International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023, pp. 358~368

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i1.pp358-368  358

Self-excited asynchronous generator with PV array in detained

autonomous generation systems

Karthikeyan Nagarajan1, Anbarasi Jebaselvi Gnanaiah David2

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: It's important to examine and handle the issue of green energy generation in
inaccessible locations. Nonrenewable hybrid power has environmental and
Received Aug 14, 2022 economic impacts. Reliable electricity and energy efficiency are priorities.
Revised Oct 4, 2022 Renewable energy that is eco-friendly and doesn't affect the environment.
Accepted Oct 21, 2022 Solar and wind power, two ecologically benign and load-sharing-capable
forms of renewable energy, are included in this technique. At the same time,
solar power will keep the load voltage balanced and the system stable thanks
Keywords: to the inclusion of a DC-DC converter. The asynchronous generator has
been selected because of its low maintenance needs and extended service
Asynchronous generator life; nevertheless, the voltage on the load side is unbalanced when this
DC-DC converter machine is in operation. An asynchronous generator can be a viable
Hybrid wind solar alternative to well-developed synchronous generators for use in wind
MATLAB/Simulink turbines or small hydro generators because they have relatively inexpensive
Reliable electricity costs, are simple, require inadequate maintenance, possess adequate
Renewable energy resistance to wear and tear, and have reduced overload damage. It is difficult
Self-excited to maintain a continuous supply of energy in faraway regions because of the
lack of related work in the power distribution networks. This problem is
addressed in this paper by a well-designed converter that maintains a
constant output voltage.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Karthikeyan Nagarajan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology
Chennai, India
Email: karthieee27@gmail.com

NOMENCLATURE

iASG_abc : Immediate three-phase asynchronous generator current

iC : Lift converter capacitor current
Id : Current diode recycled in PV measured classic
IDC : DC link, which is a current lift converter
IDn (n=1to6) : Converter diode current
iinverter_abc : Immediate inverter current three phase
iL : Lift converter inductor current
ILoad_abc : Impulsive load current three phase
IPV : Current PV unit carried
Isc : Short circuit current PV unit
ISn (n=1to 6) : Converter shift current
L : Inductor, inverter lift converter

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  359

PASG : Asynchronous generator power is supplied

PInverter : Inverter power is supplied
PLoad : Load-consuming power
Ppv : Power supplied with PV modules
Q : PV unit irradiance at Watts/Sq.mtr
QASG : Asynchronous generator reactive power consumption
QLoad : Reactive power load
Rabc : Active load
Rs : Resistance sequence castoff in PV model mathematics
SASG : Asynchronous generator load, apparent power
SInverter : Converter’s apparent power
SLoad : Apparent power load
T : Temperature module
Vabc : Output voltage of DC to AC converter
Voc : PV unit voltage, open circuit
Vpv : PV module voltage
α, γ, β : Temperature coefficient used in the PV model

