Assessment of Campus Waste Management

Strategies for Sustainable Development

Author Names:

Abad, Vivien Vernice A.

Agapay, John Mark A.

Alburo, Jason Keith P.

Barolo, Arlin A.

Dela Fuente, Divine Jay

Civil Engineering Department

College of Engineering and Architecture

ORCID #

0009-0003-6975-3625

0009-0000-8033-4817

0009-0004-2253-641X

0009-0000-3766-7704

0009-0002-5766-8266

vivien.abad@cit.edu

johnmark.agapay@cit.edu

jason.alburo@cit.edu

arlinamante.barolo@cit.edu

divinejay.delafuente@cit.edu
Abstract

In response to growing environmental challenges, educational institutions globally are

increasingly giving priority to sustainable waste management practices. This research focuses
on assessing the effectiveness of campus waste management strategies in promoting
sustainable development, particularly in a Philippine university. Using a mixed-method
approach, data was gathered through Likert scale-based surveys given to 50 correspondents,
consisting of 3rd-year Civil Engineering students. The survey, comprising 16 questions,
aimed to measure respondents' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors regarding campus waste
management practices. This methodology allowed for a thorough understanding of the
campus community's views on waste management, including both face-to-face and online
responses. Analysis findings provided valuable insights into current trends, patterns, and
implications for sustainable development on campus. The results highlighted the urgent need
to improve waste management practices within the university. While existing strategies
showed effectiveness, there were identified areas for enhancement, particularly in waste
sorting and disposal among the university community. The study stressed the significance of
adopting a multifaceted approach, integrating technological solutions and educational
campaigns to address improper waste handling effectively. Recommendations included
investing in more waste bins, launching educational campaigns, utilizing advanced waste
management technologies, and continuously assessing the system's effectiveness. These steps
are crucial not only for maintaining a clean and healthy environment but also for positioning
the institution as an environmental stewardship leader. A campus-wide initiative is suggested
to strategically place additional trash bins in key areas. Ensuring bins are easily accessible
and conveniently located throughout the campus will facilitate waste disposal for everyone.
This simple yet impactful measure can significantly enhance cleanliness, promote responsible
waste management, and improve the overall campus environment for all community
members. Streamlining the process of maintaining a clean and sustainable campus will
contribute to a brighter future.

Keywords

Sustainable development, Campus waste management, Mixed-method approach, Likert

scale-based survey, Environmental stewardship, Waste sorting, Technological solutions,
Educational initiatives, Environmental responsibility, Philippines

Introduction

In the current era of environmental challenges, the role of higher education institutions in
promoting sustainability has become increasingly vital, especially in developing countries
like the Philippines. Universities, as hubs of learning and innovation, hold a unique position
to lead initiatives towards sustainable development. Effective campus waste management
strategies are crucial for minimizing the environmental impact of academic institutions and
setting an example for broader society in the Philippines.

The Philippines faces significant environmental challenges, particularly in waste

management. Rapid urbanization, population growth, and industrialization have led to a
substantial increase in waste generation, placing considerable strain on existing waste
management systems. In 2020, it was estimated that the Philippines produced approximately
21 million tons of solid waste annually, a figure expected to rise in the coming years.
Universities in the Philippines contribute to this waste, generating diverse types of waste such
as paper, plastics, food waste, electronic waste, and hazardous materials. Managing these
waste streams efficiently and sustainably presents several challenges, including proper waste
segregation, promoting recycling and composting, reducing waste generation at the source,
and fostering a culture of sustainability among students, faculty, and staff.

Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of effective waste management on campuses
are significant. Minimizing waste sent to landfills, reducing greenhouse gas emissions,
conserving natural resources, and preventing pollution are just a few of the positive
outcomes. Successful waste management practices also serve as educational tools, promoting
environmental stewardship and responsible consumption within the university community. In
the context of the Philippines, where environmental issues are pressing, universities play a
critical role in driving sustainable development and influencing public behavior.

Addressing waste management in universities requires a multi-faceted approach. Conducting

comprehensive waste audits is a crucial first step. These audits help universities understand
the composition and volume of their waste streams, allowing for targeted and effective
interventions. Identifying major sources of waste and opportunities for reduction, recycling,
and composting can help set realistic goals, monitor progress, and adjust strategies
accordingly.

Education and engagement programs are also vital components of effective waste
management on campus. By raising awareness about the importance of waste reduction and
sustainable practices, universities can foster a culture of sustainability. Workshops,
campaigns, and integrating sustainability into the curriculum can engage the campus
community in waste management initiatives, ensuring that students, faculty, and staff are
informed, motivated, and active participants in sustainability efforts.

Recycling and composting programs are fundamental strategies for reducing waste.
Establishing dedicated recycling bins, composting facilities, and clear signage can facilitate
proper waste segregation. Collaboration with local waste management services can enhance
the effectiveness of these programs. Furthermore, universities can adopt green procurement
policies, prioritizing the purchase of sustainable, recyclable, and biodegradable products to
minimize waste generation at the source.

Technological innovations offer promising solutions for improving campus waste

management. Smart waste bins equipped with sensors can optimize waste collection
schedules, reducing overflow and inefficiencies. Mobile apps can provide users with
information on recycling guidelines, waste disposal locations, and real-time feedback on their
waste reduction efforts. Leveraging technology can streamline waste management processes
and increase participation.

