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PAKISTAN SCHOOL MUSCAT

FIRST TERM - ACADEMIC SESSION (2023-24)

Subject: Class: Section:

Topic: Properties of materials.
Worksheet #
Name: Date:
Q1. What is an atomic structure?

Atomic structure is the structure of an atom that consists of a nucleus at

the center. The nucleus contains neutrons and protons, while electrons are revolving around

the nucleus. Overall charge on nucleus is positive.

Electrons have negative charge. Protons have positive charge. Neutrons have no charge.

Q2. Define alkali metals .What are examples of alkali metals?

The compounds are called alkali metals because when they react with water, they usually form alkalies
which are strong bases that can easily neutralise acids.
Examples. lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium)
They are soft, shiny metals with low melting points.
Q3. Write the atomic structure of lithium, sodium and potassium.
3 11 19
Li7 ( 2,1) , Na23 (2,8,1) , K39(2,8,8,1)

Q4. What are properties of group 1 elements/Alkali metals?

Alkali metals are called group 1 metals because they have one electron in their outer shell.

1. The atomic number and mass no .of alkali metals increase as we go down the group.

2. The melting point and boiling point decrease as we go down the group.

3. Their reactivity increases as we go down the group.

4. These metals easily lose their electron in the outer shell and make positive ions.
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Q5. Why Alkali metals are more reactive when go down the group?

The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases as you go down the group because: the atoms get larger.

the outer electron gets further from the nucleus the attraction between the nucleus and outer

electron gets weaker– so the electron is more easily lost.

Q6. Define Halogens / Why they are called halogens? Write examples of halogens.
Answer. The word halogen means 'salt forming' compounds. Since all halogens have 7 electrons in their

valence shell, they react rapidly with metals to form salts. Thus, the seventh group of elements is known

as Halogen

Examples. There are five halogens in the periodic table of chemical elements: fluorine, chlorine,

bromine, iodine, and astatine.

Q7. Write atomic structure of chlorine and fluorine.

9 17
F19 (2,7) Cl35, (2,8,7)

Q8. What are properties of group 7 elements /halogens.?

 They are called group 7 elements They have seven electrons in their outer shell. They all gain an electron to
complete their outer shells.so they make negative ions with -1 charge.
 They readily combine with metals to form salts.
 They are nonmetals. Fluorine and chlorine are gases and bromine is liquid
 Their melting and boiling points increase as we go down group.
 Their sizes increase as we go down the group.
They reactivity decreases as we go down the group.Flourine is most reactive.
Q 9. Define noble gases. Give examples.

Noble gases exist as single atoms. The noble gases do not form molecules and are monoatomic. As all noble

gasses have a full outer shell of electrons and are very stable, they do not need to share electrons.

Examples. Helium (He) , Neon (Ne) , Argon(Ar) ,Krypton(Kr)

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Q10.What are the properties of noble gases?

1.they are very stable.

They have very low melting and boiling point.

They all have 8 electrons in their outer shell. Their outer shells are full.

Q11.What is the difference between an atom and an ion?

Answer. Atom is neutral particle and ion is charged particle.

Q12.Write the chemical symbols of ions of following atoms.

Atom ion Atom Ion Atom ion

Li Li+ Ca Ca2+ Cl Cl_

Na Na+ Mg Mg2+ O O2_

K K+ S S2_

Q12.How ions are formed?

IONS are formed when an atom gains or loses electrons from the outer most energy shells.When an atom loses

electron, it forms positive ion. When an atom gains electron it forms negative ion.

Q13. Why do elements form ions?

Ans. Atoms are more stable when their outermost shell is complete and full of electrons. So atoms react with

other atoms by gaining and losing electrons .They make ions and form stable compounds.

Q14.Define ionic bond and ionic compounds.

Answer . BONDS made by ions are called ionic bonds.

The compounds that are formed by ions are known as ionic compounds.

Formation of Ionic Compounds:

One atom loses electrons and forms a positively charged ion i.e. cation.

The electrons lost by one atom are gained by another atom which forms a negatively charged

ion i.e. anion.

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Thus, ionic compounds are formed by the loss and gain of electrons between two atoms.

Example:

Sodium chloride is formed when the sodium atom loses one electron and this electron is

gained by the chlorine atom.

As a result, sodium ion and chloride ion are formed.

Thus, Sodium chloride is formed

Q15. Define covalent bond.

When two or more nonmetal atoms bond by sharing electrons to fill their outermost electron shells. This type of

chemical bond where electrons are shared is called a covalent bond.

Examples.

1. Hydrogen and chlorine. 2.hydrogen and oxygen 3.carbon and oxygen..4.chlorine and chlorine
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2. Hydrogen and hydrogen

Hydrogen and nitrogen.

Topic 2.4. Simple and giant structures. Check your Progress .Done in book.
Learn and read from textbook.

Note. Read ,learn all questions done in Text book ,notebook.

Why diamond is used in drills?

Why graphite is soft?