1. INTRODUCTION
In our lives, energy is an essential component. An imbalance between energy production and
utilization has been created by rising energy demand. More usage of electricity from consumer end and
drastic depletion of natural resources are the cause of the imbalance [1]. Global warming and pollution levels
have been increased to a greater extent by the use of fossil fuels. In order to meet energy demand in
conjunction with environmental conservation, renewable energy resources have become more important and
increasingly popular. Fuel capable, abundant and clean form is replenished by renewable energy such as
wind, solar, and tidal [2]. Wind, which is an abundance of renewable energy, abundant and environmentally
friendly, is one of them. Many technologies for converting energy have been developed to utilize wind
energy. In remote/isolated areas, asynchronous generators or asynchronous generators (IG) are used widely
to generate wind energy. For wind power plants, asynchronous machines have many advantages, which
include being economical, hard construction, adaptability as motor or generator, self-protective with respect
to faults and overloads [3]. This advancement in asynchronous generators led to a significant increase in their
use. There is just one drawback of the asynchronous generator. It requires an excessively high amount of
excitation power.
Over a million people in India, including 46.7 people who live in rural areas in India, still have no
access to electricity. The remote location of the electricity-free population of India provides a solvent way to
connect renewable energy groups. Off-grid power generation is in high demand to meet the needs of
industries where grid extension isn't feasible or cost-effective. Because power grids are inaccessible, isolated
renewable energy systems provide a reliable and renewable resource to meet the power demands of remote
locations. In this respect, hybrid wind-solar systems play a key role. In addition to the basic solar and wind
power sources, a hybrid renewable energy system integrates solar and wind energy sources [4].
Increasing the price of petroleum products has led to the rise in the popularity of renewable hybrid
energy, and the increased usage of this energy is now critical. A combination of two or more renewable
sources preserves a better energy balance and improves the system's efficiency, in order to form hybrid
energy systems. This paper mainly aims at using the expected wind and solar irradiation results to ensure that
the wind turbines are developed to the highest standards at different times of the day. Wind turbines with
solar panel power can be forecast in advance, but the optimization of wind turbine utilization is decided on
the basis of the requirements of energy manufacturers alone.
However, indoor areas are very difficult to access the grid. Diesel generators are the usual way to
generate power at these locations (DG). However, the majority are rich in natural or regional resources. For
this reason, renewable energy sources should be used to produce energy. Due to its technological
development and in comparison, to other sources of renewable energy, wind energy is more cost effective. In
the older days, most of the Wind Fixed speed WECS were energy conversion systems (WECSs). To get the
most power, wind turbines should be operated such that the rotor speed matches the design characteristics of
the turbine. Although these fixed WECS speeds can be operated very simply and reliably, considerable
power has been lost. The stand-alone wind energy conversion process typically calls for voltage/frequency,
retention at variable wind speeds (SWECS). The stator winders contain non-linear loads of this kind. Such
undesirable harmonic distortions cause noise, vibration and machine loss. Nonlinear, dynamic, and
unbalanced types are prevalent throughout [5]. These existing SWECS, because the wind is random in times
of low wind speed, the demand is not met. Even with high wind speeds, these existing technologies do not
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operate to their full capacity to extract maximum power for the wind. Some energy storage, like super
condensers, batteries and flywheels, seems to be necessary.
The self-excited asynchronous generator (SEASG) is an ideal renewable energy converting
electricity generating system. Natural hydro carbon gas, small hydro or wind turbines which are combined in
SEASG, are capable of powering household and agricultural loads with electricity, particularly in hills and
far off places where grid supply is difficult or unavailable. SEASG has become, over the years, an alternative
to the classical synchronous generator for such applications.
Formerly, synchronous generators were widely used and dominated electricity generation, but now
asynchronous generators are being used. As compared to synchronous generators, asynchronous generators are
rough, cost effective, trouble free in nature and safeguard against short circuit conditions. SEASG suffers from
poor voltage regulations, despite having so many advantages. The voltage control is worsening, for example, the
load continues to differ. Its main disadvantage is that it does not keep the voltage correctly regulated. Over the
years, various methods have been suggested to overcome this disadvantage. For this purpose, STATCOMs are
used based on DC-AC converters [6]. But their complexity and low reliability, owing to electric power systems
that introduce harmonics into the line current, are the main disadvantages of these methods [7].
This study's aim is to investigate the various methods of power storage and their use in independent
energy systems. This system's performance will be evaluated using the results of the smooth energy cost and
system efficiency calculations. Power electronics and drive systems have been widely used to switch pulse
width modulation (PWM). PWM is often used in applications like engine speed control, and audio amplifier
converter. PWM is used to change the voltage used in the drive train. For all the application areas, there is no
single PWM method. Various pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques for different industries in solid
state electronic devices, unified microprocessor and power electronic devices have been developed according
to state-of-the-art technology. Intensive research has been the subject of PWM techniques since 1970s [8].
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) aims to control the output voltage of the electric converter while also
lowering the voltage of harmonic distortion. The primary use of PWM in electrical engineering is for voltage
control. Such practices seem to be more cost effective and monitored by the drives of switching equipment.
Different techniques include single, multiple, sinusoidal, space vector, hysteresis (delta), selective harmonic
removal and current-checked modulation of the pulse width, phase control and injection harmonic
modulation. For the current supply of electric conversion devices, the physical phenomenon controller is used
and all other PWM technology for electric converter electrical supply units is used. Sinusoidal and spatial
vector techniques are most commonly used. The output voltage is regulated and harmonics are decreased [9].
In this work, voltage balancing in the inverter output is achieved without using the battery backup.
Here we are using the 8.25 kw asynchronous machine. Voltage unbalancing is a main problem faced while
using the asynchronous generation. This voltage is stabilized by using a DC-Link inverter. The voltage is
balanced even with the variation in the irradiation or speed variation in the wind. In the proposed system,
wind is the dominant part that produces the maximum power, and the solar system gives the minimum
power. This can be varied, but in this work, we selected this type according to the reduction of space
utilization because the space occupied by the solar system for the same power is very huge.

