CONTENT

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION …………………….………...…….(1-6)

CHAPTER – 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………….……(7-11)
CHAPTER – 3 OBJECTIVE ………………………………………......(12)
CHAPTER – 4 MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES ………….(13-24)
CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSION ………………………………………..(25)
REFERENCES
 CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is one of the most widely used building materials. Concrete is a mixed mixture of
cement, water and aggregates. Few admixtures can be added to concrete production to convert
power and other Concretes structures. Many additional materials such as Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag, waste steel lathe, fly ash, silica fume etc. are added to provide better concrete
structures. The key to achieving strong and durable concrete lies in careful separation, mixing,
and mixing of ingredients. Admixtures can be added to the concrete to convert some of the
better structures. Rapid urbanization and industrial development have increased the demand
for concrete. In the current era, the world has to face challenges in the Construction Sector.
Therefore, the mark to meet the requirements of concrete appears at an alarming rate.
In concrete buildings, the most important structures to consider, other than the structural ability
to withstand all loads, are the durability of concrete. The service life and durability of a concrete
structure depend to a large extent on its material properties, such as penetration, craftsmanship
and distribution that are controlled by the elements of concrete construction. To transfer such
structures to concrete, additional additions will be added to the concrete preparation. The waste
use of other industries in concrete production is increasing due to benefits such as reducing the
use of natural resources and the problems of waste storage.

The Construction Industry is one of the places where solid waste can be used in large quantities.
In production natural concrete resources are widely used. In addition, the production of
Portland cement which is the mainstay of concrete causes the production of greenhouse gases
that cause global warming and climate change. For this reason the use of industrial waste
instead of cement will reduce the problem of industrial waste disposal and will be a better step
for their efficient and effective use.

To eliminate those problems of industrial waste disposal and their effective use, cement can be
replaced using materials with Pozzolonic properties such as Silica fume, Fly ash and waste
steel lathe steel as additional can transfer better structures to Concrete production.

1.2 CEMENT
Cement is one of the most important sources of resource development. It can be easily mixed
with sand and water to form mud or gravel, sand and water to form concrete. Both mud and
concrete are among the most durable and durable materials used in all types of construction
worldwide. Cement is often used as a composite bond between bricks or rocks while concrete
is usually reinforced with steel bars and shaped to the desired size and shape.
For efficiency, mud or concrete is often the best material for line, house wall, platform and
cover of excavated wells, and platform and sign around 3 meters high case of excavated wells.
Cement is found in almost every country in the world and sand and stones are commonly found
locally. Sometimes it will be difficult to get cement for the construction of resources or it is

1
because there are other very important requirements for cement or because it is too expensive.
It is not possible here to say how or how cement can be obtained in such a situation.

Of the two chemicals in cement, mortar and concrete, concrete has the greatest potential. This
is because the rock that makes the stones itself is stronger than concrete and therefore
contributes to its strength. Sometimes both can be used interchangeably when a lack of
resources or working conditions require it. Remember that concrete is a strong product and
should be used where possible.

The total volume installed in the Indian cement sector is approximately 545 million tons per
annum, while 337 million tons of cement is produced in 2018-19, indicating energy
consumption of about 62%. Owned by local players, the Indian Cement Industry has been a
pioneer in terms of adapting to changing socio-economic changes, whether adopting new
technologies, adhering to strict environmental standards or using industrial products of other
industries.

1.3 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregates are actually natural particles of sand obtained from the earth through the
mining process. Fine aggregates contain natural sand or any crushed ¼ ”or small stone
particles. This product is usually called a 1/4 ”without specifying the size, or layout, of this
particular set. Or, A good combination (sand) fills the gaps between the joints. Build a pile and
make mud or concrete more economical. It provides resistance to shrinkage and cracks. It is
found naturally.

Another type of composite is those particles that pass through a filter of 9.5 mm (3/8 in.),
Almost completely exceeding the filter of 4.75 mm, and are highly retained with a filter of 75
µm which is said to be good composite. In terms of increased productivity and economy as
evidenced by the use of small cement, good integration should have a rounded shape.
Aggregate is the name of any particle which includes stones, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled
concrete and geosynthetic compounds. Aggregate can be natural, processed or reused.
Aggregates make up 60-80% of the concrete mix. They give a lot of pressure and strength to
the concrete. Aggregates in any concrete mix are selected for their durability, strength,
performance and melting ability. For a concrete mix to be effective, the compound needs clean,
durable, durable particles that do not dissolve solvents or cover the clay and other fine materials
that can cause damage to the concrete. Aggregates are divided into 'coarse' or 'fine' categories.
Coarse aggregates are particles larger than 4.75mm. The average diameter used is between
9.5mm and 37.5mm in diameter. A good combination is usually sand or crushed stone less than
9.55mm in diameter. Usually, the most common size of compound used in construction is
20mm. Larger size, 40mm, is more common in large concrete. Larger widths reduce the amount
of cement and water needed.

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1.4 COARSE AGGREGATE
'Combined' is the name of any particle. Includes stones, crushed stone, sand, slag, recycled
concrete and geosynthetic compounds. Integration can be natural, processed or reused.
Aggregates make up 60-80% of the concrete mix. They give a lot of pressure and strength to
the concrete. Aggregates in any concrete mix are selected for their durability, strength,
performance and melting ability. For a concrete mix to be effective, the compound needs clean,
durable, durable particles that do not dissolve solvents or cover the clay and other fine materials
that can cause damage to the concrete. Aggregates are divided into 'coarse' or 'fine' categories.
Coarse aggregates are particles larger than 4.75mm. The average diameter used is between
9.5mm and 37.5mm in diameter. A good combination is usually sand or crushed stone less than
9.55mm in diameter. Usually the most common size of compound used in construction is
20mm.Larger size, 40mm, is more common in large concrete. Large diameter reduces the
amount of cement and water required.

