International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022, pp. 1246~1254

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i2.pp1246-1254  1246

Artificial neural network based DC-DC converter for grid

connected transformerless PV system

Janardhan Gurram1, Nukala Surendra Babu2, Gondlala Narsaiah Srinivas3

1
Department of EEE, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
2
Department of EEE, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, Amhara, Ethiopia
3
College of Engineering JNTUS, JNTU Hyderabd, Telangana, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The transformerless photo voltaic (PV) inverter system connected to grid has
created a new trend in the energy market due to its reduced space
Received Mar 17, 2022 requirement, low cost and increased efficiency when compared to its
Revised Mar 29, 2022 counterpart i.e with transformer. Transformerless inverter system suffers
Accepted Apr 20, 2022 from common mode leakage currents due to parasitic capacitances between
PV panels and ground. However, different new inverter topologies and state
of the art modulation strategies are proposed in the literature to counter it. A
Keywords: dc-dc converter is of more significant to maintain the constant PV output
voltage at string level and extract maximum power from PV. This paper
ANN based DC-DC converter presents Artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm-based dc-dc converter to
Common mode leakage track maximum power from PV module connected to grid without
currents transformer. It also compares the performance of ANN based algorithm with
Maximum power point tracking conventional perturb and observe maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
Transformerelss inverter technique. MATLAB/Simulink environment is used to pursue the simulation
of ANN based algorithm and analyses its performance for variety of
irradiance levels.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Janardhan Gurram
Departement of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, CVR College of Engineering
Vastunagar, Mangalpalli, Ibrahimpatnam, Telangana, India
Email: janumtech009@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
The solar photo voltaic PV system is one of the finest renewable energy resources among the family
of renewables like wind, and bigas, due to its less maintenance, short time of its payback period. India is to
reach 175GW renewable energy capacity by 2022 out of which it is 100 GW of solar PV is expected. It is
forecasted that the solar PV capacity is raising at a rate of 16% between 2018 to 2026 [1]. The global solar
market recording new trends in its installation due to the availability of advanced power conversion
technologies in industry and sophisticated research. The grid connected to solar PV systems are popular, as
they adopt the maximum power point tracking techniques at module level, string level or even at central
level, i.e for entire PV system resulting highly efficient [2].
The transformerless grid connected PV system involves a PV array, DC-DC converter, inverter, and
grid as shown in Figure 1. A general grid connected PV system include either a high frequency transformer
on PV side or a power frequency transformer on grid side that provides galvanic disconnection between PV
and grid, resulting in the reduction of variation in common mode voltages, that are caused by virtual
capacitances between PV and ground. The variation in common mode voltage causes leakage currents which
can be reduced by incorporating extra switches on AC side or DC side [3]. By eliminating the transformer in
the system, the efficiency can be boosted by 1-2%. There is a considerable reduction in space and cost which

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1247

made the leading manufacturers of PV systems to offer at competitive prices. However, grid connected PV
systems should adhere to grid standards and protection of the system to meet safety of the system and
operating personnel [4].

DC-DC
Filter
PV Converter Inverter
Grid,V,f
ARRAY

Parasitic/Stray Vg
P&O MPPT Control Ig
Capacitances

G(Irradiation)
T(Temperature) ANN

Figure 1. Transforemerless grid connected PV system using neural network

The grid connected transformerless inverter PV system has an effect of stray or parasitic
capacitances formed between PV panel’s aluminum beading and ground which could cause variation in
common mode voltage, in turn results huge leakage currents. The Figure 1 indicates PV array connected to a
DC-DC (boost) converter and the pulses to the converter is governed by Perturb and observe maximum
power point tracking algorithm [5]-[7]. The input to maximum power point tracking MPPT is PV voltage and
current which are inherited from the artificial neural network that is controlled by irradiance and temperature
inputs. Though, there are multiple hybrid control networks to track maximum power from are in literature,
this ANN based DC-DC maximum power tracking converter is having an advantage of simplified
implementation [8]. An H bridge inverter with bipolar pulse width modulation is used to convert dc power
into ac and subsequently feed into the grid. The control pulses to the inverter are fed from the control block,
which is controlled by grid voltage, grid current. Boost converter used for raising the voltage that is required
to with in the prescribed limits to avoid any tripping of the inverter [9]. This paper presents an ANN based
DC-DC converter using perturb and observe technique to track maximum power from PV to grid [10].

2. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Artificial neural network is also referred as neural network is the mathematical equivalent that
mimics the human/animal brain cells or neurons. A set of neurons artificial in nature are employed to learn
from the set of input-output relation and estimate the output for any change in future inputs by adapting
variations by learning [11]. A simple neural network is a feed forward network that involves a input layer
acquires the external data, hidden layer and output layer that gives the result of the problem, as shown in
Figure 2. Interconnection between the layers of neurons is achieved by numerical weights and biases. A
neuron in a neural network is a node having a mathematical equivalent that can acquire and classify the data
using a curve fitting mechanism [12], [13].
In the following neural network shown in Figure 2, every arrowed line indicates connection between
any two nodes or neurons input layer to hidden layer or hidden layer to output layer, signifying the flow of
information. The network containing three layers, to get the required output it is needed to adjust the weights
to get the desired output [14]. The major applications of neural networks are in medical, aerospace, finance,
military, digital signal processing technology. Artificial neural networks are trained using an algorithm that
learns from the exiting data and draw out some relationship between input and output such that it readjusts
the weights to reduce the error between actual output and target output. Back propagation is such an
algorithm that is used to tarin the network based on the input data sets. The performance of any neural
network containing nonlinear complex relations, can be improved by training the network over a larger data
set. ANN can handle multi dimensional problems for which exclusive mathematical model is not available.
In this paper ANN based DC-DC converter using a perturb and observe technique is presented to track the
maximum power from the PV maintain the output voltage constant [15].

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Input Hidden Output

Layer Layer Layer

Figure 2. Basic neural network

3. PV MODULE CHARACTERISTICS
Solar irradiation is not constant over the day and varies from season to season. The voltage, power
also depends on the temperature of the module. Solar I-V, P-V characteristics shown in Figure 3, on x axis
PV voltage is indicated, on y axis PV current and power are as shown. Isc represents short circuit current, voc
is open circuit voltage of PV cell and MPP is maximum power point [16]. It is the point where the maximum
voltage and maximum current of PV will occur. It is required to operate the solar PV at MPP point to get the
maximum power from it. In spite of variation in solar irradiation and temperature, PV will not deliver
maximum power to the load. In order to counter this various MPPT techniques are found in literature [17].
Standard test conditions are of irradiation level 1000W/m2, temperature 250C is used to test the solar PV so
that the maximum power can be received [7].

Figure 3. Typical PV cell characteristics

3.1. Maximum power point tracking

The power generated by solar PV is highly dependent on solar insolation and temperature. However,
the solar insolation is not constant over a day, so that it is required to track maximum power from existing
solar insolation and temperature of the panel. Many of the techniques are available in literature for tracking
the maximum power from PV [3]. The most used, efficient algorithm to track maximum power from PV is
perturbation and observation as it is simple to implement. It is also analogous to hill climbing technique.
Some of the other techniques include incremental conductance method, sliding mode based MPPT technique,
parasitic capacitance technique [7].