Partnerships with external organizations provide valuable resources and expertise.

Universities can collaborate with local governments, non-profits, and businesses to enhance
their waste management programs. These partnerships facilitate knowledge sharing, provide
funding opportunities, and support the development of innovative waste management
solutions. Additionally, participating in national and international sustainability networks
helps universities stay informed about best practices and emerging trends.
Policy compliance is another critical aspect of campus waste management. Universities must
navigate a complex landscape of local, national, and international regulations related to waste
disposal and environmental protection. Ensuring compliance with these regulations requires
continuous monitoring and adaptation of waste management practices. By staying abreast of
policy changes and implementing compliant strategies, universities can avoid legal
repercussions and contribute to broader environmental goals.

Assessing the effectiveness of waste management strategies is essential for continuous

improvement. Regular evaluations identify strengths and weaknesses in current practices,
providing a basis for refining and enhancing waste management efforts. Metrics such as
waste diversion rates, recycling efficiency, and participation levels offer valuable insights.
Adopting a data-driven approach enables universities to make informed decisions and track
progress towards sustainability goals.

As centers of education and innovation, universities in the Philippines have a critical role in
advancing sustainable development. Through the implementation and continuous
improvement of effective waste management strategies, they can significantly reduce their
environmental impact and inspire broader societal change. The journey towards sustainability
is ongoing, and universities must remain at the forefront, demonstrating leadership and
commitment to a more sustainable world, particularly in the unique context of the
Philippines. Effective campus waste management not only addresses immediate
environmental challenges but also paves the way for a more sustainable future.

Rationale of the Study

Large amounts of municipal solid trash are produced by universities. Energy, water, and other
resource use patterns that have an impact on the environment directly or indirectly are
influenced by a variety of activities that students, instructors, administrative staff, and other
stakeholders participate in. Increased air and water pollution as well as trash generation,
especially of solid waste, are possible outcomes. Universities have a moral and ethical duty to
treat the environment equitably and to take the lead in environmental waste management as
educational institutions. Achieving institutional sustainability has been attributed in large part
to solid waste management in numerous studies. By implementing sustainable solid waste
management practices on campus, universities may set an example for the community and cut
down on municipal solid waste generation.

Higher education institution is an enclave that has a population size that can be recognized as
a small town. As a top educational center, there are certainly many activities conducted in the
campus that will impact the environment (Abas, 2012). Therefore, the issue of sustainable
campus development has gained global attention. The application of the concept of
sustainable development in campus activities is a necessity today (Abas &Md Nor, 2014).
The Environmental Preservation Agency in the United States has urged all institutions of
higher education in their country to enforce environmental protection laws and policies
within the campus (Habib & Ismaila, 2008). As a result, many campuses in the United States
have taken the initiative to reduce the negative impact of their activities on the environment
which has involved multi-levels of communities in the campus (Perrin, 2004). improving
waste management on campus.

The university is ideal for cultivating human awareness towards wise waste and
environmental management. Gunawardana (2018) suggested that achieving sustainable waste
management will be challenging without sufficient awareness Vicente-Molina et al. (2013)
argued that education strongly influenced environmental consciousness and could foster a
positive attitude towards waste reduction. Environmental knowledge and awareness are
crucial factors in the responsibility towards the environment.

According to Erasu, et al., female students at universities tend to have more consumptive
habits than males. Females tend to use tissue products, papers, plastic, and other feminine
materials often, generating more waste. According to Vicente-Molina, et al., gender is studied
since it is considered to potentially affect environmental behavior and knowledge.
Environmental knowledge and awareness, which includes involving people in the program
and making them environmentally responsible, are core factors for the effective
implementation of sustainability in higher education institutions. The level of education has
been considered a strong influence in this subject because highly educated individuals are
expected to have more environmental awareness, which may result in a positive attitude
towards solid waste reduction.

Increasing awareness and active participation of all university members in waste management
is crucial. Bahçelioğlu et al. (2020) and Budihardjo et al. (2021) stated that universities must
employ additional strategies to address the significant complexity of waste generation within
their environments. Stakeholder involvement and waste management systems are two
inseparable aspects of reducing waste generation in university settings. As waste management
stakeholders, faculty members, students, educators, and staff significantly impact waste
reduction practices and establish a sustainable future.

This comprehensive study aims to estimate the quantity and composition of waste generated
in the campus within one academic year, identify the factors that affect waste generation,
identify relationships between variables through statistical analysis, and discuss possible
strategies to improve waste management at the campus. This research does not discuss
hazardous waste from the laboratory. Outcomes of this study can be used to develop
sustainable campus strategies, recycling plans, and comprehensive waste management.

Statement of the Problem

Waste management is a significant responsibility for schools that is often difficult to manage.
The waste production in the Philippines is continuously on the rise and is anticipated to
continue growing in the upcoming years.The main solution in the country is the RA 9003,
also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. This act emphasizes
practices such as segregation, proper disposal, and waste diversion. Encouraging people's
involvement and raising awareness about a cleaner environment is crucial.