Initially mineral mixing was used as a filler not added to cement concrete. In fact, the composite
is not an inert filling material and its physical, thermal and chemical properties contribute to
the performance of concrete on a large scale. In addition, the aggregate is cheaper than cement
so it is cheaper to use aggregate quantities.

Coarse-decorated aggregates will not pass through a filter with a spacing of 4.75 mm.
Aggregates are commonly used as materials in concrete mixtures. Sand, gravel or crushed stone
is considered to be the most important material in concrete mixing and covers approximately
60% to 75% of the total volume of concrete. The main purpose of the assembly is to assemble
the concrete.
Those particles stored mainly in a 4.75 mm filter and which will pass through a 3-inch screen,
are called coarse aggregate. Combined collection, a very economical combination. Larger
fragments provide less particle space than an equal volume of smaller fragments. The use of
the maximum permissible size of composite letters allows to reduce the need for water and
water. Using larger aggregates than the full size of the permitted coarse aggregates can result
in contact and arches or constraints within the concrete form. That allows the basement to be
empty, or at best, gate and cement as little as possible, but the economy alone is not the reason
for the combined use of concrete. The joints provide better strength, durability and durability
in a cement-based structure than just cement paste.
In any concrete, the combined frequency remains approximately 70 to 75% of the total volume
of the concrete. The selection and distribution of composites should be properly considered
because they affect not only the strength, but the strength and performance of the concrete
structure.

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1.5 SUPPLEMETARY CEMENTIOUS MATERIALS
The term Supplementary Cementious materials is those that complement or improve
Cementious concrete structures. Acc. to ACI 116 R “Pozzolan is a siliceous and aluminous
material, which itself has little or no value but is in a reduced state and in the presence of
moisture respond with calcium hydroxide to produce compounds with cement structures”
Previous Compound Materials (SCM) they were natural materials, which were readily
available as volcanic ash but nowadays most concrete contains SCM which is a product or
waste from other industrial processes. Recently, strict pollution control regulations and
regulations have limited the increase in industrial waste and non-renewable products such as
Medical Supplementary Cementitious materals such as Fly ash, fume silica etc. The use of such
SCMs in concrete production not only reduces their problems with proper and efficient disposal
but also reduces pollution and the proper use of these industries by products (which can be used
in landfills).

1.6 FLYASH
The fly ash is a by-product as coal burns on thermal energy plants. Low-grade coal used for
thermal power generation has an ash content of 30-45%. High-grade coal has a low ash content
of 10-15%. Since most coal is used in low-grade tropical plants, it produces a large amount of
ash that requires a large area such as landfills or landfills.

Fly Ash on average is much better than Portland and Lime cement. It contains Silt Sized
particles, usually circular in the range of 10 to 100 microns. A small glass area improves the
performance and warmth of Fresh Concrete. And thinness is one of the key factors contributing
to Fly Ash's pozzolonic reuse. When we go into the in-depth look of the fly ash, at the very
least it looks like blisters of various sizes.
A large amount of electricity is generated by many thermal power plants by burning coal in
their workplaces. As a result of this work, a variety of materials are produced. Any equipment
from coal burning systems can be referred to as a coal-fired power plant (CCP). Among the
various CCPs reported worldwide by coal-fired power stations, flyash is the most common. As
a signal-making report, flyash is considered a powder collected by collectors of dust deposited
in thermal power plants using coal such as fuel. There are various flyash-related problems such
as the demand for large dumping sites and the toxins caused by flyash reaching the
groundwater. Research has established flyash as a source of air and water pollution. It is
considered a waste that can serve as a resource for the construction industry, thus serving as a
source of waste management and environmental management. Until ten years back, flyash was
treated as garbage around the world, but is now being built as a natural savior.

1.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF FLYASH

The two categories of fly ash are defined by ASTM C618. Since fly ash is produced by burning
coal in the Thermal Plant and Fly ash structures mainly depend on the coal produced in it and
a few other factors. Depending on its construction and the type of coal used for its production,
it is divided into two categories by ASTM C618

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a) Class F ash
b) Class C airplane ash

The Class F jet ash is low in Calcium oxide (Cao), and as the Class C ash contains a particularly
effective Calcium Alumino-silica glass.

The ash of a Class F plane is largely (70%) non-crystalline which is a determining factor in
pozzolanic activity. Class C fly ash has both pozzolanic and independent structures.

Depending on the coal used in the production of Fly Ash, its subdivision can be described as
follows

Class C Fly ash is produced by burning anthracite or long coal.

Class F Fly ash is produced by heating with lignite or less bituminous coal.

1.6.2 Advantage of Fly-Ash

Fly Ash which is a Supplementary Cementous Material (SCM) due to its pozzolanic nature
enhances many Concrete structures. Fly Ash concrete installation has the following
advantages:

1. SERVICE REDUCTION: Fly Ash, due to its excellent size when used in Concrete
fills holes in the concrete and therefore reduces the penetration of concrete. We can therefore
say that the installation of the Ash plane reduces the penetration of concrete.

2. DENSE CONSTRUCTION: Due to the small size of the particles it makes a small
solid formation of concrete. Ashes particles fly smaller in size compared to cement particles,
so the concrete structure is stronger.

3. REDUCING BLEEDING: Fly Ash addition in concrete production will reduce

concrete bleeding. Bleeding basically water comes to the surface of the concrete. The addition
or addition of cement and ash to the body reduces bleeding due to decreased demand for water.

4. ENERGY DEVELOPMENT: The ash fly fills the concrete holes and makes the
concrete bigger. Due to the large concrete structure by Fly Ash, finally the Pressure Increase
Concrete.

5. PORE ANALYSIS: Due to the development of the small porosity structure of the
concrete is greatly improved. Fly- Ash reduces porosity with pore correction. As a result of the
packaging effect of Fly ash particles the pore structure is greatly improved.

6. PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT: In the new environment, fly ash improves

performance. This is because of the smooth, circular shape of the fly's ashes. Smaller spheres
serve as a kind of bearing ball that assists the movement of concrete.

7. REDUCE GROWTH: Fly Ash mixes well with alkalis from cement, which prevents
harmful expansion of concrete, thus reducing the chances of concrete expansion.

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1.7 WASTE STEEL LATHE
From the past many researchers during their research work have found many advantages and
disadvantages. The modified concrete cone has been shown to be a good material for producing
concrete. Lathe scrap serves as a fine fiber for concrete. Measuring strength, durability,
performance and other features of concrete. Consumables obtained from Iron and Steel
industries. It also produced from the chemical industry as well. The composite comprising 70%
to 80% of the concrete with three main functions is to provide inexpensive filling, provide bulk
particles to withstand the loads used and reduce the volume changes caused by the settling and
stiffening process. The maximum lathe skin is 7850 kg / m3.

Due to global trade and the construction of the most challenging and complex civil engineering
structures, Concrete is the most suitable material used in international construction. It is
requested that you have the utmost strength and sufficient facilities for the operation and the
efforts made in the concrete sector through the use of fibers and other composites, Concrete
reaches certain limits, In view of the sustainable development of the world. metal waste
produced in a different production process of milling machines can be used as reinforcement
in concrete to enlarge various concrete structures. The purpose of this paper was to study the
possibility of using metal waste in concrete by looking at various parameters of concrete such
as compressive strength, strength, and flexural strength. The whole parameter was tested in
varying percentage by 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% by concrete weight. This paper outlines the current
situation and previous studies in the area of recycling of concrete waste. However, this building
material is in the development phase and has a wider range in the future. Leaving industrial
waste directly into the environment can lead to a variety of problems. It is therefore necessary
to recycle industrial waste in a emphasized way. Waste is used to produce new products or
used as admixtures so that well-used natural resources are protected from waste disposal and
the depletion of natural resources. Iron & Steel plants produce waste in the form of Steel scrap
(Lathe scrap) from the Lathe machine.

6
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Zeeshan and Yawar in their experimental study conclude that the slump value was decreased
from 30 mm to 10 mm without reinforment and with 2% of waste steel lathe. It was noted that
concrete strength is increased by adding a lathe scrap machine to 1.5% and it was found that a
moderate percentage of compressive strength, strong cracks and flexibility behind this
percentage slightly reduced concrete strength. Deflection was also found to be as high as 7mm
at 1.5% waste steel lathe and load carrying capacity was 5.66kN. It is concluded that the lathe
machine is strong and environmentally friendly material that can improve the structure of
concrete, reduce the strength of the metal otherwise reducing the width of the cracks when used
as reinforcement in concrete. It can also be used in the future and in various concrete works.
Thirumurugana and Sivaraja in their experimental study conclude that the addition of fibers
significantly reduces performance. Metal lathe waste fibers contribute significantly to
performance reduction rather than nylon. A maximum increase of the compressive strength of
15% over the traditional concrete is achieved using steel 2/3 + nylon 1/3. There is a close
relationship between the quantity and the pressure of concrete. A similar development pattern
was found between the compression force and the stiffness module.
Alabi And Arum in their experimental study conclude that the workability is decreasing as the
percentage of waste steel lathe is adding to concrete. Compressive strength at 25% and 50%
with 1.5% replacement of steel scraps has done better than standard concrete. As the
replacement percentage rate increased to more than 50% then the compressive strength were
affected. The addition of stainless steel has been shown to have little effect on tensile strength
and compressive strength.
Ruchi And Shashivendra in their experimental study conclude that the mechanical properties of
concrete are increasing by increasing the value of waste steel lathe from 0.5% to 1.5%.
Mechanical strength was decreasing from 1.5% to 2.0% of replacement. At 2.0% of the lathe
scrap replacement there is a significant decrease in the mechanical strength. The compressive
strength of the Lathe Steel Scrap Concrete increased by 10% for 7 days strength compared to
the tradational Concrete for all percentage of lathe steel scrap . For 28 days the strength of the
Lathe Steel Scrap Concrete shows almost the same compressive strength as the tradational
concrete. The addition of stainless steel has significantly increased the flexural strength by
almost 40% compared to tradational concrete. the main conclusion is that the addition of waste
steel lathe to the concrete mix improved its compressive strength while reducing the
performance of the new concrete containing the lathe scrap.
Michael Thomas in their experimental study conclude that the maximum amount of fly ash
varies not only on application but also on the composition and proportions of all materials in
the concrete mix, conditions during laying, construction practices, and exposure conditions.
Therefore, the high content of fly ash will vary by subject matter. A fly ash content of up to
50% may be suitable for many elements if early strength is required in the project that can be
met and ensured by adequate curing.

7
Jagdish Virupakshi Patil in their experimental study conclude that the workability was improved
flyash also the air content and density remain unchanged with the use of flyash. Flyash
generally slow down the setting time of concrete by a small amount and maintain the same
workability. Other properties like bleeding was improved, shrinkage remain unaffected,
pumping, cohesiveness was improved significantly also, the modulus of elasticity was reduced
as the replacement percentage of flyash is increased upto to a limit. The flyash concrete is
shows less permeability then traditional concrete at 56 and 90 days and also flyash concrete is
more durable then traditional concrete.

