International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022, pp. 247~255

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i1.pp247-255  247

Motor fault detection using sound signature and wavelet

transform

Emad Awada1, Aws Al-Qaisi1, Eyad Radwan2, Mutasim Nour3

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
3
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The use of induction machines has gained fast popularity in many aspects of
today’s energy applications and industrial productions. However, just as with
Received Apr 28, 2021 any other machine, failure is expected due to a variety of faults in component
Revised Jan 24, 2022 and system levels. Therefore, it is necessary to improve machine reliability by
Accepted Jan 30, 2022 performing preventive maintenance and exploring faulty indications in advance
to avoid future failures. In normal operation, a distinct machine sound signature
can be identify. Therefore, at any faulty operation, diagnosis of potential error
Keywords: can be defined based on output signature sound data analysis. Yet, this process
of monitoring induction machine sounds and vibration can be hectic and
Condition monitoring extensive in terms of collecting data and compiling analysis. That is, a huge
Discrete wavelet transform number of data samples need to be collected and stored in order to define
Fault diagnosis abnormality operation. Therefore, in this work, wavelet-based algorithms were
Induction motor developed as an analysis process to analyze collected data and identify
Sound analysis abnormality, with much fewer data samples and compiling process, as special
prosperity of wavelet transform. As a result, MATLAB codes were
implemented to analyze data based on sound signature technique and wavelet
transform algorithms to show a significant improvement in identifying potential
error and abnormality conditions.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Emad Awada
Department of Electrical Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University
Amman, Jordan
Email: emad.awada@bau.edu.jo

1. INTRODUCTION
In today's large and heavy industries revolution, induction motors play an important role as driver
machinery due to their affordable cost, easy maintenance, high reliability, and ease of operations. However,
this is not the case all the time, since many faults may occur causing failures or even breakdown with potentially
catastrophic results. Many of these faults are indistinguishable, can't be detected, and could inherent into the
machine main core causing bigger issues. Therefore, faults such as broken rotor bars, winding faults, bearing
failure, stator, and rotor unbalanced, and many more other faults needs to be detected and identified [1], [2].
Meanwhile, as an economic value, voltage distortion and phase imbalance costs the US somewhere between 1
to 2 billion dollars a year in failures [3].
Many researches have been done to develop a processing system of monitoring, collecting, and
analyzing data required to prevent major failures. In fact, undetected small failures could potentially lead to
catastrophic failures with consequences of extreme vibrations, poor performances, and high thermal stress [4],
[5]. A variety of machine faults detection applications were studied by many researchers [4]−[9] to determine
and diagnose faulty incidents through waveform spectral components such as voltage, current, power,

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

248  ISSN: 2088-8694

temperature, vibrations, and sound captured during the brief operation. In most researches, digital signal
processing (DSP) has been used as primary tools in the area of electrical machines faults detection analysis and
advanced over the recent decades [8]−[11]. However, such detection is based on conventional DSP analysis of
Fourier transform [7].
Although Fourier transform has wide usage in DSP applications, Fourier transform analysis has some
shortcomings comparing to other analysis algorithms [12]. For example, in Fourier, a transformed signal from
time to frequency domain may losses some critical data information. In addition, Fourier has shown a lack of
ability for non-stationary signals analyzing [12], [13], as Fourier transform assumes individuality of each
frequency component, gives a limitation approach.
Other researches, as in [14]−[17], have been invested in presenting their tested waveform data in
methods of time-varying or nonstationary based on dilation and translation of a signal to provide dynamic time
and frequency localization adjustable windows (scaling concept to fit multi-frequency components). However,
in this work, a unique special feature of the wavelet transform algorithm will be used to deliver a combined
framework for advanced signals processing analysis application with much fewer data samples and shorter
testing time [18], [19] for stationary and non-stationary motor output sounds waveform.
As a result, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) will be presented as a new method of detecting machine
failure based on faulty noise indication to identify fault potential that may lead to machine malfunctions. The
distinctive of this new proposed DWT algorithm will allow analyzing machine output sounds with fewer data
samples as compared to fast Fourier transform (FFT) by the unique property of decomposition and de-noising
filters to isolate faulty frequencies and locate abnormality faster and in early stages.

2. SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO

The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a regularly used process to evaluate the quality of a signal and
estimate the influence of noise on a signal. In this process, the power ratio of the signal power to the total noise
is estimated by the spectral data [20], [21]. In fast Fourier transform (FFT), the captured waveform data samples
will be transformed into the frequency domain where the captured signal will be in the form as shown in (1).

𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑛) = 𝑠(𝑛) + 𝛾(𝑛) (1)

Where 𝑠(𝑛)is the signal and 𝛾(𝑛)is the noise.

For optimal accuracy, 𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑛)will consist of  number of samples and an integer number sine-wave
whole cycles [6]. Therefore compute SNR, 𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 (ℎ), with 𝜇-point FFT of 𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑛), will be calculated as given
by (2).
𝜇−1
𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 (ℎ) = ∑𝑛=0 𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑛)𝑒 −𝑗(2𝜋 / 𝜇)ℎ𝑛 (2)

With frequency component 𝜔 in the 𝑗-th element of 𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡 (ℎ), Parseval's theorem for FFT [19], the estimation
of the variance of the signal 𝑠(𝑛) (which is also the signal power ps ) as given in (3).

2
𝑝̑𝑠 = |𝑥(𝑗)|2 (3)
(𝜇−1)𝜇

However, unbiased noise power P̂ can be given by (4).

2
𝑝̑𝑛 = ∑(𝜇−1)/2
ℎ=1
|𝑥(ℎ)|2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ≠𝑗 (4)
(𝜇−1)𝜇

As a result, the combination of both (3) and (4) yields SNR for frequency 𝜔 as in (5).

|𝑥(𝑗)|2
𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 10log10 [ (𝜇−1)/2 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ ≠ 𝑗 (5)
∑ℎ=1 𝑥(ℎ) 2

3. WAVELET TRANSFORM
While Fourier transform signal analysis is done based on one window analysis fit all frequencies,
wavelet transforms provide an adjustable window analysis for different frequencies to provide good resolution
in the time domain for a high-frequency component of the signal and good resolution in frequency for

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 247-255
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  249

low-frequency component of the signal [22], [23]. As a result, an automatic analysis window of wavelet
transform is done through the shifting and scaling process based on mother wavelet form [5]. In continuous
wavelet transform, the original signal multiplied by scaling and shifting algorithm of a wavelet to be summed
over time and produces low-pass and hi-pass coefficients as in (6).
∞
𝛹𝑎,𝑏 (𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝜙𝑎,𝑏 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (6)

Where
1 𝑡−𝑏
𝜙𝑎,𝑏 (𝑡) = 𝜙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 > 0
√𝑎 𝑎

(a and b are dilation and translation parameters and √𝑎 normalization factor).

Meanwhile, in DWT, convolutions with a quadratic mirror filter are performed for the decomposition
process of the original signal. As a result, a predetermined filters bank of low and high-passes used to transfer
raw data of the original signal into orthonormal wavelet basis or decomposing the signal by a set of independent
frequency bands to remove half of the frequency spectrum at each decomposition levels without risking the
signal information components [24]−[26]. DWT would have the advantage of processing and analyzing
stationary signals and non-stationary signals over the FFT [27]. That is, a discrete signal X[n] decomposition
can be presented as in (7).
𝑗−1
𝑥[𝑛] = ∑𝑘 𝑎𝑗𝑜,𝑘 𝜙𝑗𝑜,𝑘 [𝑛] + ∑𝑗=𝑗 ∑ 𝑑𝑗,𝑘 𝜑𝑗,𝑘 [𝑛] (7)

Where:
𝑥[𝑛]is discrete signal
𝜙𝑗𝑜,𝑘 [𝑛] is scaling function
𝜑𝑗,𝑘 [𝑛] mother wavelet at scaling function
𝑎𝑗𝑜,𝑘 approximation coefficients at scaling function
𝑑𝑗,𝑘 detail coefficients at scaling function
By applying DWT filter bank of high-pass and low-pass algorithms, detail coefficients are passed
through the high-pass filter h[n] and approximation coefficients are transferred through a low-pass filter g[n]
followed by a down-sampling by two driven by mother wavelet and the scaling function [20], [21], [28], as
shown in Figure 1, which makes DWT suitable for signal analysis with fewer data samples and particularly for
transient signals. However, in this work, instantaneous amplitude measurements and waveform dynamic range
will be based on the low-pass approximation coefficients to eliminate noises and obtain an accurate reading.

High pass cD high

filter frequency with
N/2 data coeff.
Down sampling

S with N data
points
Low pass
filter cA low
frequency with
Down sampling N/2 data coeff.

