w qus
echaniam o t heat
The mass dH¥um
m of
siilav
to the mee hanis
of Co
C mnc
ceen
ntrra
attiim
m

in the pnes ence of

in d n
i

qTadient
0t qau im cneaes With
Wit
thermal Conductevi
The
mveae în em p e a t u n e
MechanisM of heat Comductim in a
liquid
The Mechana M otheat emductam in w
Aqwid r simlar to the mMechoniim ot heat
C onductm in v
liqutd
Hweve, the. molecues in a Dq ud d ave

Moe cosely $poeed

ane
înteraetams îM
ev lîqud
Moletunv
wd moe fequent
Strmqe

Mechanism of heat Comductm in solie

in cHstals
Therma Comductim
thaenah solick
solos

enerat
t h e r m e r energY thaeg
The transport Of due to wowes ?roluted
waves
?racluced
is mainly
Sueh a s crjstals motm ok
therma
due to the
lathe vibraBam latttre
by waves ane
referred to a s
These
the atoms.
omd
atums omd detects
detects.
Waves
scattkre bb atms
ae thermal
Waves
The distibutes
dlotadau;
ths
Sueh as
n e v d în solio
o+ he W
W oa
vv s
e&
Of the
momentum
by Part ca
md
energ
Y P r r t i s l e

The camed Camme

Cmsieredto be
Cam be
Called phMms
ae
These
partecle

speed 8f smn
ravel with
phomonu
The too aspects, wave md p artec le, of th
the
wave- Prtecle duale ave inked hy
elami

prticle hf

P h
reapectvely the
the
ane
Hene
, Eparietle
omo
partecle.
o m o m e n t u m of the
ny m -34
Covutadt 663 x J s amd1o
lanck ck
the trequentomd wavelength
mo a ane

o the Wave

e l t a m P= h , was opose Bie

The
mo supprttd
 The too Gpects, woave mo partecle, of th
The
the
wave- Prtëcle dualt avenked hy
relatm
pvtcle = hf

P .
the
reipectvel the
H parlatle aneomo

QMwy om owMomentum ot the partccle

-3A
.63 x 10 Js amd
pl an ck onstn
the tuen
omd wavelengt
fmdn ave

of the Wave

Theelatam P= h was
pro pose Brlie
mo upporkd