Offline Lecture Guide

Activities
(e-Learnin
g/ TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION
Self-Paced 1. PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
) 1.1 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
- It is the science of measuring traffic and travel.
- The study of the basic laws relative to traffic laws, rules and regulations.
- It is the application of this knowledge to the professional practice of
planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and
efficient transportation of persons and goods.
- It is the foundation of traffic, without which the flow of traffic will be
disastrous or hazardous.
- It deals with the planning and geometrical designs of streets, highways
and abutting lands and with the operation thereon for the safe,
convenient and economic transportation of person and goods.
 Areas of work of Traffic Engineering
1. Safety 6. Highway
2. Convenience 7. Planning
3. Economy 8. Design
4. People 9. Operations
5. Vehicle

1.1.1 Functions of Traffic Engineering

a. Fact finding, surveys and recommendations of traffic rules and
regulations.
b. Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic
control device.
c. Planning of traffic regulations.

1.1.2 Objectives of Traffic Engineering

a. To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic
b. To prevent traffic accident
c. To simplify police enforcement actions and performance.
d. To show that good police actions and performance and
engineering plans effective.
e. To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the
improvement of traffic problems.

1.1.3 Agencies Concerned in Traffic Engineering

a. Department of Public Works and Highways
b. Its functions are national in scope.
c. It is responsible in determining traffic law, pattern, draw, origin,
and destinations and studies of persons and things, planning,
approving, funding and construction of:
d. National roads in interconnecting cities and municipalities;
e. A network of national roads through cities and municipalities
and;
f. Yearly maintenance and repair programs which include
widening and redesigning of current road system.
g. Provincial government – municipalities within the province.
h. Municipal government – network of streets and roads within the
barangay
i. Chartered cities – barangay within the cities.
j. improvement of traffic problems.

1.1.4 Road Classification

a. According to Political Subdivision
1) National roads – main roads as conduit system with a
right of way from 20-120 meters.
2) Provincial roads – the linkages between two
municipalities with right of way from 15-60 meters.
3) City roads – interlink between municipalities and the city
proper with right way of 15 meters.
 4) Barangay roads – commonly called farm to market road
with right way of not less than two meters.

b. According to Functions
1) Feeder road – intended for farm to market road
2) Local collector road –intended as major arteries to
collect inter locality traffic to municipal road.
3) Major collected road – intended as major arteries to
collect inter locality provincial road.
4) Major highway –serve as main artery that caters on big
volumes of vehicular traffic on national roadways.
5) Expressways – a through traffic for free flow of vehicular
movement.
6) Tunnel road – a passage of wide section cut through a hill
or sea to shorten circuitous roadway.
7) Subway – an underground conduit running entirely
under the ground for fast travel route of commuters.
8) Skyway – a modern urban system of roadway above
street level for free flow of traffic.

c. According to Topographical terrain

1) Flat road
2) Zigzag road
3) Steep hill climbing road
4) Downhill road
5) Winding road
6) Mountainous road
7) Roller coaster road

1.1.5 Functional Classification of Roadway

a. Where vehicle pass safely on
1) Climb lane
2) Overtaking lane
3) Acceleration lane
4) Deceleration lane
5) Thru traffic lane
6) Turning lane

b. Where part of the roadway used for

1) Standing lane
2) Stopping lane
3) Bus lane

c. Where the portion of the roadway is for

1) Turning lane
2) Median lane
3) Speed change lane
4) Merging flow lane
 5) Contra flow lane
6) Bus lane

1.1.6 Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic Engineering

a. Factors Employed in Planning
1) Compositions of traffic streams
2) Traffic volumes for capacity
3) Origin and destination

b. Factors Influencing Geometric Design

1) Composition of Traffic
2) Volume of traffic
3) Speed of vehicles
4) Starting, turning and stopping abilities of traffic units
5) Performance values

c. Regulation and control traffic regulation

1) Based and confined within the boundaries of safety,
public welfare and convenience.
2) Limitations impose on road users and their load.
3) Basic general rule of road use and conduct
4) Prohibitions and restrictions

1.2 TRAFFIC EDUCATION

It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application
of traffic safety knowledge.
It is considered as the “Light Bringer “in traffic educations, the prime
mover in instilling knowledge on all people involve in traffic safety
management.

1.2.1 Safety Training

The three principles that have been emphasized as effective in the
prevention of traffic accidents are known as three (3) E’s of traffic:
Engineering, Education and Enforcement.