2. STAND-ALONE HYBRID SYSTEMS

The three sources namely solar photovoltaic, battery and diesel hybrid systems are included here for
the study. The system is based on the availability of renewable sources [10]. The testing site has rich sunlight
and it is quite possible to install solar photovoltaic [11]. Because irradiation is intermittent, it is not possible
for panels to generate continuous and even power [12]. Due to this, the battery is used to store the power
produced by the panel, and the converter is the instrument used to transfer this power from the battery [13].
In addition, when the battery is fully discharged, the diesel generator is integrated into the charging systems. Its
main goal is to supply enough electricity to meet end-user demand for each configuration of the system. It was
admissible to recognize the intermittent nature of renewable resources, which meant energy shortages of less
than 2 per cent.

3. WITH DC-DC CONVERTER, PROPOSED PHOTOVOLTAIC INVERTER-FED WIND

POWER GENERATOR CONFIGURATION
A three-phase asynchronous generator, photovoltaic, Buck boost converter, storage system and non-
linear load are part of the PVEWASG system [14]. The photovoltaic arrangement provides a direct current to
direct lift up converter. A three-stage converter connects the voltage to a battery, while the asynchronous
Generator is incorporated into the alternating current conversion yield and bound into a converter return and
energy. Reactive energy from the utility grid is required for an asynchronous generator to work effectively in

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a grid-connected system [15]. The PV array inverter produces reactive power that goes to the asynchronous
machine, which is powered by the PV array.
Inverter’s output workings like a simulated power system with a fixed frequency and voltage [16].
The PV-asynchronous generator and batteries, as well as the PV-asynchronous generator, supply the three-
phase charges to the main converter [17]. The asynchronous generator output and load is the mutual joining
theme. Figure 1 shows the whole block scheme of PVEWASG. One main characteristic of this hybrid system
is that, without a need for the utility grid or excitation condenser, this system uses an asynchronous generator
to prevent all the disadvantages involved. The power output from the inverter that is supplied to the load
without the battery equals yield power from the photovoltaic system plus an asynchronous generator's real
power output [18].

Figure 1. Simplified power circuit of the proposed work PVEWASG system

4. PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY POWERS ASYNC GENERATORS IN A WIND-POWERED

INVERTER
4.1. Photovoltaic power fed to an excited wind generator system, which drives asynchronous
generators, yields an inverter system that incorporates wind energy
The importance of PVEWASG scheme is its less dependence of operational battery and even if the
battery is not present, which may happen due to low discharge or complete charging of the battery, the
system must remain powered. A period of temporary removal of freestyle from the system may be required.
This steady DC association voltage is maintained even when the surrounding environment or workload is
different [19]. The inverter allows a PWM controller with an open loop. A Lift up switching regulators is
shown in a block diagram in Figure 2 [20].

