3bleaching 181017151214

Bleaching of Textile
Materials
Prepared by
ROHIT SINGH
nitragzb20152019@gmail.com
+91 9450316927
NITRA TECHNICAL
CAMPUS
1
Bleaching
 To decolorize the natural coloring matter in the cotton
using bleaching agents
 To facilitate the textile material( yarn/fabric ) ready for

dyeing and printing
 A bleach is a chemical that removes colors or whitens,

often via oxidation or reduction
 Many bleaches have strong bactericidal properties, and

are used for disinfecting and sterilizing.
Bleaching of Cotton Fibre
 Bleaching is another important pretreatment
next to scouring, performed on cotton fibres
 Bleaching removes the unwanted natural
coloring pigments.
 Bleaching could be performed by two types of
techniques; reductive and oxidative
 Reductive technique is not followed nowadays
due to its inefficient performance on cotton
Oxidative Bleaching on Cotton
 Normally oxidative bleaching action is performed in the
industries on cotton fibre substrates
 Though number of bleaching agents are available in the
chemical market, few bleaching agents are being used
extensively
 Calcium hypochlorite, Sodium hypochlorite and
Hydrogen peroxide are the most frequent used
bleaching agents in the conventional cotton processing
units
Methods of Bleaching
 Common chemical bleaches include household chlorine bleach, a
solution of approximately 3–6% CaOCl2 (bleaching powder)
 Using dilute Sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl)
 Oxygen bleach, which contains Hydrogen peroxide (universal

bleaching agent)
 A peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium

perborate,sodium per sulfate ,tetra sodium pyrophosphate or
urea peroxide together with catalysts and activators.
 Using sodium chlorite solution at the boil

Bleaching Requirements
An efficient bleaching must ensure,
 Pure and permanent white
 Level dyeing properties (avoiding over or under

bleaching which affects the dye absorption
characteristics of the fabric)
 Fabric does not undergo tendering ( chemical damage

or degradation, results in loss in tensile strength and
durability)
Calcium hypochlorite
 In the earlier decades calcium hypochlorite was the only
bleaching agent dominated in the bleaching sections
 Calcium hypochlorite is in the powder form called
Bleaching powder
 The application of calcium hypochlorite for bleaching
requires dissolution of bleaching powder and separation
of supernatent solution, consumes some more time
 Ca(OCl)2 + H2O  Ca(OH)2 + CaCl2 + Cl2↑
…continued
 Ca(OH)2, calcium hydroxide gives the required pH (9.5
to 11.0) in the bath
 CaCl2 is a salt present in the solution without any
trouble for bleaching
 Cl2 is the chlorine available for bleaching
 The available chlorine reacts instantly with water and
form HOCl, which dissociates to give HCl and (O),
nascent oxygen (an powerful oxidising agent); due to
the presence of HCl in the bath, the pH should be
maintained properly by adding buffers like Na2CO3.
Sodium hypochlorite
 Sodium hypochlorite is also similar to calcium
hypochlorite, with little difference
 NaOCl + H2O  NaOH + NaCl + Cl2↑
 NaOH is the alkali which gives the required pH
(9.5 to 11.0) during bleaching
 NaCl is the salt present with no interference
 Cl2 is the available chlorine leads to nascent
oxygen as oxidative bleaching agent.
Comparison between Ca(OCl)2 and
NaOCl
 Ca(OCl)2 is available in the powder form whereas
NaOCl is in the liquid form
 Dissolution of Ca(OCl)2 requires additional 3 to
6 hours, since Ca(OCl)2 is partially only dissolved
in water
 During bleaching there is a possibility of sudden
reduction in pH due to the decrease of Ca(OH)2
in the bleaching bath and also by the formation
of HCl
Bleaching process
For hypochlorite bleaching,
 Batch process
 Liquor circulation method
For peroxide bleaching,

 One stage process( Continuous bleaching J Box)
 Two stage method (Continuous scouring and

bleaching process)
Process conditions for hypochlorite Bleaching
 Material weight – x g
 NaOCl/ Ca(OCl)2 – 2-3 gpl of available Cl
 Na2CO3 – 0.5 % owm
 MLR – 1:20
 Temp – Room Temp
 Time – 2 hrs
Problems in Hypochlorite Bleaching
 In Ca(OCl)2 bleaching Ca(OH)2 is converted to CaCO3 by the
reaction with CO2. [Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3]
 This conversion reduces the alkali content in bleaching bath and
decreases the pH, since CaCO3 is insoluble in water
 In NaOCl bleaching NaOH is converted to Na2CO3 which is
soluble in water [NaOH + CO2  Na2CO3]
 In both the bleaching, due to HCl formation during bleaching
pH decreases commonly
 To avoid this problem buffer like Na2CO3 is required to be added
to maintain pH 9.5 to 11.0, the decrease of pH below 9 will
cause damage to the polymer
Hydrogen Peroxide
 Hydrogen peroxide is considered as an universal
bleaching agent, as it is suitable for all sort of textiles
 Hydrogen peroxide is stable at neutral / near neutral
pH
 The pH of hydrogen peroxide solution can be modified
based on the suitability
 Processing pH of cellulosic is between 9 and 11.5;
proteins 2.5 to 6.0; and synthetics near neutral acidic
pH
..continued
 For cotton bleaching, the pH of hydrogen peroxide
solution is maintained at around 11
 When alkali is added the stability of hydrogen peroxide
is reduced and decomposed fastly
 To control the rapid decomposition stabilizer is added
 The ingredients added during peroxide bleaching are
normally; hydrogen peroxide (bleaching agent, 1-
3%owm), sodium hydroxide or carbonate (bleaching
promoters, 0.25 to 1.0%owm), sodium silicate (buffer
or stabilizers, 0.5 to 1.0%owm)
…continued
 H2O2 ↔ H+ + HO2- [stable]
 HO2- ↔ [OH]- + (O) [unstable]
 In the alkaline condition the unstability of
peroxide is continued by the concentration
 The liberation of nascent oxygen is utilized for
the oxidation reaction in a controlled manner by
selecting the stabilisers to get uniform
application
Advantages of Hydrogen peroxide
Bleaching
 Application of hydrogen peroxide is simple, since
available in liquid form
 Risk on textiles during bleaching is minimized, due to
its stability at near neutral pH
 No solid deposits from hydrogen peroxide during
bleaching is formed
 Cost of processing is considered less, because of less
sequence and less time during application
 Quality of bleached textiles is high due to efficient
application and less risk of damage on material
Process conditions for peroxide Bleaching
 Material weight – x g
 H2O2– 3% owm
 Na2SiO3 – 2 % owm
 NaOH – 1% owm
 MLR – 1:20
 Temp – 95° C
 Time – 2 hrs
!
OU
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Bleaching of Textile

 To facilitate the textile material( yarn/fabric ) ready for

 A bleach is a chemical that removes colors or whitens,

 Many bleaches have strong bactericidal properties, and

 Using dilute Sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl)

 Oxygen bleach, which contains Hydrogen peroxide (universal

 A peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium

 Using sodium chlorite solution at the boil

 Pure and permanent white

 Level dyeing properties (avoiding over or under

 Fabric does not undergo tendering ( chemical damage

 Liquor circulation method

For peroxide bleaching,

 Two stage method (Continuous scouring and

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