Abhishek Mandloi and Dr. KK Pathak in the experimental study concluded that the use ofBack
to hammer reading hammer with 5% change of CNC collection said waste as combined and
wire mesh is higher than other M20 grade cubes of concrete after 28 days. The highest value
is recorded in 5% cubes modification of integration with CNC metal waste. The rebound
hammer strength test is more affected with wire mesh. Ultrasonic Pulse velocity reading of
cubes by 5% modification of integration with CNC metal waste as combined with a wire mesh
is higher than other cubes on the M20 concrete level after 28 days. The highest value is recorded
in 5% Cubes Aggregates and CNC waste exchanges said as combined with a wire mesh is
higher than other cubes on the M20 concrete level after 28 days. Pulse velocity is
approximately equal to a wire mesh. Universal Testing Machine is The maximum amount of
compressive force is obtaine cubes have 5% of the conversion of the collection by CNC lathe
waste as a connector and mesh.
Pavan Prasad and Durga Chaitanya in their experimental study conclude that the Concrete
pressure strength of 10.2%. The fragmentation strength of concrete has increased by 8%.
Concrete exhaustion increased by 69%. The stiffness is more than the concrete can be added
by 1.5% LSS as the area under pressure Vs Strain curve is maximum compared to all other
components. M1 and M2 compounds have the same load-carrying capacity compared to all
outputs. M3 mixing has a high initial load load i.e., high flexural strength.
Mohit Sihag and V. S. Sagu in their experimental study conclude that the addition of waste
metal fiber. The addition of waste metal fibers helps to increase ductility concrete. Addition of
waste metal fibers to high strength concrete adds more profit compared to its standard addition
power concrete structure, low water content of cement. As the temperature increases the
amount of internal stress caused explosion or explosive explosion. Waste self-help helps
reduces internal stresses and helps with this improve flexural strength and flexibility. The
geometry of waste metal fibers helps better concrete binding, also helps the fibers to work more
efficiently as good as abridge in reducing breakage concrete. It also helps to find a place that
is free of fiber. Fiber insertion improves concrete release and load carrying capacity in the
background. Increases cube pressure compression strength in 7 days to 8.74%. Increase in
various mechanical properties of mixing concrete and polythene fiber is not the same a league
like that of a steel mill. Increases cube pressure compression strength in28 days reaches a level
of 6.68% in a volume of 1.2% of to add a waste of iron ore. Increases the strength of concrete
strength by 28 days up 28.76% to 1.2% fiber of that. Icon a very high-power increase at the
end of our sample Study. It shows that according to our purpose we can find the stronger the
force. In this case the flexibility of concrete is 1.2% of the waste addition of steel to concrete
in 28 days 13.19 percent.

8
Hong-zhu Quan and Hideo Kasami in their experimental study conclude that the By applying
the improved strength of the mixture in nonair-entraining fly ash concrete, the compressive
strength of fly ash concrete can be improved by 10% -20%, and its initial compression strength
is also improved. Regardless of the presence of air, strength that develops in the mix, or the
amount of ash ash, the strength and modulus of elasticity depend on the compressive strength.
By applying better admixture strength in fly ash concrete, the drying reduction is reduced by
60%. The resistance of concrete to concrete is almost the same as the amount of cement
regardless of the water binder rate and the ash conversion rate. The carbonation velocity
coefficient of fly ash concrete is ST: PL: D = 1.0: 0.7: 0.6. Also, carbonation testing of concrete
acceleration of more than 15% of fly ash replacement ratio depends on the carbon depth
initially. By applying 2-week hard-curing air-curing coating (drying process), the cold-resistant
resistance can be improved even with uncoated concrete. By making the use of firmness
improves mixing, it is easier to control the air content and make the fly ash fly into one single-
entraining one. The level of the fly ash concrete is thus prepared. In the field of fly ash
application, the use of nonair-entraining mode and robust mixing strength is an important
method.

THIRUMURUGAN and SIVARAJ in their experimental study conclude that the The
combined advantages of these fibres provide high mechanical and fracture strength. This hybrid
fibre reinforced concrete with industrial waste fibres is doubly advantages as it provides a
superior performance without increasing the cost of the concrete. A 54% increase in split tensile
strength w.r.t plain concrete was achieved in two fibre mixes. When we add the hybrid fibre
combination of steel ½ + nylon ½ at 2% volume fraction to concrete influences the maximum
modulus of rupture by about 50%. The highest percentage increase in impact energy of 72-
238% was also obtained with the same hybrid fibre combination of steel ½ + nylon ½ during
the cracking stage. Similarly, the same mix shows the highest percentage improvement during
the ultimate stage. And, also in the fracture tests, with the same mix it shows the highest
percentage fracture energy. It can be concluded that the all of the hybrid combinations can be
performed better in all the properties than plain and mono fibrous concretes. The combinations
would help the improvement of bridging between the cracks to make a strong and ductile high
strength concrete.
Abimbola and Oluwadare in their experimental study conclude that the that there was a slight
increase in the compressive strength of the composite concrete while the increase on the tensile
strength of concrete was clearly much on the high side as a result of the addition of steel scrap
from lathe waste. Steel scrap from lathe waste was found to be an eco-friendly material that
can improve the structural strength of concrete. It was detected that both the compressive
strength and the split tensile strength of the composite concrete peaked at a fibre content of
1.5%. The study validates the claim that lathe scraps have the potential to improve the
characteristics, in term of compressive, split tensile and the flexural strength of concrete. The
compressive strength of the concrete increased with addition in the volume fraction of lathe
scrap from 0.5% to 1.5%, while reduction in compressive strength was recorded, from 1.5% to
2.5%. The split tensile strength of lathe waste composite concrete also increases with increases
fibre content from 0.5% to 1.5%, but reduced on further addition of lathe waste. The flexural
strength like the compressive and split tensile strength increased with increasing fibre content
from 0.5% to 1.5%. There is a slight reduction in flexural strength on further increase in fibre.
Optimum fibre content of 1.5% should not be exceeded for desirable strength of concrete so as
to avoid any decrease in the strength of concrete.
Abbas Hadi in his experimental study conclude that the The addition of lathes steel waste fibers
into the plain concrete mixture enhanced its compressive strength while it decreases the

9
workability of the fresh concrete containing the steel waste fibers. It shows the variation of
compressive strength-to-unit weight ratios of concrete with and without fibers. From the
diagram it is shown that the strength-to-weight ratio increased with increases of fiber in
concrete. The strength of concrete increase with increase the percent of fibers. Adding of steel
lathes waste fibers in plain concrete enhance its strength under compressions. Adding of steel
lathes waste fibers reduces the workability of fresh concrete. It is possible to make FRC, with
good strength and with good strength-to-weight by adding steel lathe waste fibers. By this
method, it may be good environment management of lathes steel wastes since a large quantity
of steel wastes are generated from industrial lathes. The recycling represents a solution of that
waste and make use of it.