Figure 2. Block diagram of DC-link converter with its simplified PI controller

With radiation and temperature, the PV array's V-I features are modified to change the PV array's
operating function. Furthermore, the shaft force applied to the Asynchronous generator changes as the wind
speed changes [21]. During this event, the variable parameter changes the input and load of the boost
converter, and switches the controller into voltage control mode. A bubbled up PI-SMC monitoring system
controls the reference signal. To the current reference for the external PI controller (Vo), an input voltage
difference between the dc-dc converter reference (Vo Ref) and the actual output tension is generated [22].
The basic principle of SMC is that their management law which is based on the sliding surface, which can
direct the state variables' flight to the desired origin. The management legislation which always accepts an
amendment has so far been commonly used in a single dc-dc switch [23].
The status variable is the flow rate and the function depend on u = power switch of the converter's
switching performance

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𝑢 = 1 ⁄ 2 ((1 + 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛(Տ))) Where ‘u’ stands for

The power switch of the converter's switching performance (logic state). A difference between actual and
reference worth is defined as the state variable error (of the inductance current), which forms the slippery
performance given by the final sliding mode management theory.

𝑆 = 𝑖_(1_𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙) − 𝑖_(1_𝑟𝑒𝑓)

4.2. Control scheme of the inverter

When the grid is interfaced with an asynchronous generator or the subject is planned with a 'PV
powered DC-DC device', there is an enormous difference between the asynchronous generator's voltages and
thus the electrical converter voltage, which causes a fast inpouring. Input size is determined mostly by
starting rotor speed and its inhabited IG stator flux. This same injection rate is quite high at zero speed; this
same current can rise five to six times (which is the case with an asynchronous motor). When the
asynchronous generator's speed is slightly higher than the synchronous generator's speed of the turbine, the
asynchronous generator is built electrically with the electrical output of the converter on this hybrid topic.
Because the volume and duration of injection are not particularly hazardous, and the input DC supply is not
vulnerable to damage from the electrical converter, the input DC supply is not damaged in this scenario. The
voltage at the output of the converter is increased gradually through a progressive increase in the PWM
control's trigonometric modulation index in order to minimize the risk of current injection during operation.

5. CONVERTER DC-AC WITH SINUSOIDAL PULSE AND MODULATION

5.1. Pulse with modulation sinusoidal DC-AC converter
By filtering the various pulse width output forms, a sinusoidal waveform is developed using the
SPWM technique [24]. The increased frequency of change and the variation in comparison or synthesized
voltage time and phase can be used to obtain a better filtered sinusoidal output waveform [25]. Instead of
maintaining that the various-PWM width is the same measurement, DFs and LOHs are significantly reduced
in SPWM. In this case, the distortion factor is significantly reduced [26].

5.2. PVEWASG system modeling and simulation

Asynchronous machines, PV arrays, and other mathematical models are used in the simulation. To
reduce simulation memory and computation time, we used a dc-dc boost device, a voltage supply electrical
converter (VSI), and a load, due to the many subsystems in the hybrid theme with management, the simulation
would otherwise be more complicated [27]. Figure 3 illustrates the entire hybrid theme for simulation. Table 1
shows the mathematical equations which govern the subsystem's different mathematical models [28].