Three Levels of Traffic Safety Education

1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety
2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety
knowledge
3. Developing traffic safety morality

1.2.2 Traffic Safety for Children

This is highly unsystematic and is usually carried out in the home
through parental education and in kindergarten and nurseries. This is
now necessary to make it systematic to lessen the number of children
injuries.
a. Elementary
1. Safety and guides stressing traffic safety
 2. Classroom discussion of accidents, incidents and safety
rules
3. Organize safety patrols
b. Secondary
1. Initiating driver education program. Once the students
have reached the age to drive; hence, proper driving
habits should be stressed.
2. School safety subjects.
c. Tertiary
- Offer and conduct courses to public and private agencies
regarding traffic safety subjects.

1.2.3 Traffic Safety Education for Adults

It is relatively easier because adults are in a better position to
understand what is being taught to them.
It is a general belief that by being a better driver, it follows that
one becomes a better pedestrian. By knowing the limitations of the
driver and the vehicle as a driving student, one learns to watch out for
dangerous cues such as pedestrian.

1.2.4 Driver’s Education

The basic purposes of these are:
1) To develop good traffic citizens who are equipped to live in a
motorized society and achieving traffic safety.
2) To develop citizens who are legally eligible to get a driver’s
license.

In general, driver instruction aims primarily to teach the rudiments of

driving.

Secondary aims are as follows:

1) To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in
traffic.
2) To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s
license.

1.2.5 Four Basic Types of Instruction Methods Used in Driver Education

Program
a. Comprehensive
- This method places the student into the real life of driving
situation from the beginning

b. Traditional Instruction
- This type of instruction depends on instructor-student
communication.

c. Commentary Driving Method

 - The student-driver will be accompanied by an instructor.
As a student-driver drives, the instructor has to give
comments on his driving.

d. Simulated Conditions and Off the Roads Training

- The premise of simulated condition’s training is that the
behavior the driver subject placed in condition will be
relatively analogous to normal behavior.

Two Methods of Simulation Presently Adopted are:

1) Partial Simulation
- This method has the specific aim to training for
the subtask of the driving task.
2) Global Simulation
- Training is simulated in traffic situations and
conditions with the use of simulations. Simulators
are most commonly used or the following types of
training:
a. Training in basic car control skills
b. Perceptual training
c. Emergency training

1.2.6 Simulator
It is a static machine with all the important features of a used in
driving method or driving training.

Classification of films as shown by the simulators

1. The analytical film which provides an objective analysis of the
driving situation presented to the student.
2. The didactic film which aims to show good driving behavior.
3. The simulation film which offers visual realism to driving
situations and therefore a good aid in actual practice.

Biorhythm
The theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of
life energy and mood states.

Controversial Theory of Biorhythm

1. 23 days cycle as known as our cycle of strength, endurance and
courage (the male component of a person.)
2. 28 days emotional cycle equivalent to a female 28-days
menstrual cycle is also known as our cycle of sensitivity, love
and intuition (the female component of a person.)
3. 33 days intellectual cycle.

According, when the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm
value is said to be a “high” or a person has more energy to spare, i.e.:

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
 Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

1. Physical high – we tend to be more energetic, strong, and full of

vitality.
2. Emotional high – we tend to be creative, artistic, cheerful and
happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think quickly and logically.

When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to
be “low” or in recharge period, i.e.:
1. Physical law – we tend to tire quickly and succumb to illness
easily.
2. Emotional low – we feel moody, irritable, or depressed.
3. Intellectual low – concentrating or remembering is difficult or
we are likely to use poor judgement when any of the curves
crossed the center line. This is called a critical day wherein our
system seems to be in a state of transaction.

During a critical day, people tend to get sick easily, seem to lack
coordination and tend to be accident prone.

1.2.7 Public Information Programs

The public should be informed in all activities affecting the
citizens and the community campaign relating to traffic (dissemination
of information).

1.2.8 Safety Campaign

- This is mass publicity aimed to make road users to behave more
safely
- This basically focuses on public information attitudes, and
Particular or specific behaviors, or combinations of these.
- Road propaganda, may be intended simply to inform or it may be
felt that the public is already aware of the recommended behavior
by need to be persuaded into adopting it.