Yohannes Werkina Shewalul in his experimental study conclude that The addition of the steel
fibers in the mix during concrete production significantly improves the tensile characteristics
of the concrete. The aspect ratio, type of fiber, fiber volume and size and aggregate size affects
the mechanical characteristics of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). Significant effect on
workability due to addition of Steel fiber/ Lathe. Concrete workability from the slump test
decreases proportionally to the increase in the fraction of steel fiber added. The inclusion of
steel scrap marginally increases the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete.
The split strength (tensile) increments are essentially proportional to the addition of steel scrap
volume when compared with plain concrete. By increasing the contents of steel scrap, the
downward branch of the stress-strain diagram is less steep and relatively flat

Neeraja and Alisha in their experimental study conclude that the Test like compressive test,
split tensile test, NDT test (UPV test) were conducted to determine the impact of steel scrap in
concrete.The percentage of steel scrap considered in the study were 0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%
respectively by volume of concrete, 7day, 28 days test were conducted to find out strength of
steel scrap concrete. It is observed that the split tensile strength of steel scrap concrete is
increased slightly. The steel scrap gives good result in split tensile strength of concrete. From
above study it is concluded that the steel scrap can be used in concrete to reduce brittleness of
concrete to some extent. It can be observed that the value of slump test shows decreasing trend
with varying percentages of steel scrap. Workability of concrete reduces gradually with
increase in percentage of steel scrap. Decrease in workability improves strength of concrete
and also a check over water cement ratio is achieved. With addition of steel scrap in concrete,
there is decreasing trend in compressive strength values both at 7days and 28 days. Addition
of steel scrap showed considerably increase in tensile strength of concrete at 2% of steel scrap.
From the above study, it can be concluded that steel scrap can be used in concrete to improve
the tensile strength, there by reduces brittleness in concrete.

PETER and NEELAMEGAM in their experimental study conclude that the Fly ash, when used
in concrete, contributes to the strength of concrete due to its pozzolanic reactivity. Replacing
cement with the same amount of fly ash can reduce the heat of hydration of concrete. Properly
portioned fly ash concrete mixes impact properties to concrete that may not be achievable
through the use of Portland cement only. These mixes are more durable, economical and strong,
and also eco-friendly. Since concrete mixes having fly ash as CRM have lesser cement content,
adverse effects related to higher cement content, such as shrinkage, excessive rate of heat
development etc., are minimized in the concrete. The compressive strengths of fly ash based
HPCs are found to be more than that of control mix for cement replacement levels up to 25%.
10
The 90 days compressive strength of HPCs with fly ash up to 25% of replacement level tends
to be in the same range. Mixes having fly ash as CRM are found to be more durable and
corrosion resistant due to their refined pore size distribution. In this study, it is noticed that for
such low strength concretes, use of fly ash as cement replacement material even beyond 30%
level. Such concretes can have enhanced durability and hence long service life. Increase in the
modulus of elasticity of concrete when concretes of the same strength with and without fly ash
are compared.

Anusha Bharathi and Samyukta in their experimental study conclude that the Steel fibers are
introduced in the concrete matrix during the mixing of its constituent ingredients. Upon
hardening, these fibers improve the properties of concrete such as ductility, fracture toughness,
energy dissipation, impact resistance, fatigue resistance and limiting of crack propagation.
Hooked end steel fibers on incorporated with concrete improves the ductility and tension
carrying capacity of reinforced concrete.Using steel and lathe fibers exhibit high ultimate
failure load w.r.t control specimen. The results obtained for compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength have been analyzed and compared with two control specimens
having 0 and 1.5% steel fibers. Results indicate that the inclusion of lathe waste significantly
improves the compressive, tensile and the flexural properties of concrete when compared with
control specimen. The replacement of steel fibers with the lathe waste scrap was found to be
ab economical and sustainable alternative which considerably improves the strength
parameters of the concrete. It has been found that the strength parameter of LWFRC increases
up to an addition of 1.5% volume fraction and on further increases in fiber content decreases
the strength of the concrete. By increasing the contents of steel scrap, the downward branch of
the stress-strain diagram is less steep and relatively flat. Hence lathe waste can be used as an
effective and economical reinforcement to concrete which help in creating sustainable and
pollution free environment.

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 Chapter-3
OBJECTIVE
3.1 OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH
In our experimental study, Cement is replaced by the Fly ash at various replacement
percentages of 0% and 10% in the production of concrete and addition of waste steel lathe at
various percentage of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%. A total of 8 different types of design mix were prepared
with steel and Fly-Ash percentage. The main objectives of the present research work are as
follows
1. To Study the effect on the Split Tensile of Concrete at different combination of Fly-
Ash and Waste Steel Lathe.
2. To Study the effect on the Compressive Strength of the concrete at different
combination of Fly-Ash and Waste Steel Lathe.
3. To Study the effect on the Flexural Strength of concrete at different combination of
Fly-Ash and Waste Steel Lathe.

In the present experimental study of replacing cement with the Fly ash at various percentage
(0% and 10%) and addition of waste steel lathe at various percentages (0%, 1%, 2% and 3%),
and a Concrete of M30 grade is used in this study.

