SKELETAL SYSTEM c.

Movable joints
- allow a wide range of motion
Skeletal system - elbow, shoulder, and knee
- body’s central framework.
- 270: child, 206: adult

Parts of Skeletal System FUNCTION OF SKELETAL

1. Periosteum SYSTEM
- tough membrane; covers and
 Allows movement
protects the outside of the bone.
 Produces blood cells
2. Compact bone
 Protects and supports organs
- white, hard, and smooth
 Stores minerals
- provides structural support and
 Regulation of endocrine glands
protection
- cortical and dense bone. Osteocalcin (Ocn)
3. Spongy bone - produced by osteoblasts
- core, inner layer - most abundant non-collagenous protein in
- has small holes called pores to bone
store marrow - demonstrated to inhibit bone formation
- cancelous and trabecular bone and function as a hormone; regulates
- red bone marrow; hematopoiesis glucose metabolism in the pancreas,
- yellow bone marrow, fat cells. testosterone synthesis in the testis, and
muscle mass.
 Child – humerus, ends of femur.
 Adult – ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis

Components of Skeletal System FORMATION OF BONES

1. Cartilage Bone ossification
- smooth and flexible substance - aka osteogenesis
- covers the tips of your bones where - process of bone formation
they meet. - begins between the sixth and seventh
- enables bones to move without weeks of embryonic development and until
friction. age twenty-five.
2. Ligaments
 End of first trimester – complete
- strong connective tissue
skeleton but purely cartilage.
- bone to bone
 Osteocytes – mature bone cells
- ACL: tibia and femur
 Osteoclast – responsible for bone
3. Tendons
repair and modeling
- bone to muscle
4. Joints Types of ossification
- connection of two bones
1. Intramembranous ossification
a. Immovable joints
- happens in skull; within a
- no movement of bones
membrane
- joints between your skull
bones.
b. Partly movable  Mesenchymal cells
- limited movement. - multipotent stem cells
- joints in rib cage - differentiate into osteoblasts and
group into ossification centers
 - bone cells, cartilage cells cartilage remains between the
(chondrocytes), muscle cells epiphysis and diaphysis.
(myocytes) and fat cells that give rise
to marrow adipose tissue (adipocytes).

 Osteoblasts
- cells that form new bones and grow
and heal existing bones
TYPES OF BONES
- release bone matrix; fills in gaps
and spaces in your existing bone 1. Compact
tissue - also known as cortical bone
- become entrapped by the osteoid - hard and outer layer of the bone
they secrete, transforming them into - consists of closely packed osteons
osteocytes or haversian systems
- the osteon consists of a central
 Trabecular bone tissue canal called the osteonic (haversian)
- hierarchical, spongy, and porous canal, which is surrounded by
material concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix
- honeycomb-like network of - osteonic canals contain blood
trabecular plates and rods vessels
- found at the epiphyses and - the bone cells (osteocytes) are
metaphysis of long bones and in the located in spaces called lacunae
vertebral bodies. - small channels (canaliculi) radiate
from the lacunae to the osteonic
 Cortical bone (haversian) canal to provide
- dense and solid passageways
- surrounds the marrow space.
2. Spongy
- also known as trabecular bone
2. Endochondral ossification - consists of plates (trabeculae) and
- happens inside the cartilage. bars of bone adjacent to small,
irregular cavities that contain red bone
 Chondrocytes marrow
- responsible for cartilage formation - canaliculi connect to the adjacent
- for the process of endochondral cavities, instead of a central haversian
ossification canal, to receive their blood supply.

 Diaphysis
- main or midsection (shaft) of a long
CLASSFICIATION OF BONES
bone Bones
- classified according to their shape
 Hyaline cartilage
1. Long bones
- helps your bones move smoothly
- cylindrical, longer than it is wide
past each other in your joints
- found in the arms, legs, fingers,
- when secondary ossification is
and toes
complete, a region remains over the
- function as lever
surface of the epiphysis as the
- humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula,
articular cartilage and another area of
 femur  consists of 80 bones

2. Short bones a. Skull - composed of cranial and facial

- cube-like, approximately equal in bones.
length, width, and thickness  cranium
- for stability and support - braincase; upper portion of the
- function as levers skull
- cuboid, navicular, capitate, - has eight bones.
trapezoid, talus o frontal (1) - anterior and
superior parts of cranium,
3. Flat bones forehead, and brow areas
- thin, curved o parietal bones (2) – paired;
- sternum, ribs, cranial bones, superior sides and roof of
scapulae cranium, between frontal and
occipital bones
4. Irregular bones o temporal bones (2) – paired;
- no easily characterized shape sides and base of cranium at
- vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid, maxilla, temples
mandible o occipital bone (1) - posterior
part of cranium, including base.
5. Sesamoid bones o sphenoid bone (1) - base of
- shaped like a sesame seed cranium, anterior to occipital
- for protecting the tendons by and temporal bones.
helping them overcome compressive o ethmoid bone (1) - base of
forces cranium, anterior to body of
- patella sphenoid.

