Learning Objectives

• Understand Kinetic molecular theory

• Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution graph
Gases
Lets start with a recap… Solids, liquids and gases
 Solid Liquid Gas

Particle Diagram

Particle arrangement

Movement of particles

Density

Volume

Shape

Compressibility

Ability to Mix
 Solid Liquid Gas

Particle Diagram

Particle arrangement Regular and close Random and close Random and far apart
Move quickly in all
Movement of particles Vibrate in fixed positions Move around each other
directions
Density High Medium Low

Volume Fixed Volume Fixed Volume No Fixed Volume

Shape Fixed Shape No Fixed Shape No Fixed Shape

Compressibility Cannot be Squashed Cannot be Squashed Can be Squashed

Ability to Mix Cannot be mixed Can be mixed Can be mixed

Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- All gases are made up of small particles (atoms or
molecules, but usually molecules).

- The particles move constantly and rapidly in

random straight-line motion, colliding with each
other and with the walls of the container.

- All collisions are perfectly elastic, kinetic energy

can be transferred, but is always conserved.
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
- Volume of the particles is insignificant and the volume
occupied by the particles in a gas is negligible compared
to the average distance between them.

- Forces between particles are extremely weak

(attraction/repulsion).

- The average kinetic energy of the particles increases as

the temperature of the gas increases.
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Particles in a gas travel rapidly in ________ lines, colliding with each other
and with the sides of their container in ________ collisions. Most of the
volume occupied by a gas is _____________ and the forces between the
gas particles are extremely ________ .

molecular straight weak curved inelastic elastic

strong empty space
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
Particles in a gas travel rapidly in straight lines, colliding with each other
and with the sides of their container in elastic collisions. Most of the
volume occupied by a gas is empty space and the forces between the
gas particles are extremely weak .

molecular straight weak curved inelastic elastic

strong empty space
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature
According to the kinetic molecular
theory, the average kinetic energy of gas
particles in a sample is directly
proportional to the temperature of the
gas.

This means that as the temperature of a

gas sample increases, the average kinetic
energy of the particles in the gas also
increases.
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature
Not all particles within a sample will
have the same kinetic energy.
Some particles will have a lower

Number of particles
kinetic energy and some will have a
higher kinetic energy.
The temperature reflects the average
kinetic energy of all particles in the
sample.
Kinetic energy
This can be shown using a Maxwell-
Boltzmann distribution graph.
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Curve
Most particles have
moderate energies

Number of particles

Some particles
A few particles have very high
have very low energies
energies Kinetic energy
Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Curve

Number of particles
The area under the curve is a
measure of the total number of
particles present.

Kinetic energy
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature If we plot multiple
temperatures on the
same graph we can
compare the
distributions.

With increasing
temperature what do you
notice happens to the:

- position of peak? what

does this tell you about
the average molecular
speed?

- height of the peak? why

might this happen?
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature
Position of the peak: with increasing temperature the peak of the curve shifts
its position to the right, this tells you the kinetic energy of the particles has
increased, and so the average speed of the particles has also increased.
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature
Height of the peak: with increasing temperature the height of the peak
decreases, this is required for the area under the curve (e.g. total number of
particles) to stay constant.
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature

The lowest
temperature The highest
has a greater temperature
proportion of has a greater
particles with proportion of
a lower particles with
kinetic a higher
energy kinetic energy
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature
The average kinetic energy of a gas does not depend on the chemical identity
of the gas.
For example, molecules of hydrogen gas and molecules of oxygen gas will have
the same average kinetic energy at the same temperature.

Same Temperature =
Same Kinetic Energy

But does that mean

same velocity?
Hydrogen Gas (H2) Oxygen Gas (O2)
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature
1
Average kinetic energy = mv2
2

where,
m is the mass of the gas particles
v is the average velocity of the gas particles.

Remember, that different gases at the same temperature have the same
average kinetic energy.

Therefore, at a given temperature, particles with a higher molar mass travel at

a lower velocity than particles with a lower molar mass.
Molecular Kinetic Energy and Temperature
So, going back to hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2)…

Same Temperature =
Same Kinetic Energy

But does that mean

same velocity?

No! Oxygen has a

Hydrogen Gas (H2) higher molar mass, so Oxygen Gas (O2)
Mr = 2.0 has a lower velocity! Mr = 32.0
Diffusion

Diffusion is the process whereby gases in a mixture spread out to uniformly fill
the total volume available.

From what we’ve discussed before, what factors do you think will affect the
the rate of diffusion?
Diffusion
The rate at which gases diffuse depends on the temperature of the gases,
their molar masses, and the average velocity of their particles.

1
Average kinetic energy = mv2 ∴
2

If we increase the temperature of a specific sample of a gas, the average

kinetic energy of the particles also increases.
As the mass is unchanged, the velocity will increase and so will the rate of
diffusion.
Higher Temperature = Faster Rate of Diffusion
Diffusion
The rate at which gases diffuse depends on the temperature of the gases,
their molar masses, and the average velocity of their particles.