In this study, the focus is on how the campus handles trash with the aim of protecting the
environment. The school has implemented a waste sorting system that categorizes waste into
three categories: items that can decompose naturally (biodegradable), items that cannot
(non-biodegradable), and items that can be reused (recyclable). However, a significant issue
arises as trash often ends up in the wrong bins, particularly in areas where students study
together. It is common to find people leaving their trash, including plates and other items,
without properly disposing of them.

The increasing incidence of this problem raises questions about the effectiveness of the
school's waste rules. The failure of certain students to adhere to the Clean As You Go
(ClayGo) guideline worsens the situation further. When trash is not sorted correctly, it
disrupts the recycling process and poses harm to the environment. Additionally, the failure to
clean up after oneself in shared study areas indicates a larger issue of not respecting shared
spaces.

These issues become even more significant when considering the experience of visitors who
come to the campus. It is crucial to present them with a clean and well-maintained
environment, which requires the active participation of everyone in handling their trash
responsibly.

The ongoing challenges encountered in waste management make it difficult to achieve the
goals of helping the environment and protecting nature. It is essential to understand the
underlying reasons for the improper handling of waste and to encourage responsible disposal
practices among everyone on campus. This study aims to identify specific issues and
opportunities within the current waste rules and propose new strategies that will be effective
for the school. By improving waste management practices, not only will the school become
cleaner and healthier, but it will also contribute to the broader environmental goals. Most
importantly, it will demonstrate to visitors that the institution takes its responsibility for the
environment seriously.

Significance of the Study

The importance of this study reaches beyond the confines of the campus, having profound
implications for both environmental stewardship and the well-being of individuals within the
academic community. Firstly, by addressing waste management practices, this research
contributes to efforts in achieving environmental sustainability. Effective waste management
reduces the campus's environmental footprint, mitigating pollution and conserving valuable
resources. These initiatives align with global sustainability goals, fostering a culture of
responsibility towards the planet.

Secondly, better waste management directly benefits the university community, which
includes students. Cleaner and healthier surroundings directly affect them. Improved waste
management methods create a better learning environment, reducing distractions and health
risks. In a well-maintained campus environment, faculty and staff also experience increased
job satisfaction and productivity.

Visitors to the campus benefit from the positive outcomes of this study. A well-maintained
and sustainable campus enhances the institution's reputation. Favorable impressions are
created among prospective students, parents, and stakeholders when they encounter a clean
and eco-conscious environment on campus. This positive perception can lead to increased
enrollment, stronger partnerships, and enhanced community involvement.

In conclusion, the significance of this study lies in its manifold impact on the environment,
campus community, and visitors. By addressing waste management challenges, the research
contributes to environmental sustainability while enhancing the quality of life for students,
faculty, and visitors. Furthermore, the outcomes of this study have the potential to bolster the
institution's reputation and foster a culture of environmental responsibility within the broader
academic community.
Review of Related Literature

Management on college campuses is a critical aspect of sustainable development. This

literature review aims to integrate and synthesize research findings to explore the significance
of campus waste management strategies and highlight potential future research directions in
this field. The impact of university activities on the environment, Evode et al. (2021) reveal
that approximately 40% of general waste could be recycled, and a further 27% could be
composted, indicating the potential for sustainable waste management practices. Furthermore,
Baker-Brown (2019) emphasizes that the generation of solid waste has far-reaching
implications for environmental sustainability. As such, there is a moral and ethical imperative
for universities to take a proactive role in implementing sustainable solid waste management
practices on their campuses. The significance of solid waste management in achieving
institutional sustainability has been highlighted in various studies (Dey, 2020).

The research by Koul et al. (2021) emphasizes the importance of waste management
strategies for environmental sustainability and underscores the implications for
environmental stewardship and the well-being of individuals within the academic community.
The study highlights the role of waste management in achieving global sustainability goals,
fostering a culture of responsibility towards the planet. This aligns with the findings of Feroz
et al. (2021), which emphasize the connection between digital transformation and
environmental sustainability, further underscoring the need for effective waste management
strategies.

Waste Management Strategies for Environmental Sustainability

Importance of food loss and waste (FLW) prevention in addressing global food security and
environmental sustainability. This highlights the need to integrate waste prevention strategies
into campus waste management programs to enhance sustainability efforts. Shafiee-Jood and
Cai (2016) stress that solid waste management (SWM) is directly linked to 12 out of the 17
UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), underscoring the broad impact of effective
waste management on sustainable development. Similarly, Pujara et al. (2019) provide
insights into municipal solid waste management practices in India, further emphasizing the
relevance of sustainable waste management strategies in achieving SDGs.

Solid Waste Management Strategies

Effective solid waste management is central to achieving sustainable development goals. Dey
(2020) emphasizes the importance of implementing sustainable waste treatment technologies
to minimize the environmental impact of solid waste. This underscores the need for
universities to adopt advanced waste treatment technologies as part of their waste
management strategies. Environmental Sustainability Education One potential avenue for
improving solid waste management on university campuses is through environmental
sustainability education. Das et al. (2019) suggest that integrating environmental
sustainability education into school curricula at all levels in developing countries may help
bridge the knowledge gap and raise awareness about the importance of sustainable waste
management practices. This insight is particularly relevant for universities seeking to enhance
their waste management strategies by engaging students and the wider campus community.
Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions Despite the existing research on waste
management strategies, there are knowledge gaps that warrant further investigation. For
instance, Rodić and Wilson (2017) highlight governance issues related to solid waste
management in developing countries, suggesting a need for research on governance
mechanisms to achieve priority sustainable development goals. Additionally, Margallo et al.
(2015) emphasize the importance of environmental sustainability assessment in waste
management, pointing to the need for further research in this area. Lemaire and Limbourg
(2019) underscore the significance of capacity development in food loss and waste
management, suggesting future research directions to enhance the capacity of waste
management systems for sustainable development. Furthermore, Tangwanichagapong et al.
(2017) highlight the greening of campuses through waste management initiatives, indicating
the potential for further research on campus-specific waste management strategies.