1.3 TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT

1.3.1 Traffic Law Enforcement
Traffic law enforcement action is part of enforcement involving
the arrest, issuance of Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) or
Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any persons who is
believed to have
violated a law, ordinance or regulations pertaining to the use of traffic
roads.

a) Scope of Traffic Law Enforcement

1. The action taken by the police and the court to compel
obedience to traffic laws and ordinances regulating the
movement and use of motor vehicles for the purpose of
creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential
violators.
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING
Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

2. Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity aimed

at controlling road user’s behavior by preventive,
persuasive and punitive methods in order to effect a safe
and efficient movement.
3. It applies to all statutes, ordinance and legally authorized
regulations relating to the use of street and highways and
operation of motor vehicles.

b) Functions of Traffic Law Enforcement

1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement
2. The part of the traffic law enforcement performed by the
police and other agencies with police power including
deterrent to law violation created by the presence of
uniformed police officers and their special equipment,
special assistance to courts and prosecutors and incidental
services to highway users.
3. Court Traffic Law Enforcement
4. The part of the traffic law enforcement performed by the
court through adjudication and penalization.
5. Police-Court Enforcement Process
1) Detection –wholly police responsibility which
requires adequate training and experience on the
part of the police traffic enforces so that their
enforcement duties and responsibilities are
effectively carried out/implemented.
2) Apprehension – mandatory application of the
various traffic laws, ordinance, rules and
regulations, wherein violator/s are dealt with
accordingly but justly, humanely and judiciously.
Enforcement apprehension must be constructive.
3) Prosecution – the traffic police enforcers in
coordination with the proper court, prosecutorial
arm or agency, will provide corresponding facts,
basis, evidence and other relevant documentation
needed in the effective prosecution of notorious
and incorrigible traffic violator/s, especially when
it involved traffic accident/s.
4) Adjudication – this is the court function, but traffic
police enforcers can recommend to the proper
court the appropriate punishment /penalty to be
imposed against subject traffic violator/s.
5) Penalization – the court imposed to respondent
erring traffic violator/s the appropriate
penalty/punishment in consonance with law.

c) Agencies Responsible in Traffic Enforcement

 1. Land Transportation Office (LTO)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
 a. Vehicle registration
b. Vehicle inspections
c. Driver’s licensing
d. Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles
2. Legislation – passing of laws and ordinance and
appropriations of budget
a. Congress
b. Council (city or municipal)
c. Provincial boards

3. Police- direct enforcement of traffic laws

a. Philippine National Police (PNP)
b. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
c. Police Auxiliaries

1.3.2 Three Important Goals of Enforcement Activities

1. To increase safety level.
2. To increase traffic efficiency.
3. To ensure harmonious and comfortable environment.

1.3.3 Objectives of traffic law enforcement activities can be achieved

through:
1. Preventive activities
2. Persuasive activities
3. Punitive activities

1.3.4 Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System

1. Enforcement system
- It consists of legislation, police, court, and penalties.
2. Road users system (traffic way users)
- It includes pedestrians, drivers, passengers, and vehicles.
3. Road system (traffic system
- It consists of the entire road and vehicle complex.

1.3.5 Police Traffic Enforcement Action

The part of police traffic law enforcement involving arrest, citation
or warning of any person believed to have violated a law, ordinance or
rules and regulations pertaining to the use of traffic ways, when the
person has knowledge of his action and when it is to:
1. Prevent such violation from endangering persons or property or
inconveniencing other users of the traffic way.
2. Prevent continued violation
3. Discourage future violation.

1.3.6 Basis for Decision of Enforcement Action

1. Degree of violation
2. Accuracy of observation
3. Continuous or momentary action
4. Traffic and weather condition

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

5. Evidence gathered
6. A new law or not

1.3.7 Kinds of Enforcement Action

1. Traffic arrest- It is an enforcement action which consists of
taking a person onto custody for the purpose of holding or
detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court.

Arrest is made when:

a. Offense committed is serious
b. Detention is necessary to avoid continued violation
c. There is reasonable doubt that the violator will not
appear in court.

2. Traffic citation – is made 0f having violator appear in court

without physical arrest.
3. Traffic warning – is an enforcement action which does not
contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court or
otherwise as a result of warning alone.
4. Types of Traffic Warning
a. Visual warning – usually used when you have observed a
minor violation but are more importantly occupied at a
moment. It is indicated by gesture of thw hand and/or of
the head.
b. Verbal warning – a form of traffic safety education where
the police will tell the driver or violator that he violated a
law and explain the hazards of such violations.
c. Written warning – combination of verbal warning and
citation. It gives the spirit of verbal warning and the form
of citation.

1.3.8 Officer-Violator Relationship

In officer-violator relationship, the first reminder for an officer in
traffic enforcement is to establish pleasant relationship with the
offending motorist or pedestrian.

Two Objectives in Dealing with a Violator

1. Immediate objective is enforcement action against the driver.
2. Ultimate objective is to change his future driving behavior.