12
 CHAPTER -4
MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES
3.1 MATERIAL AND THEIR PROPERTIES
3.1.2 CEMENT
Cement is one of the most important sources of resource development. It can be easily mixed
with sand and water to form mud or gravel, sand and water to form concrete. Both mud and
concrete are among the strongest and most durable materials used in all types of construction
worldwide. Cement is often used as a composite bond between bricks or rocks while concrete
is usually reinforced with steel bars and shaped to the desired size and shape. The basic
composition of cement is shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Basic Cement Construction

S.No Ingredient Percentage Content (%)

1 CaO (lime) 60-67

2 SiO2 (Silica) 17-25

3 Al2O3 (Alumina) 3-8

4 Fe2O3 (Iron oxide) 0.5-6

5 MgO (Magnesia) 0.14-4

6 Alkalies 0.4-1.3

7 Sulphur 1-3

In our experimental research work we used Ordinary Portland Cement, 43- Grade and the same
was used to prepare all concrete mixtures. The various test results performed on the cement
used in the research work are given in Table 3.

13
Table 3. Cement Buildings

S. No Characteristics Values Obtained Standard Value

1. Normal Consistency 34% -

2. Initial Setting Time (minutes) 98 min. Not less than 30

Not greater than

3. Final Setting Time (minutes) 240 min.
600

4. Fineness (%) 400mm2/mg <10

5. Specific Gravity 3.15 -

3.1.2 COARSE AGGREGATES

Coarse aggregates used in our research work were purchased locally .The maximum size of
Coarse aggregates used is 10 m and 20mm. The 10mm aggregates used are first filtered through
a 10mm filter and then by a 4.75 mm and 20mm composite filter first filtered through a 20mm
filter. Aggregates are rinsed with water to remove dust particles attached to their surface and
these compounds are dried. The compilation was tested with standard Indian specifications (IS:
383-1970). Coarse collections tested mechanical properties such as Los Angeles abrasion,
elasticity and flakiness index according to IS: 2386 (Part - IV). Aggregates are washed with
clean water and allowed to stand in a dry, open laboratory until the surface moisture has
evaporated and the aggregates reach a dry, full surface area. The results of the various
experiments performed in the aggregate are given in Tables 4 and Table 5.
Table 4. Properties of Coarse Aggregates

S. No. Characteristics Value

1. Type Crushed

2. Maximum Size 20mm

14
 3. Specific Gravity 2.88

4. Total Water Absorption 0.97

5. Crushing Strength 26.2%

6. Fineness Modulus 6.46

To get the best fineness we need to do a sieve analysis of the composites. Arrange the sieve
backwards and place the stack of sieve in a mechanical shaker.
Sieve analysis of coarse composites was performed to obtain a good module of aggregates.
After proper filtering, record the sample weights stored in each filter and obtain the
accumulated weight of the stored particles and the cumulative% stored in each filter. Finally
add 500 to the sum of all the collected percentage values and divide the whole result by 100.
The Fineness Modulus of coarse aggregates is calculated as shown.
Table 5. Sieve analysis of Coarse Aggregates

Mass Cumulative
Percentage Percentage
S. No. Sieve No. Retained % age
Retained, % Passing, % Retained
(kg)

1. 80mm - 0.00 100 0.00

2. 40mm - 0.00 100 0.00

3. 20mm - 0.00 100 0.00

4. 12.5mm 0.555 18.5 81.5 18.5

5. 10mm 0.8905 29.68 51.82 48.18

6. 4.75mm 0.9565 31.88 19.94 80.06

15
 7. Pan 0.5970 19.90 0.04 99.96

∑C = 146.74

Fineness Modulus of Coarse aggregate = ΣC + 500/100 = 146.74 + 500/100 = 6.46

The coarse aggregates used in our experimental study are purchased locally.

3.1.3 FINE AGGREGATE

Fine aggregates usually consist of natural sand or crushed stone with multiple particles passing
through a 4.5mm filter. Good compounds are washed natural sandThe fine compounds used in
our research work were found locally. Good collection was tested with standard Indian
specifications (IS: 383-1970). After the finance collection test, the following fine collection
structures were found and set out in Table 6 and a sieve analysis of the positive combinations
is given in Table 7.
Table 6. Properties of fine Aggregate

S. No. Characteristics Value

1. Type Uncrushed (natural)

2. Specific Gravity 2.605

3. Total Water Absorption 1.23%

5. Fineness Modulus 2.507

The smooth module of good integration is determined by transferring fine aggregates to a set
of sieve. These sites with different sizes of 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.3 mm and
0.15 mm are arranged in such a way that the filter with the largest opening 4.75 mm comes up
and through a filter with very small opening meaning 0.15 mm comes down. After that these
filters of the filter are placed in a mechanical filter and then switch to the machine and move
the sieve should be done for at least 5 minutes. After filtering, record the weight of the fine
aggregates stored in each filter. Then find the weight of the collection stored for each filter.
Finally find the accumulated percentages stored in each sieve. Enter all the accumulated
percentage values and divide by 100 then we will get the fineness modulus value of positive
aggregates.

16
Table 7. Sieve analysis of Fine Aggregates

Mass Percentage Cumulative

Percentage
S. No. Sieve No. Retained Retained, % age
(gms) Passing, % Retained
%

1. 4.75mm 95.0 9.5 90.5 9.5

2. 2.36mm 42.5 4.25 86.25 13.75

3. 1.18mm 110.5 11.05 75.2 24.8

4. 600 µm 128.5 12.85 62.35 37.65

5. 300 µm 308.0 30.80 31.55 68..45

6. 150 µm 281.0 28.10 3.45 96.55

7. Pan 34.5 3.45 -

∑F = 250.7

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑

Fineness Modulus of the Fine aggregates Used = 100

250.7
= =2.507
100

3.1.4 FLY ASH

Fly ash is a product of the Thermal Power Station. It is a fine grained powdery particulate
material that is taken away in the Flue gas and collected flue gas by the means of the
electrostatic precipitators, bag houses, Cyclones etc. An important part of the use of fly ash in
concrete is the development of concrete structures. This development of concrete structures by
fly ash is mainly due to its pozzolanic action of Fly ash particles. The Fly Ash used in this study
was obtained from Gugu Gobind Singh Super Power Thermal Plant. The physical and chemical
properties of the used Fly ash are given in Tables 8 and 9 respectively.