Figure 1. Wavelet transforms decomposition

4. MOTOR FAULTS TYPES AND FAULT DIAGNOSIS

Faults in induction motors can be classified based on fault location. With three major parts of induction
motors (stator, rotor, and shaft bearing) as in Figure 2, the stator of an induction motor may cause some
problems due to internal wiring and shielding problems such as open or short winding, abnormal winding
connection, or ground faults. Rotor problems can be referred to as rotor internal winding and shielding (open
or short winding), or mechanical bearing faults [9], [29]. In addition, induction motor failure can be caused by
other mechanical parts such as bearing and an imbalanced shaft. Therefore, it is necessary to identify any
potential failure.

Motor fault detection using sound signature and wavelet transform (Emad Awada)
250  ISSN: 2088-8694

Stator Rotor
Winding Winding
Bearing

Figure 2. Induction motor stator winding, rotor winding, and bearing

Fault detection and condition monitoring of induction motor can be performed in many techniques
such as sound signature analysis, vibration analysis, acoustic emission analysis, motor current signature
analysis, temperature monitoring, and many other techniques [9], [17], [30]. In this work, sound signature
analysis will be used to define any potential failure or potential error that may lead to a failure. As it's known,
the sound is mechanical wave vibration of a medium (solid, gas, liquid) that propagate and transfer at pressure
rate change known as frequency, and the differences among the level of pressure characterize amplitude.
By converting such pressure and amplitude into electrical signals, a discrete wavelet decomposition
process can be applied in two levels to obtain approximation coefficients data. For example, using Haar wavelet
decomposition process for the first level as in (8) if the digitized signal assumed to be z(n).

 2 2   2 
   z (1) 
 2 2   2 
 2 2   2 
 −   − (1) 
 2 2   2 
 2 2   2 
  • z ( n) =  z (2)  (8)
 2 2   2 
 2 2   2 
 −  − z (2) 
 2 2   2 
   
   
   

For the second level decomposition, waveform will be filtered as in (9).

1 
 
   2 
  2
z (1) 

  
2 2

 2 2   2 
−
 
(1) 
 2
  
2 2
 − (9)
 2 2 • 2 
  2
z (2) 


2 2
  
 2 2   − 2 z (2) 
   
  
2 2 2
 −
 2 2   
  





 

 


As a result, detection of sound changes can be determined through waveform amplitude voltage
change and dynamic range increases (ratio of the largest and smallest component of a signal that can be
measured expressed in dB [21]). DR can be given by (10).

𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝐵 = 20 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10( 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥/𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) (10)

As mechanical faults such as bearing faults or unbalance faults, or electrical faults such as stator or rotor
winding faults may occur, unique sound changes in frequency amplitude can be defined by the frequency
spectrum, which indicates a faulty or potential fault operation. However, in this work, due to the large number of
samples collected and processed by FFT to obtain frequency spectrum, wavelet decomposition will be used to
decrease the number of processed and stored data samples [12], [18], [24]. As shown in Figure 3 (flowchart), a
continuous monitoring sequence and data acquisition as iterative MATLAB code will be performed on induction
motor to collect sounds waveform data samples, apply DWT filtration and amplification to eliminate noise and
analyze for abnormality.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 247-255
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  251

Initialize Induction
Machine Data equisition

Transfer sound wave data

Compute sound wave data matrix

Compute waveform dynamic range

using Wavelet transform

Compute error

No Abnormality
Error<Tolerance
Wave-sound

Yes

Normal Alert
Operation

Output
Results DR
Output

Figure 3. Flowchart sequence of iterative MATLAB codes

5. SIMULATION and RESULTS DISCUSSION

Sounds analysis of rotating machines can give a major indication of motor condition. By constantly
monitoring and analyzing the sound behavior of a machine, as shown in Figure 4, the decision can be made on
the status of the machine. For example, distress of machinery may very often reveal itself in sounds and
vibration outside the normal pattern and the dynamic range of the expected waveform. In addition, shortage
between rotor or stator winding due to insulation damages may lead to current flow between shorted winding
and sparks based on the amount of current flow, and the ionization may result in sparks. Therefore sounds
analysis of motor output sound could be a powerful tool for monitoring, detecting, comparing, and diagnosis
faults due to added failure noises and allow troubleshooting in most machines.
Load