The literature review demonstrates that waste management strategies play a critical role in
achieving environmental sustainability and contributing to sustainable development goals.
However, there are knowledge gaps related to governance, environmental assessment, and
capacity development in waste management that require further research. Addressing these
gaps will advance our understanding of campus waste management strategies and contribute
to more effective and sustainable practices. The literature review has highlighted the critical
role of solid waste management in achieving sustainable development, particularly within the
context of university campuses. The integration of sustainable waste treatment technologies
and environmental sustainability education are identified as key components of effective
waste management strategies. Moving forward, future research should address the identified
knowledge gaps and explore practical solutions to enhance waste management practices on
university campuses.

The literature review provides valuable insights into the significance of campus waste
management strategies, highlighting the need for continued research to enhance
environmental sustainability and the well-being of academic communities. It underscores the
importance of addressing solid waste management as an integral part of sustainable
development efforts within university settings.

Conceptual Framework

A conceptual framework for Solid waste management has been developed in this research, by
critically examining literature, data analysis and survey for determination of the management
approach that would be necessary for the improvement of the present situation of Solid Waste
Management in the University. This framework has been established by researchers based on
what they have observed inside the University, and addresses the obstacles typically faced by
Waste Management. This research focuses on Solid Waste Management not only as a
student's responsibility. It should also be done by every individual, since the waste is
produced by the growing population of the university. Furthermore, it shows what strategies
the University has been following and its effectiveness. In this way, the development process
could improve and will keep the environmental development lasting with sustainable
development in the end.
 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Methods

Introduction

This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of campus waste management strategies in
promoting sustainable development. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the study will
employ Likert scale-based survey questionnaires to gather insights from 50 correspondents,
specifically 3rd-year Civil Engineering students. The methodology aims to assess both
in-person and online survey responses to comprehensively understand perspectives on waste
management practices.

Research Design

A mixed-method research design will be implemented, integrating both in-person and online
survey methods. The use of Likert scale-based survey questionnaires will enable the
collection of quantitative data on respondents' perceptions of campus waste management
strategies. This approach ensures a multifaceted assessment of the subject matter, enhancing
the validity and reliability of the findings.

Sampling Strategy

The sample consists of 50 correspondents from 3rd-year Civil engineering students. 30

surveys will be distributed in person within the campus premises, while 20 surveys will be
disseminated online. The selection of Civil Engineering students ensures relevance to the
study's objectives, considering their potential engagement with infrastructure and
environmental sustainability.

Research Instrument Survey questionnaires have been meticulously crafted to capture

pertinent information related to waste management practices, awareness levels, and attitudes
towards sustainable development. Questions are designed to elicit both quantitative and
qualitative responses, facilitating a nuanced understanding of the subject matter.

Questions Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

Agree Disagree

1. Are you satisfied with the

campus waste management
strategies in terms of promoting
sustainable development?

2. Is it challenging to locate waste

sorting bins on campus?

3. Do the labels and signage on the

bins effectively indicate which
types of waste belong in each
bin?

4. Is it convenient to use the

provided bins for waste
disposal?

5. Have you experienced instances

of bins overflowing before they
are collected?

6. Do most people on campus

properly segregate and dispose
 of waste into the correct bins?

7. Do you feel that the university

actively promotes recycling and
sustainable waste management
practices?

8. Are there enough waste sorting

bins strategically placed across
the campus?
Table 1. Survey Questionnaire

Data Collection
9. Is there sufficient education or
In theawareness
data collection process,
about proper wasteLikert scale-based survey questionnaires will be employed to
gaugedisposal
respondents'
practices among and
opinions the perceptions regarding campus waste management strategies.
For in-person surveys, participants will be provided with printed Likert scale questionnaires,
campus community?
allowing them to indicate their agreement or disagreement with statements related to waste
management practices. Meanwhile, for online surveys, Likert scale items will be integrated
into digital questionnaires distributed through online platforms accessible to 3rd-year Civil
10. Can you recall any difficulties or
engineering
confusionstudents. This method ensures consistency in data collection across both modes
you've encountered
of survey administration,
regarding facilitating the aggregation and analysis of responses to derive
the waste disposal
system on
meaningful campus?into campus waste management strategies.
insights