Pleasant Relationship can be accomplished by:

1. The appearance of your uniform, equipment and person which
will create the violator impression of you. A neat, clean and
properly worn uniform and well-groomed person will create a
good impression.
2. Observance of the following rules when taking with violators
a. Get your emotions under control. Do not appear before
him when you are both at the peak of tension or
excitement.
b. Advise the violator the nature of the alleged violation in
 the manner that he can fully understand.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
 c. Allow the violator to talk and explain his side.
d. Be courteous and business like. You may introduce
yourself or use only good morning, Sir or Madam. Using
Sir or Madam identifies you identified as a gentleman.
e. Request compliance. Using requesting words such as
“May I “, “Please” and “Kindly” when directing the
violator.
f. Avoid telling the driver what to do. If you want him to
do something whenever possible, explain why you want
him to do it.
3. Never open your conversation in a sarcastic or derogatory
way.
4. Be alert at all times the unexpected. Approach the violator
with these cases:
a. Take time to get ready
b. Know what you are going to say and do.
c. Have any equipment you will need such as flashlight,
clipboard, or citation pad.
d. Review the facts which lead to your stopping the
violator before you begin to talk.
e. Decide what enforcement action you are going to take
before you approach the violator.

In requesting for the driver’s license and vehicle registration

certificate, observe the following suggested procedures:

1. Do not put your head or arms in the car window.

2. While waiting for the license, ask the driver: “What is your
name Sir?”
3. Never accept anything other than the paper requested
4. Ask the papers being requested be removed from the billfold
or other container.
5. Have the driver hand the requested papers to you outside the
window
6. Establish the identity of the driver and check the entries of
both the license and the registration papers for any possible
fraud, false identities or falsifications.
7. Do not return the driver’s license and vehicle registration
certificate until you are about to terminate the interview.

In terminating your contact with the violator, observe the following:

1. Explain to the driver what action he must take.

2. Tell him when and where he must appear.
3. Do not discuss probable bail or penalties with the violator.
4. Avoid any naughty suggestion that he should engage in the
services of a counsel or how he should plead.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

 Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

5. When you are certain that the driver understands what he

should do, close the interview by taking the driver for his
cooperation and explaining how he may avoid further
difficulty.
6. Help the driver get safely through the traffic
7. When the violator leaves, do not follow him immediately. He
may feel that you are just waiting to nab him again. Either turn
around and patrol in the opposite direction or you may stay
where you are for a moment to decide what to do next.

1.4 TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENT

The study with potentially disastrous population explosion changes in
urban environment due to scale and density of new urban concentration and
new activities carried out air pollution, water pollution and crowding,
especially transport congestion which result therein.

1.4.1 Kinds of Environment Effects of Urban Transportation

a. Noise
b. Vibration
c. Dirt
d. Visual intrusion
e. Loss of privacy
f. Change in amount of light
g. Neighborhood severance both physical and sociological
h. Relocation
i. Distraction during planning and construction
j. Accident experience
k. Pedestrian journey
l. Congestion and other benefits to vehicles

1.4.2 External Factors that Influence the Existing and Future Behavior of
Population
1. Rapidly increasing population growth
2. Rapidly increasing urbanization
3. Rapidly increasing motorization
4. Industrialization and technical modernization
5. Improvement of the transportation network that is the street
network and the public transportation facilities.

Schemes to limit traffic and to improve the efficiency and quality of

service of buses and transport:

1. Pedestrian scheme should be introduced whenever possible to

improve the environment and safety for pedestrians. The use of
non-carbon emitting vehicles should be encouraged like bicycle
whenever practical.
2. Motor vehicle reduction scheme should also be introduced.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

1.5 TRAFFIC ECONOMY

It deals with the benefits and adverse effect of traffic to our economy.
Traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic. However,
with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any given locality
adversely affect the economic status of the commuting public.
One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase of oil prices in the
world market. Somehow, programs must be instituted in order to minimize the
ill effect of rising prices of basic commodities
Delay resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of travel but
the productivity of an individual as well.

2. TRAFFIC CONTROL, DEVICES AND AIDS

Traffic control devices direct, guide, and inform drivers by offering visual
or tactile indicators. Devices fall into four main categories: signs; signals; road
design and marking; and barriers or channelizers. https://www.reliance
foundry.com/blog/traffic-control-devices
Traffic control- It is the control of the vehicles at a certain point or area
by mechanical means, fixed objects or man power.