Motor

Signal Capture/Amplifier/ Spectrum Analyzer

Digitizer

Figure 4. Sound monitoring system

In this work, a clean consistent sinusoidal waveform has been simulated as motor sound without
additive error is ordered to implement a conventional testing analysis of FFT and new wavelet transform
analysis. The test was intended to show the abilities of both FFT and DWT testing analysis in processing,
de-noising, and explores waveform data. As noticed in Figure 5, the FFT power spectrum has specified the
fundamental frequency without data decomposition or showing any other critical waveform components.
While, in Figure 6, DWT has performed a de-noising and decomposition process to reveal data components of
waveform characteristics in terms of amplitude and dynamic range changes.
Meanwhile, by adding abnormality to the fundamental signal as a source of potential motor failure,
the new output sound waveform was analyzed and the process by both testing algorithms to define the
amplitude and standpoint of the potential failure. In Figures 7 and 8, as it shows the noisy output motor sound,
the FFT algorithm was used to obtain the power spectrum and define unwanted data attached to the waveform.
However, it was noticed that the noises component was closer to the noise floor and the amplitude of
fundamental frequency was very high to define the magnitude of amplitude changes or any significant dynamic

Motor fault detection using sound signature and wavelet transform (Emad Awada)
252  ISSN: 2088-8694

range alteration. Meanwhile, in Figure 9, the same output waveform was analyzed by DWT to perform a de-
noising and decomposition process. In this algorithm, DWT was able to pinpoint and represent changes
(distortion) that occur within the waveform with one-fourth number of data samples. That is, the amplitude
change was clearly defined and dynamic range alteration was determined based on the changes of the highest
and lowest waveform amplitude of the approximation decomposition cA with much fewer data samples and
time to compile.

Figure 5. Original clean waveform and power Figure 6. Original clean waveform and discrete.
representation of frequency domain wavelet analysis

Figure 7. Faulty waveform and power spectrum Figure 8. Original faulty waveform and power
representation of frequency domain spectrum representation of frequency domain

Figure 9. Waveform distortion based on wavelet analysis

By obtaining the maximum and the minimum deconstruct waveform amplitude, the dynamic range
was computed based on different types of mother wavelet. For a clean motor waveform with no failure,
Tables 1 and 2 show the instantaneous dynamic range of normal operation for both no-load and with load

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 247-255
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  253

status. Meanwhile, Tables 3 and 4 show an instantaneous dynamic range for faulty waveform for both no-load
and with load respectively.
This test was based on two different algorithms. For FFT, signal to noise ratio was used to determine
the level of noise due to failure occurrence measured in dB. Meanwhile, wavelet transforms algorithms were
used based on waveform dynamic range calculation to determine failure occurrence. Based on results shown
in Tables 1 to 4 and Figures 10 (a) and 10 (b), it was clear that wavelet transforms algorithms significant
results by using Daubechies (dbn) wavelet at the second level of waveform decomposition

Table 1. No load no error Table 2. With load no error

Wavelet db4 db12 Haar FFT/dB Wavelet db4 db12 Haar FFT/dB
cA1 0.63 0.68 0.42 0.97 cA1 0.55 0.58 0.30 0.95
cA2 0.25 0.29 0.22 0.97 cA2 0.16 0.20 0.17 0.95

Table 3. No load with error Table 4. With load and error

Wavelet db4 db12 Haar FFT/dB Wavelet db4 db12 Haar FFT/dB
cA1 0.86 0.81 0.62 0.89 cA1 0.77 0.73 0.52 0.82
cA2 0.65 0.62 0.53 0.89 cA2 0.51 0.59 0.44 0.82

(a) (b)

Figure 10. Motor failure detection based on dynamic range calculation for (a) instantaneous DR measurement
at 1st level decomposition and (b) instantaneous DR measurement at 2nd level decomposition

6. CONCLUSION
In this work, the properties of DWT decomposition and de-noising were implemented as advanced
signal processing techniques to monitor the behavior of electrical motor. Fault diagnosis of induction motors
was based on the algorithms of Fourier transformations for SNR fault indication technique and wavelet
transform for DR indications where used. Hence, even though the two techniques were different in compiling
samples method and testing result, DWT has shown promising results in detecting faulty sounds with mush
less data to compile. That is, by comparing results in terms of number of collected data samples, Fourier
transformation did not show sufficient results in term of SNR (due to large number of collected data sample in
power spectrum), while, wavelet transform had shown promising results in terms of computing DR and spotting
deviation of motor error. In addition, based on wavelet decomposition coeffients, Daubechies wavelet has
shown superior results in term of motor error detection in both 1st and 2nd level decomposition.