Data Analysis
11. Do you believe
Quantitative analysis theofuniversity's
survey responses gathered through Likert scale questionnaires will be
waste management practices
conducted
align to
withdiscern prevailing attitudes and perceptions regarding campus waste
environmental
management strategies.
sustainability goals? Statistical techniques, such as mean, median, and mode calculations,
will be employed to summarize respondents' ratings across Likert scale items. This analytical
approach enables the identification of key trends and patterns in respondents' attitudes
towards sustainable waste management practices, contributing to a comprehensive
12. Is there a noticeable
understanding of the subject matter.
accumulation of trash in study
areas on campus?
Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations pertaining to the use of Likert scale-based survey questionnaires will
be13. carefully
After using the study area,
addressed do
to uphold the principles of research integrity and participant
you make an effort to practice
confidentiality. Prior to survey
the "Clean as You Go" (ClayGo)
administration, participants will be provided with clear
explanations
method toregarding the purpose of the study and the nature of Likert scale items included
maintain cleanliness?
in the questionnaire. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants, affirming their
voluntary participation and understanding of their rights within the research process.
Additionally, measures will be implemented to ensure the anonymity and confidentiality of
13. Do you think the university
respondents' survey responses, safeguarding their privacy throughout the data collection and
provides enough resources for
analysis phases.
proper waste management and
recycling?
Result and Discussion

The following section presents the results of the study, which aimed to evaluate the efficacy
of campus waste management strategies in promoting sustainable development. This
evaluation was conducted through a mixed-method approach, utilizing Likert scale-based
survey questionnaires to gather insights from 50 correspondents, specifically 3rd-year Civil
Engineering students. The survey comprised 16 questions, with 15 utilizing a Likert scale to
gauge respondents' perceptions and one open-ended question to gather qualitative data. This
methodology facilitated a comprehensive understanding of students' perspectives on campus
waste management practices, collected from both in-person and online responses. The
findings from this analysis are discussed in detail, highlighting key trends, patterns, and
implications for sustainable development on campus.

Table 2. Q1 Frequency Table

For Question 1, "Are you satisfied with the campus waste management strategies in terms of
promoting sustainable development?", 44% of respondents agreed, 24% strongly agreed, and
32% were neutral. This shows that 68% are generally satisfied, indicating overall approval of
the campus's waste management efforts, though a significant portion remains neutral.

Table 3. Q2 Frequency Table

For Question 2, "Is it challenging to locate waste sorting bins on campus?", 44% of
respondents disagreed, and 24% strongly disagreed, totaling 68% who do not find it
challenging. On the other hand, 10% were neutral, and 22% found it challenging (10%
agreed and 12% strongly agreed). This suggests that the majority of respondents do not have
difficulty locating waste sorting bins on campus.
 Table 4. Q3 Frequency Table

For Question 3, "Do the labels and signage on the bins effectively indicate which types of
waste belong in each bin?", 50% of respondents strongly agreed, and 28% agreed, making a
total of 78% who found the labels and signage effective. Meanwhile, 18% were neutral, and
only 4% disagreed. This indicates that the vast majority of respondents believe the labels and
signage on the bins are effective in indicating the correct types of waste for each bin.

Table 5. Q4 Frequency Table

For Question 4, "Is it convenient to use the provided bins for waste disposal?", 50% of
respondents strongly agreed, and 42% agreed, making a total of 92% who found the bins
convenient to use. Meanwhile, 8% were neutral, and no respondents disagreed. This indicates
that almost all respondents find the provided bins convenient for waste disposal.

Table 6. Q5 Frequency Table

For Question 5, "Have you experienced instances of bins overflowing before they are
collected?", 32% of respondents agreed and 18% strongly agreed, making a total of 50% who
have experienced overflowing bins. Conversely, 18% disagreed and 16% strongly disagreed,
totaling 34% who have not experienced this issue, while 16% were neutral. This indicates a
significant portion of respondents have encountered overflowing bins before they are
collected.
 Table 7. Q6 Frequency Table

For Question 6, "Do most people on campus properly segregate and dispose of waste into the
correct bins?", 24% of respondents strongly disagreed, and 18% disagreed, making a total of
42% who believe that most people do not properly segregate and dispose of waste.
Meanwhile, 34% were neutral, and 24% agreed or strongly agreed (18% agreed and 6%
strongly agreed). This indicates a mixed perception, with a significant portion of respondents
doubting the proper segregation of waste by most people on campus.

Table 8. Q7 Frequency Table

For Question 7, "Do you feel that the university actively promotes recycling and sustainable
waste management practices?", the data reveals a generally positive sentiment among
respondents. Specifically, 40% agreed, and an additional 22% strongly agreed, summing up
to 62% expressing favorable views. On the other hand only 4% disagreed, and 34% remained
neutral. This distribution suggests a predominantly favorable perception of the university's
efforts in promoting recycling and sustainable waste management practices, with potential
areas for increased engagement among the neutral respondents and addressing concerns of
the minority who disagree.

Table 9. Q8 Frequency Table

For Question 8, "Are there enough waste sorting bins strategically placed across the
campus?", the data suggests a generally positive perception among respondents. Specifically,
50% agreed, and an additional 26% strongly agreed, totaling 76% expressing favorable
views. In contrast, only 4% disagreed, while 20% remained neutral. This distribution
indicates a predominantly favorable perception of the adequacy and strategic placement of
waste sorting bins across the campus, with only a small minority expressing concerns or
reservations.