Elementary Requirements
1) It should compel attention.
2) It should convey a simple, closer meaning at a glance.
3) It should allow time for response.
4) It should command respect.

Fundamental traits
1) Design and outward aspect of the device.
2) Position of placement with respect to the normal line of vision of the
road users.
3) Maintenance of the condition, appearance and visibility.

2.1 TRAFFIC DIRECTION

It is the act of telling drivers and pedestrians when, what, how and
where they may, or may not move or stand at a particular place, especially
during emergencies or period of congestion.

All men in the department should be trained to direct traffic at the

following: 1. Accident scene
2. Other emergencies
3. Planned social events
4. Regular point and integration control
5. Directing pedestrian movement

All men in the department should be trained how to direct traffic on

the following:

1. Unsignalized intersection
2. Signalized intersection
3. Between intersections
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING
Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
 2.1.1 Signaling
1. Use hand signal to designate your decision to the motorist.
2. Signal must be uniformed and understood by the motorist and
pedestrian.
3. Must be clear and positive
4. Do not give them verbal signals or instructions.
5. Be alert and stand erect on both feet.
6. Look to a person to whom you are signaling
7. The arm signal should be shoulder high and a full circular
motion of the arm.
8. Supplement the arm signal with whistle
9. Stand sideways to incoming traffic while stopping vehicular
traffic.
10. Let your hands hang at side when not using them.
11. Constant weaving of the hand is confusing and serves to distract
or slow down traffic.
12. When changing phase, maintain a 90-degree turn of the body.
13. If turns are permitted, described the movement to be made with
an arc of a man.
14. To stop a moving lane, point at the car you intended to stop and
give him or her opportunity to stop.
15. The hand signal should be with the arm extended and the palm
facing the person to be stopped.

2.1.2 Whistle Signal

1. One lost blast for stop
2. Two short snappy to go
3. Three blasts to be used for assistance or for the motorist to be
attentive.

2.1.3 Signals and Gestures for Directing Traffic

1) Objectives
1. Traffic law enforcers assigned to traffic control.
a. Expected to indicate to the drivers and pedestrians how,
when and where they should move.
b. An inexperienced traffic law enforcer immediately
presents a problem of communication to the people on
what he wants them to do. This leads to chaos or confusion,
and results to an impassable traffic law.
2. The purposes of the instruction received is to make the meaning
clear to drivers and pedestrians. The instruction to start and
stop at a given line of traffic must be clear.
3. Uniformity of signals and gestures to all traffic law enforcers
and volunteers.
4. Attire and appearance of a traffic law enforcer directing traffic.
a. Be in the official uniform
b. Clean shaved, haircut and clear uniform

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

 Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

c. To enable the motorist and the pedestrian to recognize the

traffic law enforcer
d. The manner of his appearance and actions either gains or
loses the respect of the citizens.

2) Presentation
1. Command or Traffic
a) Stand where you can be seen normally in the middle of
intersection.
b) Postures and Stances
1) Show that you mean business
2) Weight should be the same on each foot.
3) When not signaling, hands hang at the slides
4) Do not face vehicles you authorize to move.
Stand sideways.

2. Gestures used to stop traffic

a) Point your arm and index finger and look straight to the
driver you want to stop and give him time to stop. Then
raise your hand only so your palm is towards the driver.
b) Repeat the process for traffic in the opposite direction.
c) Do not lower arms until vehicles from both directions
are stopped

3. Gestures to start traffic movement

a) Stand sideways toward the lanes of traffic you want to
move.
b) Point your arm and index finger toward the vehicles you
want to start. Hold it until the driver sees, drop the arm
to the side and raise other arm and repeat process for
opposite lane.
c) With one side, drop the arm to the side and raise other
arm and repeat process for the opposite lane.
d) Use same signals when drivers are moving too slow or
are hesitant in moving.

4. Right Turn Gestures

a) Usually required at intersection.
b) If required for vehicles to the right, point arm at vehicle
and then point in the direction he is to move.
c) Moving vehicles to your left for right turn, you may bend
your left arm elbow and with thumb and forearm
indicates movement.

5. Left Turn Gestures

a) Left turn vehicles from your left.
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING
Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
 - Stop vehicles from right and direct vehicles making
left turn to proceed.
b) Left turn vehicles from your right
- Turn around facing direction vehicle will turn and
use same procedure above.
c) Streets with only one available moving lane.
- Allow space for cars going straight and turning left.
- Direct the left turn cars with the proper finger, hand
and arm motion.

6. Two Officer Traffic Direction

Occasional need for two men
- If there is a need, the first to command must be given by
the team leader followed by the member.