REFERENCES
[1] S. Singh, A. Kumar, and N. Kumar, “Motor current signature analysis for bearing fault detection in mechanical systems,” Procedia
Materials Science, vol. 6, pp. 171-177, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.021.
[2] A. Alawady, M. Yousof, N. Azis, and M. Talib, “Frequency response analysis technique for induction motor short circuit faults
detection,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), vol. 11, no. 13, pp. 1653-1659, 2020, doi:
10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i3.pp1653-1659.
[3] S. B. Singh, A. K. Singh, and P. Thakur, “Accurate steady-state performance assessment of three-phase induction motor using NEMA
definition,” 2014 16th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), 2014, pp. 880-884, doi:
10.1109/ICHQP.2014.6842803.
[4] G. Didier, E. Ternisien, O. Caspary, and H. Razik, “Fault detection of broken rotor bars in induction motor using a global fault
index,” in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 79-88, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2005.861368.
[5] R. Yothi, H. Tejas, K. Uma, and R. Jayapal, “Machine learning based multi class fault diagnosis tool for voltage source inverter
driven induction motor,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1205-1215,
2021, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i2.pp1205-1215.

Motor fault detection using sound signature and wavelet transform (Emad Awada)
254  ISSN: 2088-8694

[6] P. Jayaswal, A. Wadhwani, and K. B. Mulchandani, “Machine fault signature analysis,” International Journal of Rotating Machinery,
vol. 2008, no.1, pp.1-10, 2008, doi: 10.1155/2008/583982.
[7] M. A. Al-Yoonus, and O. Sh. Y. Alyozbak, “Detection of internal and external faults of single-phase induction motor using current
signature,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 11, pp. 2830-2841, 2021, doi:
10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp2830-2841.
[8] P. S. Barendse, B. Herndler, M. A. Khan, and P. Pillay, “The application of wavelets for the detection of inter-turn faults in induction
machines,” 2009 IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2009, pp. 1401-1407, doi:
10.1109/IEMDC.2009.5075386.
[9] S. Nandi, H. A. Toliyat, and X. Li, “Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical motors—a review,” in IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 719-729, Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2005.847955.
[10] P. Sharma and N. Saraswat, “Diagnosis of motor faults using sound signature analysis,” International Journal of Innovative Research
in Electrical, vol. 3, no. 5, pp.80-83, 2015, doi: 10.17148/IJIREEICE.2015.3524.
[11] J. Pons-Llinares, V. Climente-Alarcón, F. Vedreño-Santos, J. Antonino-Daviu, and M. Riera-Guasp, “Electric machines diagnosis
techniques via transient current analysis,” IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2012,
pp. 3893-3900, doi: 10.1109/IECON.2012.6389270.
[12] S. H. Kia, H. Henao, and G. Capolino, “Efficient digital signal processing techniques for induction machines fault diagnosis,” 2013
IEEE Workshop on Electrical Machines Design, Control and Diagnosis (WEMDCD), 2013, pp. 232-246, doi:
10.1109/WEMDCD.2013.6525183.
[13] N. Dudhe and D. Waghmare, “Application of wavelet transform in power system analysis and protection,” International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 889-892, 2017, doi: 10.17577/IJERTV6IS050511.
[14] H. Bae, Y. Kim, S. Kim, S. Lee, and B. Wang, “Fault detection of induction motors using fourier and wavelet analysis,” Journal of
Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics, vol. 8, pp. 431-436, 2004, doi: 10.20965/jaciii.2004.p0431.
[15] R. Kechida and A. Menacer, “DWT wavelet transform for the rotor bars faults detection in induction motor,” 2011 2nd International
Conference on Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems (EPECS), 2011, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/EPECS.2011.6126825.
[16] J. Chen, J. Pan, Z. Li, and X. Chen, “Generator bearing fault diagnosis for wind turbine via empirical wavelet transform using
measured vibration signals,” Renewable Energy, vol. 89, pp. 80-92. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.010.
[17] W. Teng, X. Ding, X. Zhang, Y. Liu, and Z. Ma, “Multi-fault detection and failure analysis of wind turbine gearbox using complex
wavelet transform,” Renewable Energy, vol. 93, pp. 591–598, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.025.
[18] J. Roura and L. Romeral, “Transient analysis and motor fault detection using the wavelet transform,” Discrete Wavelet Transforms-
Theory and Applications, pp. 19-61, 2011, doi: 10.5772/15377.
[19] E. Awada, “Hilbert based testing of ADC differential non-linearity using wavelet transform algorithms,” International Journal of
Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol 8, no. 6, pp. 5071-5079, 2018, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp5071-5079.
[20] A. Menacer, R. Kechida, G. Champenois, and S. Tnani, “Application of the fourier and the wavelet transform for the fault detection
in induction motors at the startup electromagnetic torque,” 8th IEEE Symposium on Diagnostics for Electrical Machines, Power
Electronics & Drives, 2011, pp. 664-668, doi: 10.1109/DEMPED.2011.6063695.
[21] H. Li, Y. Hu, and S. Wang, “Signal Detection Based on Power-Spectrum Sub-Band Energy Ratio,” Electronics MDPI, vol. 10, pp.
1-26, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.3390/electronics10010064.
[22] E. Awada, “The algorithm of testing ADC effective number of bits based on hilbert and wavelet transform,” 3rd International
Conference on Information System and Data Mining (ICISDM), Apr. 2019, pp. 196-200. doi: 10.1145/3325917.3325921.
[23] Y. Hsueh, V. Ittangihal, W. Wu, H. Chang, and C. Kuo, “Fault diagnosis system for induction motors by CNN using empirical
wavelet transform,” Symmetry MDPI, vol. 11, pp. 1-15, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.3390/sym11101212.
[24] I. Daubechies, “The wavelet transform, time-frequency localization and signal analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 961-1005, Sept. 1990, doi: 10.1109/18.57199.
[25] E. Awada and C. Akujuobi, “ADC testing algorithm for ENOB by wavelet transform using lab view measurements and MATLAB
simulations,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 398-405, 2018, doi: 10.3923/jeasci.2018.398.405.
[26] K. Jayakumar and S. Thangave, “Vibration analysis of industrial drive for broken bearing detection using probabilistic wavelet neural
network,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 541-551, 2015, doi:
10.11591/ijpeds.v5.i4.pp541-551.
[27] S. Moosavi1, H. Akbari, and S. Valipour, “An open-circuit fault detection method with wavelet transform in IGBT-based DC/AC
inverter used in electric vehicles,” International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS), vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1240-
1250, 2018, doi: 10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp1240-1250.
[28] E. Awada, “The application wavelet transform algorithm in testing ADC effective number of bits,” International Journal of
Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 161-169, 2013, doi: 10.5121/ijcsit.2013.5512.
[29] E. Awada and M. Alomari, “Application of wavelet transform analysis to ADCs harmonics distortion,” Computer and Information
Science, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 118-124, 2013, doi: 10.5539/cis.v6n3p118.
[30] R. Patel and V. Giri, “Feature selection and classification of mechanical fault of an induction motor using random forest classifier,”
Perspectives in Science, vol. 8, pp. 334-337, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.pisc.2016.04.068.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Emad Awada is an associate professor received his B.S. in Electrical