3.2. Perturb and observe algorithm

In this technique voltage, current and power measured at regular intervals and compared with
previous intervals. As per the p-v characteristics, if the power output measured is in increasing mode, then
perturbation (small change in voltage) followed is positive otherwise, if the power measured is decreasing
perturbation value will be negative, so that, voltage is reduced to reach maximum power point. This process
will be repeated through out the PV is feeding the load or grid. The flow chart shown in Figure 4 indicates
the power measured at instant is same as power at the preceding instant, that is maximum power point has
been achieved and it bypasses the flow [4]. If the variation of power with respect to variation of voltage is
greater than zero, then voltage will be altered accordingly. For a positive slope in PV curve the operating
point is on left of MPPT and if the slope is negative, the operating point is right of MPP.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022: 1246-1254
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1249

T as detailed in the following equations [18].

𝑑𝑝
= 0, at Maximum power point (1)
𝑑𝑣

𝑑𝑝
> 0 left side of Maximum power point (2)
𝑑𝑣

𝑑𝑝
< 0 right side of Maximum power point (3)
𝑑𝑣

Start

Record V(n) and I(n)

Find P(n)=V(n)*I(n)

P=P(n)-P(n-1)
V=V(n)-V(n-1)

Yes
Is P=0

NO

Is P>0

Yes NO

Is V>0 Is V<0

Yes NO NO Yes
Vref=Vref+ V Vref=Vref- V Vref=Vref- V Vref=Vref+ V

Return

Figure 4. Perturb and observe MPPT technique

3.3. DC-DC converter

A DC-DC converter is used to vary the voltage according to the perturbation is positive or negative,
such that it will boost the voltage or decrease the voltage to reach maximum power point. A boost converter
shown in figure is considered for the operation [19]-[20]. The output voltage of a boost converter will be
raised, and the output voltage of the converters governed by duty cycle (D) which is controlled by the MPPT
algorithm [21].
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (4)
(1−𝐷)

Tuning the duty cycle is done to match the impedance of load and PV. The value of duty ratio is in
between 0 and 1 making the output voltage if most converter is greater than input voltage. The parameters of
boost converter are the value of inductance and capacitance mentioned in Figure 5. are determined by the
amount of ripple allowed as mentioned in (5) and (6).
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑉𝑖𝑛 )
𝐿= (5)
𝑓𝑠𝑤 ×∆𝐼∗𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

Where 𝑓𝑠𝑤 represents switching frequency, ∆I is the ripple current in the output.
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑉𝑖𝑛 )
𝐶= (6)
𝑓𝑠𝑤 ×∆𝑉∗𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

L1 D1
Grid
PV connected
Array C
Inverter

Figure 5. Boost converter

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3.4. Second harmonic currents

The effect of second harmonic currents is more prevalent due to the use of two stage converters.
This is due to the momentary power output will oscillates at double the frequency of output voltage. This
second harmonic current will also be injected back into DC converter further to DC input [19], [20]-[22].
One of the descent ways of reducing the second harmonic current is to increase the DC capacitor. In this
paper is the problem of second harmonic currents is solved by using high value of capacitance.

4. TRANSFORMERLESS INVERTERS
With the increased research on grid connected converter systems, grid connected inverters using
with transformers are replaced by transformerless inverters, as it takes less space, and the efficiency can be
increased. There are various inverter topologies that are published in the literature that describes reduction of
leakage currents are basic H bridge inverter using bipolar pulse width modulation [23]. Transformerless
inverters are broadly categorized as the following: Providing isolation either on DC side or grid side. H5
inverter topology i.e full bridge inverter with added switch provides dc side disconnection to avoid leakage
currents. Inverter is highly efficient reliable concept HERIC, inverter that uses two extra switches on ac or
grid side switches will be incorporated either dc side or ac side to isolate PV from grid [24] as shown in
Figure 6.