17
 Table 8: Physical Properties of Fly Ash

S. No Characteristics Specified values

1. Specific Gravity 1.6 -2.6

2. Colour Pale grey to dark grey

3. Specific Surface Area 500-5000 m2/kg

4. Particle size Mostly fine spheres with a

mean diameter of 0.1 micron.

5. Swell Index Very Low

Bulk density- Densified (when packed in

6. 0.9-1.3
gm/cc)

Table 9. Chemical composition of Fly Ash

S. No. Characteristics Specified values (%)

1. SiO2 (%) 38-63

2. Al2O3 (%) 27-44

3. MgO (%) 0.01-0.5

4. Fe2O3 (%) 3.3-6.4

5. CaO (%) 0.2-8

6. Na2O(%) 0.07-0.43

7. MnO 0 - 0.0.5

8. TiO2 0.4-1.8

18
 9. Loss on Ignition 0.2-5

10. pH 6-8

3.1.5 WATER
For the preparation of the concrete, water is also one of the main ingredients and also for the
purpose of the Curing of the Concrete Specimens, the water used in our experimental study
was Tap water.

3.2 MIX DESIGN

In the Present research work the concrete mix was designed as per the Indian Standard
recommended Guide lines. The purpose of the designing the mix means the selecting the
proportions of the various ingredients of the concrete. By designing the concrete mix we means
to get the mix of better Strength, durability and the most economical proportion. Concrete mix
of Grade M30 was used in the Experimental work.

3.2.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE MIX

S.No Name Steel % Flyash %

1 A 0 0

2 B 1 0

3 C 2 0

4 D 3 0

5 E 0 10

6 F 1 10

7 G 2 10

8 H 3 10

19
3.3 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS
Specimens are optimized for test work. Different types of Specimens according to the
guidelines were prepared for different types of tests to be performed on concrete.
For the purpose of measuring the Pressure Strength of Concrete, 150 x 150 x150 mm Cubes
were adjusted.

To separate the strength of the concrete Cylinders 150 x 300 mm are repaired.
Before preparing concrete examples a few points should be kept in mind:

1. All streaming plates were first cleaned.

2. After the moulds have been cleaned and the moulds are thoroughly oiled.

3. Special care was taken to ensure that no vacancies were left where there were potential for
leaks.

4. The moulds should be firmly fixed before pouring the concrete over the skin.

3.5 BATCHING, MIXING AND CASTING OF SPECIMEN

For the preparation of the concrete for the experimental study, following operations are done
for the preparation of the concrete. A careful procedure was adopted in the batching, mixing
and casting operations.

3.5.1 BATCHING
It is a process of measuring the ingredients of a concrete mix either by volume or by size.
Traditionally, beats are done with volume but many specifications require that the beats be
performed in bulk rather than in volume. In this process concrete ingredients such as cement,
Coarse Aggregate, Fine Aggregate etc. are measured in the correct proportions according to
each need. In our experimental work the collection of concrete ingredients is done in bulk.

3.5.2 MIXING
After the concrete ingredients are collected, the concrete mix is made in a Concrete mixer.
Coarse Aggregates, Fine Aggregates, Cement are placed in a concrete mixer and started with
a concrete mixer. The mixture is mixed for five minutes to mix well. After five minutes the
ingredients are mixed well, an additional amount of water is added to the mixer. The mixing
process continues for two to three minutes to obtain a uniform consistency.

3.5.3 CASTING OF SPECIMEN

The Specimens of the concrete are casted different for the different percentages of the Fly Ash
and waste steel lathe. A total of 8 concrete mixes were prepared having different percentage of
the Fly Ash Replacement and additional waste steel lathe was prepared.

20
For measuring the Compressive Strength of the Concrete, Cubical Specimens of the Concrete
of Size 150mmx 150mm x 150 mm were casted.

For Measuring the Split tensile Test of the Concrete, the Cylindrical Specimens of size 150
mm x 300 mm height were casted.

For Measuring the Flexural Strength of the Concrete, the beam specimens of size 500 mm x100
mm x 100 mm were casted.

All the casted specimens were allowed to dry for the first 24 hours after the casting of the
Samples. After the Completion of 24 hours, the Moulds were demoulded with proper care so
that edges of the specimens should remain intact during Demoulding of the samples.
After demoulding the specimens of the concrete, these were placed in the curing tank for the
curing of the concrete.

3.5.4 PLACING OF CONCRETE

Laying performance is also very important for the purpose of ensuring the strength, durability
and durability of the concrete. With regard to placement, the main purpose is to place the
concrete as close as possible to its final location to avoid splitting and the concrete to be well
mixed. The purpose of properly laying concrete can be easily stated.
To achieve the following set of the following factors should be kept in mind:
1. Concrete should be placed in the same layers on the mold, not in large piles or loose parts.
2. The thickness of the layer should be such that the trapped air can be removed at the bottom
of each layer.
3. The level of placement and density should be about the same. If you continue to slow down,
the combination may solidify so that it no longer works well. In addition, water should be added
to the concrete. On the other hand, if you are going too fast, you may be chasing him before
the meeting process, making it difficult for them to do their job properly.
4. Each layer should be completely covered before the next laying, and each subsequent layer
should be laid while the bottom layer is plastic to complete the monolithic construction.