2.2 TRAFFIC SIGNS

A device mounted on a portable support where a message is conveyed
by means of words or symbols, officially erected or installed for the purpose of
regulating, warning or controlling traffic.
The messages and type of responses that the road signs convey to the
drivers as well as to the pedestrian alike fall under the different categories.
These are as follows:
a. Caution Sign, warning Signs and Danger Signs
- These signs convey messages that certain road conditions exist on
a certain stretch of the road or on street requiring the driver to be
more ATTENTIVE and prepared for such road conditions.
- Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road conditions.
- Seek caution for approaching road hazards.
- Calling for the reduction speed.
- These signs have an equilateral triangular shape with one shape
horizontal, with red borders, black markings, and white
background examples:

1. Dangerous Bend 8. Steep Ascent

2. Turn left or right 9. Rail Road Crossing
3. Double Left Bend 10. Falling Rocks
4. Double Right Bend 11. Two Way Traffic
5. Animal Crossing 12. Driver or Water Way Ahead
6. Pedestrian Crossing 13. One Way Traffic
7. Road Work Ahead 14. Rotunda Way Ahead

b. Guide Sign, Information Signs and Direction Signs

- These signs are modified signs that actually give spatial or
DIRECTIONAL INSTRUCTIONS for the driver to take.
- These signs are designed to provide the driver with information
that he/she MAY OR MAY NOT use but will assist him in one-way or
another.
- Guide motorist along established routes.
- Inform the driver of the proper routes.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

- Help motorist along the way in the simplest and direct method.
- Round or rectangular, white markings, blue background.

Division of informative Signs:

1. Advance Sign- These are the names and distances of the
principal destination served by the intersecting road.
2. Direct Sign - Direct sign shall be placed at the right of
intersections to show the direction and destination of a route.
3. Place Identification signs- These may be used to show the
frontier between the two countries or for the purpose of showing
the beginning and/or end of built-up areas.
4. Confirmatory Signs- These are used to confirm the directions of
a road. It shall bear the name of one or more places where
distances are shown, the figures expressing them shall be placed
after the name of the locality.

Examples:
a. Bus Stop
b. Jeepney stop
c. Pedestrian Crossing
d. Distance or Destination Sign

c. Instruction Signs or Regulatory Signs

- These signs require the driver not only to be more attentive as in
caution signs but also require the driver to ACTULLY PERFORM
OR NOT TO PERFPRM a specified act.
- Intended to inform the road user of special obligations,
instructions or PROHIBITIONS which they must comply.
- Round or inverted Triangle or Octagonal, Red border, white
background, black markings

Division of Regulatory Signs

1. Priority Signs
- These are intended to regulate priority over a particular
road section of roadway intersection.

2. Prohibitory Signs
- These signs can be used as specified section of the road,
which will be easily seen by motorist you indicate
regulation, which is prohibitive or restrictive in nature.

3. Mandatory Signs
- These signs are intended to notify the road users of
special rules in which they must comply for the safety,
convenience and smooth flow of traffic.

Examples:
1. Stop 7. No U-Turn
 2. Yield 8. No Overtaking

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
 3. No Entry 9. Speed Limit
4. No Entry for Cars 10. No Blowing of Horns
5. No Left Turn 11. No Parking
6. No Right Turn 12. Width, Length, Height

The color and shape symbolism of international standard signs are

based largely on the following principles:
1. Signs surrounded by a red triangle give warning of some
hazards.
2. Signs surrounded by a red ring sometimes also with a red
diagonal bar, normally indicate prohibition.
3. Signs on blue and green rectangular background give
information.
Signs on blue disc give positive instruction.

2.3 PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS

All lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets except signs, set into
the surface of applied or attached to the pavement or curbing, or to objects
within or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the purpose of
regulating, warning, or controlling traffic.

1. Single White Dotted Line

- On two-line road separates traffic moving in separate directions.
- On a one-way street, separates traffic moving in one direction.
- Overtaking is possible when other lane is clear of oncoming vehicle.

2. Single White Continuous Line

- Separates traffic moving in opposite direction
- Could be found in road selections that are dangerous.
- Passing and overtaking can be made but only after under
circumstances when there is no oncoming traffic.

3. Double Yellow Line with a Dotted White Line In Between

- Absolutely no parking.
- Overtaking is extremely dangerous.
- Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid lines.

4. Single Yellow Line

- A yellow line with a dotted white line means that you cannot
overtake if the solid line is on your side.
- If you overtake, return to your lane before the solid line.