Figure 3. Signal flow of PWM inverter

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Table 1. Theoretical and simulation modeling

PV Array Mathematic model used Equation
I_pv = I_sc − I_d (1)

I_d ≅ 10^(−9) I_sc exp 〖20.7/V_oc 〗 (V_pv + I_pv R_s ) (2)

I_sc (QT) ≅ I_sc Q(1 + α ΔT) (3)

V_pv = (I_sc − I_d ) R_1 − I_pv R_s (4)

V_oc (QT) ≅ V_oc (1 − γΔT) ln (l + βΔQ) (5)

DC-DC Mathematic model used

(𝑑𝐼_𝐿 (𝑡))/𝑑𝑡 = 𝐸/𝐿 − (𝑉_𝑜 (𝑡))/𝐿 (1 − 𝑢) (6)

(dV_o (t))/dt = (I_L (t))/C (1 − u) − (I_o (t))/C u (7)

(i_pv = i_L ), (V_DC = V_o )u" 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛"

PWM inverter Mathematic model used

I_dc = I_1 + I_2 + I_3 (8)

I_1 = I_S1 − I_D1 (9)

I_2 = I_S3 − I_D3 (10)

I_3 = I_S5 − I_D5 (11)

v_a = (S1 − S4) V_dc (12)

v_b = (S3 − S6) V_dc (13)

v_c = (S5 − S2) V_dc (14)

I_S1 = I_a × S1(forI_a > 0) (15)

I_S3 = I_b × S3(forI_b > 0) (16)

I_S5 = I_c × S5(forI_c > 0) (17)

𝐼_𝐷1 = −𝐼_𝑎 × Տ1(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼_𝑎 < 0) (18)

𝐼_𝐷3 = −𝐼_𝑏 × Տ1(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼_𝑏 < 0) (19)

S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 pulses provided to gate (inverter)

Resistive load mathematic model used

i_la2 = v_a/R_a2 (20)

i_lb2 = v_b/R_b2 (21)

i_lc2 = v_c/R_c2 (22)

The instantaneous current distribution is provided at the point of the common PCC (assembly).

P_PWMinverter + P_AsynchronousGenerator = P_Load (23)

Q_PWMinverter = Q_AsynchronousGenerator + Q_Load (24)

i_(PWMinverter_abc) + i_(AsynchronousGenerator_abc) = i_(Load_abc) (25)

As shown in (1), the photovoltaic model (5). An asynchronous generator is represented using the
classic dq model. Exploitation (3) was defined by the electrical converter equations and the cargo circuit area
unit (5). During this theme, the electrical converter shares the load's overall real power [29]. Because the
immune serum globulin is met by the electrical converter, the load's reactive power is increased. The losses
within the dc-dc converter are predicted by the real, reactive, and apparent power distributions, which are
given by (4) are negligible (6). The simulation results of a DC-DC closed loop control converter are shown in
Figure 4 and Figure 5. If the battery is detached due to deep release or full load, the inverter's genuine
strength returns to the PV shown in the voltage guide mode. (P Inverter=Ppv), Inverter and boost converter
A self-excited asynchronous generator with PV array in ... (Karthikeyan Nagarajan)
364  ISSN: 2088-8694

losses are not taken into account. Table 2 shows the various parameters for simulation. For the simulation,
various loads were used, resistive loads including the load of lamps (pure resistive) and resistive loads
(resistive-inductive).

Figure 4. Signal flow of pulse with modulation sinusoidal DC-AC converter

Figure 5. Basic control scheme of the self-excited asynchronous generator the power flow marks

Figure 6 shows the entire hybrid scheme's simulation block diagram, in MATLAB/Simulink with
controller. Figure 7 depicts the PVEWASG system's initial response. Modeling of the proposed inverter in
Simulink and MATLAB, complete with the controller, is shown in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows the inverter and
the asynchronous generator share the actual load power, while the inverter and the asynchronous generator
supply the reactive load power and also inverter input supply. The index of both the modulation of the
Sinusoidal PWM inverter is gradually increased from 0. To allow for the integration of an asynchronous
generator without any intrusive current with the inverter [30], as Figure 6 shows. The stable PCC voltage
waves and the PVEWASG system with control, which includes an asynchronous generator and inverter, are
shown below. Figure 10 shows the sudden load response of asynchronous generator. The voltage and current
response of asynchronous generator is shown in the Figure 11.
Figure 7 and Figure 8 illustrate the distribution of real power under irradiation disturbances and
wind turbine speed and charging between the PV array and the asynchronous generator. In those
circumstances, the temperature will only be kept at 25 °C. As shown in Figure 8, the system voltage remains

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constant with the exception of short-term disturbances. The controller maintains the power balance and
maintains the voltage of the DC connection constant.