DIVISIONS OF SKELETAL
SYSTEM
1. Axial skeleton – bones that lie
around the axis.
2. Appendicular – bones of the body out
of the axial group (appendages)

Axial Skeleton
 vertical, central axis of the body
 bones of the head, neck, chest, and  14 facial bones of the skull are
back located below the frontal bone
 protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, o Maxilla (2)
and lungs. - upper jaw and anterior part
 attachment site for muscles that move of hard palate
the head, neck, and back. - fused together except for an
 for muscles that act across the opening between them for the
shoulder and hip joints. nose
 - middle part of the face and  first 24, from neck down are individual
bottom of eye sockets bones.
o Mandible (1)  types of scoliosis: c and s curve
- lower jawbone
- opens and closes to chew c. Thoracic rib cage
food. - 12 thoracic rib cage and the
o Zygomatic (2) breastbone (sternum) and 12 pairs of
- made up of temporal process ribs
- cheekbones, outer part of
eye sockets.  12 thoracic vertebras
o Nasal (2)  5 lumbar
- upper bridge of the nose  1 sacrum (kids: 5)
between frontal process of  1 coccyx
maxilla  True ribs – top seven pairs; attached
o Inferior nasal concha (2) to sternum
o Palatine (2)  False ribs – three pairs; attached to
o Lacrimal (2) the ribs above them
o Vomer (1)  Floating ribs – lowest two pairs of
ribs (11th and 12th); attached to the
muscles of abdominal wall.

Trivia: Thalia Miranda (star of Marimar)

removed her 11th and 12th rib

Thorax
- chest
- bony cage formed by the sternum, costal
cartilage, ribs, and bodies of thoracic
vertebra.

Sternum
- flat, narrow bone (15 cm)
- located in the median line of anterior
b. Vertebral column
thoracic wall
- aka spine or backbone
- contains manubrium (superior), body
- connects the trunk with skull and
(gladiolus), and xiphoid process (inferior).
encloses the spinal cord.
- sternal angle: junction of manubrium
and body
 length: female: 61 cm, male: 71 cm
- jugular notch: depression when
 26 vertebrae in adult, 33 at birth
manubrium is on its superior position.
 33 vertebrae are divided into: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and  Manubrium
coccygeal region. - articulates with the first and
 Cervical vertebras (7): c1 – atlas, c2 second rib.
– axis, c7 – vertebra prominens  Gladiolus (body)
 Lordosis or swayback: curvature - articulates directly/indirectly with
cervical (20-40 degrees) and lumbar second to tenth rib.
(40-60 degrees)  Xiphoid process
 Kyphosis or humpback: thoracic (20- - consists hyaline cartilage during
40 degrees)
 infancy and childhood and do not  126 bones
ossify completely up to the age of 40.

Upper extremities (limbs)

- consists of 64 bones; connected and
supported by the axial skeleton

1. Clavicle (2)
- collarbone
- double-curved, long bone with
rounded medial end and flattened
lateral end
- held in place by ligaments
- they hold shoulder joint and arm
away from thorax so upper limb can
swing freely.
Clavicle
- aka collarbone 2. Scapula (2)
- most fractured bone - shoulder blade
Bone markings - 2 heads: coracoid and acromion
- projections: process and fossa - serve as site of attachment for
muscles of arm and chest
a. Process
 Condyle – knuckle-like; round 3. Humerus (2)
prominens - aka funny bone
 Tubercle – lesser and greater - longest, largest bone
 Trochlea – pulley-like - from shoulder to arm/elbow
 Trochanter – counterpart of tubercle - has two necks:
in humerus bone anatomical – below the head
 Neck surgical – below the
 Head anatomical
 Line – normally seen in the femur
 Crest – above the hip bone 4. Radius (2)
 Spine - bone in the forearm
- forms hinge joint at elbow
b. Fossa
 Foramen – biggest hole 5. Ulna (2)
 Sinus - nose - one of the two forearm long bones
 Fissure - elbow to wrist
 Canal – aka meatus, tube - larger and longer that radius
 Groove – aka sulcus; provides space
to prevent compression.
6. Carpals (16)
- small, short bones in wrists
 Scaphoid - boat
Appendicular skeleton  Lunate – crescent moon
 all bones of upper and lower limbs,  Triquetrum – pyramidal
bones that attach each limb to the  Pisiform – pea
axial  Trapezium – irregular trapezium
 Trapezoid – wedge
  Capitate – head - larger long bone of the leg
 Hamate – wedge with a bony
extension or hook 4. Fibula (2)
- counterpart of radius
7. Metacarpals (10) - smaller long bone of the leg
- knuckles
- miniature long bones in hands 5. Tarsal (14)
- counterpart of carpal
8. Phalanges (28) - ankle and heel bones
- fingers - talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular,
3 cuneiforms

6. Metatarsals (10)
- five in each foot, miniature long
bones
- form the arches of feet

7. Phalanges (28)
- toes

8. Patella (2)
- kneecap
- protects knee joint

Lower Extremities
- 62 bones
- connected to the axial skeleton with the
hip girdle.

1. Hipbone (2)
- right and left hipbone
- formed by fusion of ilium, ischium,
and pubis
- site of attachment for trunk and
lower limb
- transmits body weight to femur

2. Femur (2)
- thighbone
- counterpart of humerus

3. Tibia (2)
- counterpart of ulna
- articulates with femur, fibula, and
talus