5. Yellow Continuous Line on Road Provided With A Passing Lane

- These are common on mountain roads.
- Slow moving vehicles such as buses and heavy trucks should always
use the outer lane.
- Inner lane is for vehicles coming from the opposite direction should
not use the inner lane at the other side for overtaking.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

 Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

6. Crosswalk a.k.a Pedestrian Lane

- Stop for pedestrian on an intersection with no traffic light.
- Do not stop on pedestrian lane specially to load or unload
passengers.
- Pedestrian should always cross a street on a crosswalk.

7. Directional Arrows
- Indicates directions of permitted traffic movement.
- When approaching intersections where pavement arrows are used,
you should enter the lane where the arrow points in the direction
you want to go.
- Some have doubled headed arrows that mean the lane is for traffic
going in the two directions indicated.

8. Stop Lines
- These are painted across pavement lanes at traffic signs or signals.
- Where these lines are present, you should stop behind the stop line.

9. Barrel Lines
- A new concept in reducing the seriousness of accidents.
- These are engineered to act as impact cushion usually installed in
front of a solid obstacle or traffic island at an area of high accident
frequency.

10. Curb Markings

- These are markings placed on the curbs or edges of the traffic for
restriction or for parking regulation purposes.

11. Object Markings

- These are markings placed on object on the road or beside the road
like humps, rocks or similar hazardous objects on the side of the
road.

12. Reflectorized Device

- These are markings or gadgets designed to reflect and become
luminous when hit by vehicles’ light.
- These are placed or installed in the middle of the roadway to
supplement separation lines or an object at the side of the roadways
which are too near or within the road pavement itself.

13. RUMBLE STRPS/SLEEPER LINES

- A road safety features that alert inattentive drivers to potential
danger by causing a tactile vibration and audible rumbling,
transmitted through the wheels into the car body.

2.4 TRAFFIC LIGHTS

It is defined as a signal operated manually, electrically by which traffic
is commanded to stop and permitted to proceed.
a. Steady RED
LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING
Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

- Stop at designated line.

- Vehicles will be crossing from the other side.
- Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian lane.
- Unless specified you can turn right after a full stop to clear traffic
coming from the left.

b. Steady GREEN
- Go
- It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to stop.
- Pedestrian are not allowed to cross the pedestrian lane in front of
you.
- Unless specified, you can move up to the middle of the intersection
and make a left turn when clear.
- Vehicles going straight have the right of way.
- Do not anticipate a green light.

c. Steady GREEN ARROW

- Go.
- Vehicles turning left can do so.
- On coming straight traffic is still on red to give way for vehicles
turning left.
- Do not anticipate a green arrow.

d. Steady YELLOW (AMBER)

- Prepare to stop.
- It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side and will be given the
go signal shortly.
- Do not beat the yellow light.

e. Flashing RED
- This is the same as a stop sign.
- Stop at the designated line.
- Vehicles will be crossing from the other sides.
- Expect pedestrian to cross at the pedestrian lane.
- Proceed when clear.

f. Flashing YELLOW OR AMBER

- This is the same as yield sign.
- Proceed through the intersection with caution.
- You have the right of way over a flashing red lights.
- Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a full stop.

g. Steady GREEN and Steady LEFT OR RUGHT ARROW

- Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left lane can make a left
turn.
 - Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make a
right turn.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
 - The right green signal might or might not have a road sign
disallowing a right turn while the red light is on.

2.5 TRAFFIC ISLANDS

These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to
establish physically channels through which vehicular traffic is guided.
2.5.1 Function of Traffic Islands
1. Segregate pedestrians and vehicles.
2. Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict, expedite
traffic flow or increase safety.

2.5.2 Classification of Traffic Islands

1. Pedestrian island (Pedestrian Barriers)
- These are constructed between the pedestrian sidewalk and
the road pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the
roadway in passing and to prevent motor vehicles from using
the sidewalk for parking and passing purposes.

2. Traffic Island
- These are raised portion in the middle of the traffic way
constructed to separate the streams of motor vehicles
traversing on opposite directions and at the same time
preventing motorists from using the opposite lane for
overtaking.

a) Division island – constructed primarily to divide the

streams of the motor vehicles
b) Channeling islands – these are constructed to channel or
direct the flow of traffic.
c) Rotary islands – these are constructed primarily along
intersections or “rotundas” for purposes of turning
around. Their function are: prohibit pedestrians from
crossing major thoroughfares at points where such
crossing are exceptionally hazardous, minimize
imprudence and delays to vehicular traffic, and channel
and control pedestrians.