Table 2. Simulation parameters used in PVEWASG systems

Sl. No Parameter Value
1. Total load 10 kW
2. Rated power resistive 9600 W
3. Asynchronous generator power 10 kVA
4. PV array power 875 W
5. DC link voltage of inverter 480 V
6. Voc of PV module 36.3 V
7. Isc of PV module 7.84
8. Number of parallel string 3
9. Number of series string 28
10. Rms voltage of AC link in phase-to-phase value 380 V
11. Shunt resistance Rshs 314 ohms
12. Tss=2.5e-6;
p=10e3 W;
u=380 V;
f=50 Hz;
fsw=5e3 Hz;
cfmax=(0.05*p)/(2*pi*f*u^2) µf;
Lf=(0.1*u^2)/(2*pi*f*p) H;
Rlf=Lf*100 ohms;
13. Series resistance Rse 0.41 Ω
14. Open circuit voltage of solar panel 37 V
15. MPPT voltage 29 V

Figure 6. Simulation diagram of DC-DC closed loop control converter

Figure 7. Simulation output of DC-DC closed loop control converter

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Figure 3. Modeling of the proposed inverter with the controller in MATLAB/Simulink

Figure 4. PVEWASG system's initial response while in starting

Figure 5. Starting response of asynchronous generator

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Figure 6. Total load response of PVEWASG system

8. CONCLUSION
The self-excited asynchronous generator employed reduced switching methods has been
successfully developed, and the performance has been analyzed using waveforms. An asynchronous
generator that is self-excited has been shown to be stable, indicating it can handle voltage fluctuations.
Although the wind speed fluctuates, the voltage across the load remains constant. We're sharing our
9.32 kW steady resistive load between our 8.25 kW synchronous generators and our roughly one-kilowatt
solar array. To get the best results, experiment with various wind speeds and radiance levels ranging from
400 to 950 W/M2. With its simple controlling system and self-balancing inverter utilizing the DC
connection, the implemented self-excited synchronous generator attracts a load center that is remote from the
grid. If there is no utility network that separates one area from another, the PVEWASG control plot can also
be used to set up isolation schemes.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Karthikeyan Nagarajan received his B.E. from Arasu Engineering College,

affiliated with Anna University, in 2008, and his ME from Saranathan College of Engineering
which is also affiliated with Anna University, in 2010. He is currently pursuing his PhD at
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology. He has published a few papers in national
and international journals and conferences. Presently, he is working as an Assistant Professor
in the Department of EEE at Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai. He has a total teaching
experience of 10 years. Electrical Machines, Power Electronics & Drives, and Renewable
Energy Systems are among his research interests. He can be contacted at email:
karthieee27@gmail.com.

Anbarasi Jebaselvi Gnanaiah David has completed her B.E in Government

College of Engineering, Tirunelveli, in 1990 and pursued her M.E in College of Engineering,
Guindy, Anna University and obtained her degree by 2003. She had a strong passion towards
teaching profession and her career started as a Lecturer in Sathyabama Engineering College
and reached its peaks, been awarded a doctorate degree by the same university. Her research
interest includes renewable energy sources particularly wind and solar systems, modeling of
wind electric generators, Solar power technologies and power electronic converters. She has
published around 25 papers including many Scopus indexed ones and one of the papers
appeared in a high rated journal. Her research findings have been explicit through her paper
presentations and publications in various international conferences and journals. She can be
contacted at email: anbarasi.jebaselvi@gmail.com.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 14, No. 1, March 2023: 358-368