Table 10. Q9 Frequency Table

For Question 9, "Is there sufficient education or awareness about proper waste disposal
practices among the campus community?" the majority of respondents hold a positive view.
Specifically, 48% agreed, and an additional 16% strongly agreed, totaling 64% expressing
satisfaction with the level of education or awareness. Conversely, only 10% disagreed, and
2% strongly disagreed, while 26% remained neutral. This distribution suggests that the
majority perceive the education or awareness about proper waste disposal practices among
the campus community as adequate, with only a minority expressing disagreement or
uncertainty.

Table 11. Q10 Frequency Table

For Question 10, "Can you recall any difficulties or confusion you've encountered regarding
the waste disposal system on campus?" respondents' experiences varied. 50% acknowledged
difficulties, with 18% strongly agreeing, totaling 68% who have encountered issues. In
contrast, 34% reported no such problems, while 16% strongly disagreed, indicating a
significant portion of respondents have faced challenges with the waste disposal system.
 Table 12. Q11 Frequency Table

For Question 11, "Do you believe the university's waste management practices align with
environmental sustainability goals?" The data reflects a positive perception among
respondents. Specifically, 58% agreed, and an additional 26% strongly agreed, totaling 84%
expressing alignment with environmental sustainability goals. Conversely, only 2%
disagreed, while 14% remained neutral. This distribution suggests a predominant belief
among respondents that the university's waste management practices are in line with
environmental sustainability goals.

Table 13. Q12 Frequency Table

For Question 12, "Is there a noticeable accumulation of trash in study areas on campus?"
respondents' perceptions varied. Only 2% strongly disagreed, while 16% disagreed, making
up 18% who perceive little to no accumulation of trash. Meanwhile, 32% remained neutral,
neither agreeing or disagreeing. On the other hand, 36% agreed, and 14% strongly agreed,
summing up to 50% who believe there is a noticeable accumulation of trash in study areas on
campus.

Table 14. Q13 Frequency Table

For Question 13, "After using the study area, do you make an effort to practice the 'Clean as
You Go' (ClayGo) method to maintain cleanliness?" respondents' behaviors varied. 8%
remained neutral, neither agreeing or disagreeing, while 34% agreed and a significant
majority of 58% strongly agreed, indicating a prevalent adoption of the ClayGo method
among respondents as an effort to maintain cleanliness in study areas.

Table 15. Q14 Frequency Table

For Question 14, "Do you think the university provides enough resources for proper waste
management and recycling?" respondents' opinions varied. Only 2% disagreed, while 30%
remained neutral. On the other hand, 36% agreed, and 32% strongly agreed, summing up to
68% who believe the university provides adequate resources for proper waste management
and recycling.

Table 16. Q15 Frequency Table

For Question 15, "Would you rate the overall effectiveness of the current waste management
system on campus as satisfactory?" respondents' opinions varied. Only 2% disagreed, while
18% remained neutral. Conversely, 48% agreed, and 32% strongly agreed, totaling 80% who
rated the overall effectiveness of the current waste management system on campus as
satisfactory.

Table 17. Q1-Q7 Frequency Statistics

Based on the provided statistics, respondents generally expressed positive sentiments towards
campus waste management strategies (Q1), with a mean score of 3.92 and a median of 4.00.
However, they noted moderate difficulty in locating waste sorting bins (Q2), with a mean
score of 2.42 and a median of 2.00. The effectiveness of labels and signage on waste bins
(Q3) received high ratings, with a mean score of 4.24 and a median of 4.50, as did the
convenience of using provided bins for waste disposal (Q4), with a mean score of 4.42 and a
median of 4.50. Respondents indicated moderate agreement regarding instances of bins
overflowing before collection (Q5), with a mean score of 3.18 and a median of 3.50, while
perceptions on whether most people properly segregate waste (Q6) were mixed, with a mean
score of 2.64 and a median of 3.00. Regarding the university's promotion of recycling and
sustainable waste management practices (Q7), respondents showed generally positive
perceptions, with a mean score of 3.80 and a median of 4.00. These statistics provide insights
into respondents' attitudes and experiences regarding various aspects of waste management
on campus.

Table 18. Q8-Q15 Frequency Statistics

Based on the provided statistics, the data illustrates respondents' general satisfaction with
several aspects of waste management on campus. They rated the adequacy of waste sorting
bins positively (Q8), with a mean score of 3.98, and indicated overall satisfaction with the
university's provision of resources for waste management and recycling (Q14), with a mean
score of 3.98. Additionally, respondents perceived the university's waste management
practices as aligning with environmental sustainability goals (Q11), with a mean score of
4.08, and rated the overall effectiveness of the current waste management system as
satisfactory (Q15), with a mean score of 4.10. However, they encountered moderate
challenges with the waste disposal system (Q10), as indicated by a mean score of 2.80, and
perceived a moderate level of trash accumulation in study areas (Q12), with a mean score of
3.44. Respondents also demonstrated a high level of adoption of the "Clean as You Go"
method (Q13), with a mean score of 4.50. These statistics provide a thorough insight into
respondents' views on campus waste management practices.

For Question 16, many students suggested adding more trash bins inside the campus.
Additionally, there were proposals for educational campaigns to raise awareness about the
importance of recycling. One student even suggested upgrading waste management
technologies, such as adding smart bins that alert when they are full.