1
Average kinetic energy = mv2 ∴
2

At a given temperature, gases of lower molecular mass move at a greater

velocity and, therefore, will diffuse more rapidly than gases of higher
molecular mass.

Lower Molecular Mass = Faster Rate of Diffusion

Question: When the vapours of hydrochloric acid and ammonia react
they produce a white cloud of ammonium chloride. Predict where you think
you will see the white cloud of ammonium chloride, and tell me why?
 The white cloud of ammonium chloride is produced closest to the
hydrochloric acid end of the tube, because hydrochloric acid has the higher
molar mass.

As both vapours are at the same temperature, they both have the same
kinetic energy, but because HCl has the higher molar mass it will have the
lowest velocity, so will travel less distance in the same amount of time.

HCl NH3
Mr 36.5 Mr 17.0
Gas pressure
Gas pressure is defined as the force
exerted on a surface by the particles of
a gas as they collide with each other
and the surface.

What factors do you think will affect

gas pressure?

(think about what will make the

particles collide with the surface more
often)
Gas pressure and Temperature

Increasing the temperature,

increases the kinetic energy of the
molecules, so they move faster
and collide with the surface of the
container and each other more
often, so pressure increases.
Gas pressure and Volume
The smaller the volume, the more a gas is compressed, and the greater the
number of collisions the gas particles will have with each other and the walls
of their container, so the higher the gas pressure.
Gas pressure and Number of Particles

The greater the number of

particles, the greater the number
of collisions the gas particles will
have with each other and the
walls of their container, so the
higher the gas pressure.
Gas pressure
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures
(partial pressures) of each of the gases in the mixture.

21.2 kPa 79.1 kPa 100.3 kPa

Units of Pressure

Pressure = Force/area
Coverting Pressure units
Answers

a)33.7 kPa

b) 0.33 atm

c) 33.7 kPa

d) 0.337 bar
Example 2
Answers

a) 90.2 kPa

b) 0.891 atm

c) 90.2 kPa

d) 0.902 bar
Boyle’s Law
For a fixed mass of gas at constant
temperature, the volume is inversely
proportional to the pressure.

That means that, for example, if you double the

pressure, you will halve the volume. If you
increase the pressure 10 times, the volume will
decrease 10 times.
Remember…
Pressure is caused by gas molecules hitting the walls of the container.
With a smaller volume, the gas molecules will hit the walls more frequently,
and so the pressure increases.
You can express this mathematically as
PV = k P1V1 = P2V2
P = Pressure
V = Volume Volume (L) Pressure (kPa)
k = constant
12 100
(at a given
temperature) 8
6
4
3
2
1
You can express this mathematically as
PV = k
P = Pressure
V = Volume Volume (L) Pressure (kPa)
k = constant
12 100
(at a given
temperature) 8 150
6 200
4 300
3 400
2 600
1 1200
True or False???
If we reduce the volume of a gas, its particles begin to collide with True
the walls of the container more often.

If we reduce the volume of a gas, the number of impacts of gas False

particles per unit area of the container walls decreases.

If we reduce the volume of a gas, the force exerted by the gas False
particles on unit area decreases.

A reduction of volume leads to an increase in pressure. True

Charles’ Law
For a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, the volume is
directly proportional to the kelvin temperature.

That means, for example, that if you double the kelvin

temperature from 300 K to 600 K, at constant
pressure, the volume of a fixed mass of the gas will
double as well.
You can express this mathematically as
V = constant x T
V = Volume (L)
T = Temperature (in Kelvin)
The volume of a gas is
proportional to the
temperature.

As you lower temperature

the kinetic energy of the
particles decreases, the
particles get closer
together, so the gas takes
up less volume.

What do you notice when

you extrapolate the
graph?
Kelvin Temperature Scale
Kelvin is a temperature scale designed so that zero K
is defined as absolute zero (at absolute zero, a
hypothetical temperature, all molecular movement
stops - all actual temperatures are above absolute
zero) and the size of one unit is the same as the size
of one degree Celsius.
Absolute Zero = 0 K = - 273oC
Absolute zero is the lowest temperature
theoretically possible, all molecules would have zero
kinetic energy and molecular motion will have
theoretically stopped.
Kelvin Temperature Scale K = oC + 273

?K
Charles’ Law
V = constant x T Temperature (K) Volume (mL)
293 60.0
V = Volume 313
T = Temperature
333
353
373
393
413
586
Charles’ Law
V = constant x T Temperature (K) Volume (mL)
293 60.0
V = Volume 313 64.1
T = Temperature
333 68.2
353 72.3
373 76.4
Temperature 393 80.5
has doubled & 413 84.6
volume has 586 120.0
doubled
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=75&v=eR49g3ubTBg&feature=emb_logo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=BxUS1K7xu30&feature=emb_logo
Homework

Pearson text book, Chapter 14.1 review, Page 317