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    Mean of grouped data using direct method

    Mean , where fi is the frequency corresponding to the class mark xi.

    Example:
    Consider the following distribution of marks scored by the students of a class in a unit
    test.
    Marks scored 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
    Number of students 4 7 15 14

    Find the mean marks obtained by the students


    Solution:

    Class interval Frequency (fi) Class mark(xi) fixi


    10 – 20 4 15 60
    20 – 30 7 25 175
    30 – 40 15 35 525
    40 – 50 14 45 630
    Total

    Mean

    Thus, the mean of the marks obtained by the students is 34.75.

    Assumed-mean method

    , where ‘a’ is the assumed mean, di = xi – a, and fi is the frequency

    corresponding to the class mark xi

    Example:
    The table below shows the attendance of students for 30 working days in a particular school.

    Attendance 300 – 320 320 – 340 340 – 360 360 – 380 380 – 400
    Number of days 8 6 7 6 3

    Find the average attendance in this school.


    Solution:
    Let the assumed mean ‘a’ be 350.

    Number of days fidi


    Class interval Class mark(xi) d i = xi – a
    (fi)
    300 – 320 8 310 –40 –320
    320 – 340 6 330 –20 –120
    340 – 360 7 350 = a 0 0
    360 – 380 6 370 +20 +120
    380 – 400 3 390 +40 +120
    Total

    Thus, the required average attendance in the school is 343 students per day.

    Step-deviation method

    is the frequency corresponding to the class mark xi , a is the assumed mean and h is the
    class size

    Example: Find the mean of the following data.


    Class interval Frequency
    600 – 800 4
    800 – 1000 2
    1000 – 1200 3
    1200 – 1400 8
    1400 – 1600 3

    Solution:
    Class size (h) = 200
    Frequency Class fiui
    Class interval (fi) d i = xi – a
    mark(xi)
    600 – 800 4 700 –400 –2 –8
    800 – 1000 2 900 –200 –1 –2

    1000 – 1200 3 1100 = a 0 0 0


    1200 – 1400 8 1300 200 1 8
    1400 – 1600 3 1500 400 2 6
    Total 20 4

    Thus, the required mean is 1140.

    1. The assumed-mean method and the step-deviation method are simplified forms of the direct
    method
    2. The mean obtained by all the three methods is the same.
    3. Step-deviation method is convenient to apply if all di ’s have a common factor.

    Note: If the class sizes are unequal, and xi are numerically large, then the step-deviation
    method is still applicable by taking h to be suitable divisor of all the di ’s.

    MODE

    Mode of ungrouped data


    The mode or modal value of a distribution is the observation for which the frequency is
    the maximum.
    Mode of grouped data

    Mode of a grouped data is given by:

    where, l = Lower limit of the modal class


    h = Size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal)
    f1 = Frequency of the modal class
    f0 = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class
    f2= Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class

    Example: Find the mode of the following distribution.


    Class interval Frequency
    0–5 4
    5 – 10 9
    10 – 15 7
    15 – 20 10
    20 – 25 5
    25 – 30 6

    Solution: The maximum class frequency is 10.


    Modal class is 15 – 20
    l = 15, h = 5
    f1 = 10, f0 = 7, f2 = 5

    Median of grouped data

    Median of a grouped data is given by:

    Median
    where l = Lower limit of median class
    n = Number of observations
    cf = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
    f = Frequency of the median class
    h = Class size (assuming class size to be equal)

    Example: Find the median of the following distribution.


    Class
    0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120
    interval
    Frequency 7 8 6 8 6 5

    Solution:The cumulative frequency for the given data can be written as:
    Class interval Frequency Cumulative frequency
    0 – 20 7 7
    20 – 40 8 7 + 8= 15
    40 – 60 6 15 + 6 = 21
    60 – 80 8 21 + 8 = 29
    80 – 100 6 29 + 6 = 35
    100 – 120 5 35 + 5 = 40

    Here, n = 40

    lies in the class 40 – 60

    Median class is 40 – 60
    Empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency

    3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean

    Graphical representation of cumulative frequency distribution Ogive

    OGIVE (of the less- than type)

    Example 1: Draw ogive of the less-than type for the given distribution.

    Class
    0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120
    interval
    Frequency 7 8 6 8 6 5

    Solution:The cumulative frequency distribution for the given data can be found as:

    Class interval Upper class limit Frequency Cumulative frequency


    0 – 20 20 7 7
    20 – 40 40 8 15
    40 – 60 60 6 21
    60 – 80 80 8 29
    80 – 100 100 6 35
    100 – 120 120 5 40

    By taking the horizontal axis as the upper class limit and the vertical axis as the corresponding
    cumulative frequency, we can plot the cumulative frequency for each upper class limit.
    Then, the required ogive (of the less-than type) is obtained as:
    OGIVE (of the more-than type)

    Example 2:Draw ogive of the more-than type for the following distribution.

    Class
    0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120
    interval
    Frequency 7 8 6 8 6 5

    Solution:The cumulative frequency for the given data can be found as:

    Class interval Lower class limit Frequency Cumulative frequency


    0 – 20 0 7 40
    20 – 40 20 8 33
    40 – 60 40 6 25
    60 – 80 60 8 19
    80 – 100 80 6 11
    100 – 120 100 5 5

    By taking the horizontal axis as the lower class limit and the vertical axis as the corresponding
    cumulative frequency, we can plot the cumulative frequency for each lower class limit.
    Then, the required ogive (of the more-than type) is obtained as:

    Note:
    The x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the “more-than ogive” and “less-than ogive” of a
    given grouped data gives its median.

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