Engineering from Prairie View Texas A&M University (PVAMU) in 1998. He also,
received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, PVAMU 2006 and 2011
respectively. His work experiences were in the field of electrical power, energy, and signal
processing. His research interests are in the areas of Power System, Renewable Energy,
Energy Conservation, Mixed Signals Systems, Signal Processing, and Power Fault
Detection. Currently, he is a fulltime at Al-Balqa Applied University, Electrical
Engineering Department. He can be contacted at email: emad.awada@bau.edu.jo.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 247-255
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  255

Aws Al-Qaisi is an associate professor in Electrical Engineering Department,

Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan and member of IEEE executive committee in Jordan.
He received his PhD and MSc in communication and signal processing from Newcastle
university in 2006 and 2010 respectively. His research interest is Digital signal processing,
Feature Extraction, Wireless communication, Digital communication. He can be contacted
at email: aws.alqaisi@bau.edu.jo.

Eyad Radwan completed his BSc. from JUST in 1996, MSc. and PhD. from
UPM (Malaysia) in 1999 and 2004 respectively. From 1999 till 2011 he was with UCSI
University and served as the Dean of the faculty of Engineering & built environment from
2007 to 2009, and as Chief Operating Officer from 2009 to 2011. He joined the dept. of
Electrical Engineering at the Applied Science Private University, Jordan in 2012. His
specialization is in the area of Electrical power, Drives and Control. He can be contacted at
email: e_redwan@asu.edu.jo.

Mutasim Nour is the Associate Director of External Relations and Industry

Engagement in the School of Engineering and Physical Sciences at Dubai Campus and a
member of IEEE and JEA. He is also the Director of studies for MSc Energy and Renewable
Energy Engineering programmers at Dubai Campus. Prior to joining Heriot-Watt
University, Dr Nour was an Associate Professor at the University of Nottingham Malaysia
Campus. He can be contacted at email: mutasim.nour@hw.ac.uk.

Motor fault detection using sound signature and wavelet transform (Emad Awada)