3.6 TESTING METHODS

For the present experimental work, different tests were conducted. For each test different
testing methodology is adopted as per the prescribed test method. Testing methods and
procedures for different tests to be done on various concrete mixes prepared by replacing
Cement with the Fly ash and adding of waste steel lathe in our experimental study are explained
below.

3.6.1 WORKABILITY TEST

The test is performed with a mould called slump cone whose top diameter is 10 cm, bottom
diameter is 20 cm and height is 30 cm. The test can be done in the following steps:
1. Place the sloping mold on a smooth flat and non-absorbent surface.

21
2. Mix the dry ingredients of the concrete thoroughly until a uniform color is obtained and
then add the required amount of water.

3. Place the mixed concrete at about one-quarter of its height.

4. Compact the concrete 25 times evenly with the help of a tamping rod throughout the area.

5. Place the concrete at about half its height and compact again.
6. Place the concrete to three quarters of its height and then to its top. Evenly compress each
layer 25 times with the help of a tamping rod. For second subsequent layers, the tamping rod
must penetrate the underlying layers.

7. Strike the top surface of the mold with a trowel or tamping rod so that the mold fills on its
top.

8. Remove the mold immediately, ensuring its movement in the vertical direction.
9. When the disposal of concrete stops, measure the subsidence of the concrete in millimeters
which is the required deceleration of the concrete.

3.6.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

The compressive strength of a material is defined when the value of the univistic compressive
stress is reached when the material fails completely. In this investigation, cube specimens of
size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm are tested.

The test was performed on a compression testing machine. These specimens were transferred
to the swivel head of the machine, such that the load was applied centrally. The smooth surfaces
of the specimen are placed on the bearing surfaces of the machine in such a way that the load
was applied to opposite sides of the cubes. The top plate was exposed to the cube face. In each
case the cube was positioned in such a way that the load was applied perpendicularly to the
direction of casting and was continued until the specimen failed, that is, the forward rise of the
load. Also, no resistance was offered by the specimen, that the maximum load was recorded.

In a compression testing machine, the cube sample is placed in the platelets of the compression
testing machine.
The test was repeated for three samples and the average value was taken as the mean
compressive load taken by the concrete. Concrete samples were tested in a compression
machine.
The compressive Strength of the Concrete cube can be determined by using the formula
𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑃)
Compressive Strength (MPa) =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐴)

Where,
P is the Maximum Load at which Failure occurred or Failure load (Newton)
A is the area of cross section of Cube (mm2)

22
3.6.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
The split tensile strength test is one of the important strength testing parameters of concrete.
The split tensile test of concrete was performed on cylindrical concrete samples of 150 mm x
300 mm. This test is an indirect test to determine the tensile strength of concrete. This test
involves applying a compressive line load with the generator opposite the concrete cylinder
placed along its horizontal axis between the compressive platens.
The magnitude of this tensile stress which is called as the split tensile strength of the concrete
given in IS 5816:1970 and is determined by the formula as given below.

𝜎𝑠𝑝= 2𝑃
𝜋𝑑𝑙

Where 𝜎𝑠𝑝 denotes the Split Tensile Strength.

P is the applied load.

D denotes the Diameter of the Specimen.

L denotes the length of the Specimen

3.6.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

Flexural testing tests the strength of concrete strength indirectly. It tests the ability of an
unconfirmed concrete pole or slab to withstand bending failure.

Flexural test results in concrete expressed as modulus of rupture defining as (MR) in MPa or
psi.

• Testing should be performed on the statue immediately after removal from the treatment
setting to prevent dehydration.

• Place the sample in loading areas. The finished surface of the template should not touch the
loading points. This will ensure acceptable communication between the sample and the loading
areas.

• Position the loading system according to the power used.

• Bring an energy block to the specimen surface to load.
• Loading between two and six percent of the final consolidated load.
• Using 0.10 mm and 0.38 mm characteristic feeler gauges, specify which space between the
template and load-bearing blocks or support supports are larger or smaller than each of the
gauges 25 mm or more.

• Remove any gap greater than 0.10mm using leather shields (6.4mm in diameter and 25 to
50mm in length) and should extend the full width of the template.

• Gripping or grinding should be considered to remove gaps larger than 0.38mm.

23
• Load the sample continuously without shock to the point of failure at a constant rate (standard
Indian loading rate of 400 Kg / min with 150mm specimen and 180kg / min with 100mm
specimen, 0.06 + / pressure increase - 0.04N / mm2 .in British standard).
• ASTM-level loading rate can be calculated based on the following equation:

Where:
r: loading rate
S: rate of increase of extreme fiber
b: average specimen width
d: average specimen depth
L: span length

• Finally, measure the cross section of the tested specimen at each end and at centre to
calculate average depth and height.

24
 CHAPTER -5
CONCLUSION

• The Split Tensile Strength of the Concrete increases with the increase and then decrease

as percentage increases in the Replacement percentage of the Fly ash.

• The Flexural Strength of the Concrete increases with the increase and then decrease as

percentage increases in the Replacement percentage of the Fly ash.

• Compressive Strength of the Concrete also increases with the increase and then

decrease as percentage increases in the replacement percentage of the Fly ash as

compared to ordinary or normal concrete.

• The use of Fly ash in concrete improves the properties of concrete and is a better way

to utilize it rather than its disposal.

• The Split Tensile Strength of the Concrete increases with the increase and then decrease

as percentage increases in the Replacement percentage of the Waste Steel Lathe.

• The Flexural Strength of the Concrete increases with the increase and then decrease as

percentage increases in the Replacement percentage of the Waste Steel Lathe.

• Compressive Strength of the Concrete also increases with the increase and then

decrease as percentage increases in the replacement percentage of the Waste Steel Lathe

as compared to ordinary or normal concrete.

• The use of Waste Steel Lathe in concrete improves the properties of concrete and is a

better way to utilize it rather than its disposal.

25
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