3. ROAD CHECK
This is another enforcement activity where it involves the conduct of
actual inspection of vehicles, and motorists on the road.

Objectives of Road Check

The objective of Road check is to detect and inspect the following:

1. Faulty vehicle equipment

2. Registration and licensing violations
3. Intoxicated drivers
4. The load of cargo of commercial transportation vehicle for load weight

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay

Republic of the Philippines

 Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Considerations to be taken
1. Minimum delay to motorist
2. Thorough checking procedure
3. Protection of safety of both motorist and officers
4. Timing, location and frequency
In case thorough checking of vehicles will be conducted, take note of
the legalities of searches or the instances that validates the search, i.e., search
incidental to lawful arrest, consented search of moving vessel, and search by
“tips”.

4. TRAFFIC PATROL
It refers to the observation of road conditions, the behavior of the drivers and
other users of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law enforcement
and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public.

4.1 Types of Traffic Patrol

1. Line Patrol
- It involves observation either in moving or stationary observation at a
certain route or point a major street in a city.
- This is usually done by foot patrol officers.

2. Area patrol
- This involves the conduct of observation either by moving patrol
observation of a certain area which included a number of streets, road
or sections of a highway.
- This is usually the job of mobile police officers as well as those
motorcycle cops.

4.2 Types of Stationary Observation

1. Conspicuous observation
- Observer remains in full view of traffic conditions.
- The traffic patrol officer is situated in any place where he could be
seen by all traffic users.
2. Visible Observation
- Observer is full view but so located.
3. Concealed Observation
- Observation is not visible to persons using ordinary power of
observation from the roadway being observed.

4.3 Purposes of Traffic Patrol

1. Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving
2. Detecting and apprehending violators
3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions
4. Observing and reporting road conditions including view
obstruction which needs attention
5. Providing certain services to the public
6. Handling emergencies as they arise and keeping traffic flow smoothly.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified Resources
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Province of Laguna

Learning
The main references of this lesson are the following:
Course Hero. (2022). Traffic Management and Accident Investigation. Retrieved on March 11,
2022 from https://www.coursehero.com/file/53741056/FIVE-PILLARSpptx/
pdfcoffee.com. (2022). The Pillars of Traffic. Retrieved on March 11, 2022
from https://pdfcoffee.com/the-pillars-of-traffic-pdf-free.html
Studylib. (2022). Pillars of Traffic Management. Retrieved on March 11, 2022
from https://studylib.net/doc/25721862/pillars-of-traffic-management
T2-eng.com. (2018). The importance of Traffic Engineering. Retrieved on March 11, 2022
from https://www.t2-eng.com/importance-traffic-engineering/
SWOV. (2022). Traffic Education. Retrieved on March 11, 2022 from
https://www.swov.nl/en/facts figures/factsheet/traffic-education
Educatenepal. (2021). Traffic Education. Retrieved on March 12, 2022 from
https://www.educatenepal.com/contributors/articles/traffic-education
Philmotorlaw. (2022). What Are The Two Major Functions Of Traffic Law Enforcement? Retrieved
on March 12, 2022 from https://philmotorlaw.com/news-cases/traffic-law
enforcement/#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20functions%20of,residents%20when%20pa
rti cipating%20in%20transportation.
Course Hero. (2022). Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving. Retrieved
on March 6, 2022 from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p3mprn5/TRAFFIC-It-refers-to-the
movement-of-persons-goods-or-vehicles-either-powered-by/
studydocu.com. (2022). (CDI 2) Traffic Management AND Accident Investigation. Retrieved on
March 9, 2022 from
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-baguio/engineering
drawing-1/cdi-2-traffic-management-and-accident-investigation/13244252
bigwas.com (2016). Traffic Management and Accident Investigation Reviewer. Retrieved on March
9, 2022 from https://www.bigwas.com/2014/11/traffic-management-and-accident
investigation-reviewer.html
Scribd. (n.d.). Cdi 2 Traffic Management and Accident Investigation. Retrieved on March 9, 2022
from
https://www.scribd.com/document/359310106/cdi-2-traffic-management-and-accident
investigation-1
pdfcoffee.com. (2022). Traffic Management and Accident Investigation. Retrieved on March 9,
2022 from
https://pdfcoffee.com/qdownload/traffic-management-and-accident-investigation-pdf
free.html
Quizlet. (2022). Traffic Management and Accident Investigation. Retrieved on March 9, 2022 from
https://quizlet.com/416026298/traffic-management-and-accident-investigation-flash-card
s/

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Compiled by: Merari Halino Payay