In conclusion, the data underscores a generally positive outlook on campus waste

management strategies, with respondents expressing satisfaction with existing measures.
However, there are notable areas for improvement, including the need for more trash bins
across the campus, educational campaigns to promote recycling awareness, and the
integration of advanced waste management technologies like smart bins. Addressing these
suggestions could further enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of the campus waste
management system.

Conclusion

Managing waste is a significant concern for schools, particularly since generation of waste is
an ever-growing issue in the Philippines. The purpose of this paper was to examine the
present state of the school’s waste management system and determine possible enhancements.

The study revealed that while the current practices are quite efficient, there are however
improvement recommendations needed for better waste sorting and disposal among the
members of the university’s community. This study also shows that while there is a need to
implement technological solutions aimed at improper waste handling, there is also a need to
educate the community on proper waste handling. This means we can invest more in the
number and placements of bins, launch informative campaigns about proper disposal, utilize
the latest technologies in waste management, and constantly assess the success of the system.
Enhancing the practices regarding waste disposal will not only benefit the institution by
providing a clean and healthy physical environment but also establish the institution as
environmentally conscious.

This measure is crucial for achieving the goal set by the school and to promote the culture of
environmental responsibility among the staff and students of the school and other
organizations. Mitigating these issues will help reduce the accumulation of wastes on the
school compound and around the environment thus showing a green image to the society.
There is a need to undertake future studies on the effectiveness of these above-mentioned
interventions in the long run and also look at other ways of enhancing sustainable waste
management. This way, the school can adapt to the ever-changing needs of the waste
management system, as well as to the overall needs of the campus and the environment. By
implementing proper waste management consistently, the school can set the standard for the
rest of the institutions that should practice proper waste management.

Recommendation

This research initiative aims to create a cleaner, more sustainable campus environment
through strategic bin placement and evaluation of its impact on waste management practices.
The following recommendation are presented based from the results of this study:

1. Impact Assessment of Additional Trash Bins: Conduct a study to assess the impact of
increasing the number of trash bins across the campus. This research could evaluate the
correlation between the availability of bins and waste reduction, cleanliness, and overall
satisfaction among students and staff.

2. Effectiveness of Educational Campaigns: Investigate the effectiveness of educational

campaigns in promoting recycling awareness on campus. This research could involve
surveying participants before and after the campaigns to measure changes in knowledge,
attitudes, and behaviors towards waste management practices.
3. Integration of Smart Bin Technology: Explore the feasibility and benefits of integrating
advanced waste management technologies, such as smart bins, on the campus. This research
could focus on the cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and user acceptance of smart bins in
improving waste collection and recycling rates.

4. Comparative Analysis of Waste Management Strategies: Compare the campus waste

management strategies with those of other institutions to identify best practices and
innovative approaches. This comparative analysis could provide insights into successful
initiatives that could be adapted to enhance the current waste management system.

5. Long-term Sustainability Planning: Develop a long-term sustainability plan for campus

waste management that incorporates the suggestions for improvement identified in the
research findings. This plan could outline goals, strategies, and implementation steps to
ensure continuous improvement and environmental stewardship.

A campus-wide initiative is proposed to strategically position additional trash bins in key

locations. Ensuring that bins are readily accessible and conveniently situated throughout the
campus will facilitate waste disposal for everyone. This straightforward yet impactful
measure can significantly enhance cleanliness, promote responsible waste management, and
improve the overall campus environment for all community members. The process for
maintaining a clean and green campus will thus be simplified for all.

Acknowledgment

We, the Group C from SSP032 GCED W1, extend our heartfelt gratitude to the 50 3rd year
Civil Engineering students who participated in the survey, providing valuable insights and
contributing to the success of this research. Their participation was instrumental in shaping
the outcomes of this study.

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to our esteemed instructor, Engr.
Antoniette M. Almaden, for her guidance, support, and expertise throughout the research
process. Her mentorship and dedication have been invaluable in ensuring the quality and
relevance of this study.

We are grateful to the university administration for granting permission to conduct this
research within the campus premises. Their support and cooperation facilitated the smooth
execution of the study and enabled us to gather essential data for our research.

Lastly, we acknowledge the divine guidance of the Lord Almighty, whose blessings and
wisdom have been instrumental in guiding our efforts and bringing this research to fruition.
We are thankful for the strength and inspiration provided by His grace throughout this
academic endeavor.

References

Azahar Abas, M., Muhamad Nor, A. N., Abdul Malek, N. H., & Hizami Hassin, N. (2018). A
review of sustainable campus concepts in the context of solid waste management. Journal of
Education & Social Policy, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.30845/jesp.v5n4p9
Budihardjo, M. A., Humaira, N. G., Putri, S. A., Ramadan, B. S., Syafrudin, S., & Yohana, E.
(2021). Sustainable solid waste management strategies for higher education institutions:
Diponegoro university, indonesia case study. Sustainability, 13(23), 13242.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313242

Budihardjo, M. A., Humaira, N. G., Putri, S. A., Ramadan, B. S., Syafrudin, S., & Yohana, E.
(2021). Sustainable solid waste management strategies for higher education institutions:
Diponegoro university, indonesia case study. Sustainability, 13(23), 13242.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313242

Coracero, EE., Gallego, RBJ. Frago, KJM., Gonzales RJR., . (2021) A Long-Standing
Problem: A Review on the Solid Waste Management in the Philippines.
https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijsei

Shafiee-Jood, M.., & Cai, Ximing. (2016). Reducing Food Loss and Waste to Enhance Food
Security and Environmental Sustainability.. Environmental science & technology , 50 16 ,
8432-43 . http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01993

Feroz, Abdulhanan., Zo, Hangjung., & Chiravuri, Ananth. (2021). Digital Transformation
and Environmental Sustainability: A Review and Research Agenda. Sustainability .
http://doi.org/10.3390/SU13031530

Ridhosari, Betanti., & Rahman, Ari. (2020). Carbon footprint assessment at Universitas
Pertamina from the scope of electricity, transportation, and waste generation: Toward a green
campus and promotion of environmental sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production , 246 ,
119172 . http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119172

Tangwanichagapong, Siwaporn., Nitivattananon, V.., Mohanty, B.., & Visvanathan, C..

(2017). Greening of a campus through waste management initiatives: Experience from a
higher education institution in Thailand. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher
Education , 18 , 203-217 . http://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-10-2015-0175

Baker-Brown, Duncan. (2019). What a Waste!. The Re-Use Atlas .

http://doi.org/10.4324/9780429346095-3

Zhang, Jun-Tong., Qin, Q.., Li, Guangming., & Tseng, C.. (2021). Sustainable municipal
waste management strategies through life cycle assessment method: A review.. Journal of
environmental management , 287 , 112238 . http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112238

Huang, S.., Wang, Hongchang., Ahmad, Waqas., Ahmad, Ayaz., Vatin, Nikolai Ivanovich.,
Mohamed, A. M.., Deifalla, A.., & Mehmood, Imran. (2022). Plastic Waste Management
Strategies and Their Environmental Aspects: A Scientometric Analysis and Comprehensive
Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 19 .
http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084556

Menikpura, S.., Gheewala, S.., & Bonnet, S.. (2012). Framework for life cycle sustainability
assessment of municipal solid waste management systems with an application to a case study
in Thailand. Waste Management & Research , 30 , 708 - 719 .
http://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X12444896

Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono.., Liang, Xue., O’Callaghan, E.., Goh, Huihwang., Othman,
M.., Avtar, R.., & Kusworo, T.. (2022). Transformation of Solid Waste Management in China:
Moving towards Sustainability through Digitalization-Based Circular Economy.
Sustainability . http://doi.org/10.3390/su14042374

Rodić, L.., & Wilson, David C.. (2017). Resolving Governance Issues to Achieve Priority
Sustainable Development Goals Related to Solid Waste Management in Developing
Countries. Sustainability , 9 , 404 . http://doi.org/10.3390/SU9030404

Kubanza, Nzalalemba Serge., & Simatele, M.. (2020). Sustainable solid waste management
in developing countries: a study of institutional strengthening for solid waste management in
Johannesburg, South Africa. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , 63 , 175 -
188 . http://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2019.1576510

Koul, B.., Yakoob, M.., & Shah, M.. (2021). Agricultural waste management strategies for
environmental sustainability.. Environmental research , 112285 .
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112285

Margallo, M.., Taddei, Maria Beatrice Massoli., Hernández-Pellón, A.., Aldaco, R.., &
Irabien, Á.. (2015). Environmental sustainability assessment of the management of municipal
solid waste incineration residues: a review of the current situation. Clean Technologies and
Environmental Policy , 17 , 1333-1353 . http://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-015-0961-6

Patti, A.., Cicala, G.., & Acierno, D.. (2020). Eco-Sustainability of the Textile Production:
Waste Recovery and Current Recycling in the Composites World. Polymers , 13 .
http://doi.org/10.3390/polym13010134

Evode, Niyitanga., Qamar, S. A.., Bilal, M.., Barceló, D.., & Iqbal, Hafiz M.N.. (2021).
Plastic waste and its management strategies for environmental sustainability. Case Studies in
Chemical and Environmental Engineering . http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2021.100142

Menikpura, S.., Gheewala, S.., & Bonnet, S.. (2012). Sustainability assessment of municipal
solid waste management in Sri Lanka: problems and prospects. Journal of Material Cycles
and Waste Management , 14 , 181 - 192 . http://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-012-0055-z

Worrell, E.., Allwood, J.., & Gutowski, T.. (2016). The Role of Material Efficiency in
Environmental Stewardship. Annual Review of Environment and Resources , 41 , 575-598 .
http://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-110615-085737

Lemaire, A.., & Limbourg, S.. (2019). How can food loss and waste management achieve
sustainable development goals?. Journal of Cleaner Production .
http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.06.226

Pujara, Yash., Pathak, P.., Sharma, Archana., & Govani, Janki. (2019). Review on Indian
Municipal Solid Waste Management practices for reduction of environmental impacts to
achieve sustainable development goals.. Journal of environmental management , 248 ,
109238 . http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.009

Dey, Subhrangsu S.. (2020). Solid Waste Management. Concise Handbook of Waste
Treatment Technologies . http://doi.org/10.4135/9781412974592.n135

Das, Subhasish., Lee, Sang-Ick., Kumar, Pawan., Kim, Ki-Hyun., Lee, S. S.., &
Bhattacharya, S.. (2019). Solid waste management: Scope and the challenge of sustainability.
Journal of Cleaner Production . http://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.04.323