L D1

C1

S1 S3
G
L1 R
PV c c I
PANEL
D
Duty L2
S2
cycle S4

C2

I PV
V PV ANN-
MPPT

Figure 6. GRID connected Inverter controlled by ANN based MPPT

5. CONTROL TECHNIQUE
The pulse width modulated output from MPPT controller will manipulate the resistance at the input
terminals of boost converter to match with the resistance at the output terminals of PV. In addition to the
perturb and observe technique driven by Vpv, Ipv used in MPPT controller, artificial neural network
generates a pulse-width modulation PWM reference to boost converter using PV voltage and current. The
maximum power point for a particular PV curve is calculated by ANN and a reference voltage signal is
generated and fed to classic perturb and observe technique [25].
The conventional maximum power track technique is replaced by an artificial neural network whose
input are controlled by PV current and voltage. The an algorithm is trained for various parameters like as
number of nodes, number of layers. Regression plots are compared with these variations to achieve best
tuned model. The model developed and used for the purpose is using three (3) layers, each of 25 nodes is
used for the best performance as shown in the Figure 7. Levenberg-Marquardt [7] function is used to train the
model. The model with Levenberg-Marquardt implementation is compared with gradient descent with
momentum & adaptive LR indicating that the mean square error is observed to be minimum using
Levenberg-Marquardt training function. MATLAB Simulink windows for various parameters can be
observed in Figure 7. Regression plots for models tuned can indicate that the model with three layers and 25
nodes with each layer shows good performance of the model during training. Mean square error of 0.212 is
found to be minimum out of all trainings [17]-[20].

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1251

6. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

Simulation of transformerless inverter using bipolar pulse width modulation and unipolar pulse
width modulation is used to develop grid connected PV system. The following parameters shown in Table 1
are maintained for simulation. Training of the neural network is analyzed using regression plot is shown in
Figure 7(a) indicates regression plot indicating regression coefficient is near to unity (b) Performance plot
indicates best training performance using mean square error is achieved at epoch =33. The number of layers
considered 3 and the number of nodes in each layer are 25 for which model is trained and validated. Figure 8
is indicating radiance varying in range of 500-1000 Watts/m2 at the respective intervals, DC link voltage is
proportionally increased as shown in Figure 9. The PV voltage follows the curve of irradiance.

Table 1. Parameters
Parameter Value
Irradiance 750-1000 Watts/m2
Temperature 25-450C
DC link Voltage 450 volts
Grid voltage; Frequency 230V;50Hz
Switching Frequency 3780Hz
Power rating of PV array 3500W
Filter inductance 2.18mH
Filter Capacitor 330ưF
Parasitic Capacitance 100 ưF

(a) (b)

Figure 7. ANN training performance (a) regression plot and (b) Performance of the ANN training

Figure 8. Irradiance Figure 9. DC link voltage

Power at the DC side is shown in Figure 10 peak power reaches 3500 Watts. Direct axis current i.e
only active component of current as shown in Figure 11 is injected into grid by making q axis component
zero. Figure 12 indicates grid voltage and the grid current indicated by Figure 13. The grid current is varying
with respect to the irradiance level. Figure 14 shows inverter current and is injected to grid as per the
requirement. It depends on voltage value and phase angle. Inverter supplying the required current governed
by the reference current. Figure 15 indicating the leakage current is found to be zero. The trained neural
network model used for the purpose of generating a reference wave for PWM to operate DC-DC converter
Artificial neural network based DC-DC converter for … (Janardhan Gurram)
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and the common mode leakage current is zero. Figure 16 represents the solar irradiation data obtained for 8
weeks. The duty cycle value is being achieved with respect to the trained model and the best duty cycle value
is achieved and it is shown in Figure 17. Leakage current is found to be zero and for the Irradiation variation
shown in the Figure 18. The value of the leakage current in the figure is zoomed in the range of power of
10-7 to show that the current is found to be zero.

Figure 10. DC mean power Figure 11. d axis current Id

Figure 12. Grid voltage Figure 13. Grid current

Figure 14. Inverter current Figure 15. Leakage current

Figure 16. Irradiance variance of 8 weeks data

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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1253

Figure 17. Duty cycle variation for the variation of irradiance

Figure 18. Leakage current

7. CONCLUSION
Grid connected transformerless inverters are more into practice due to their high efficiency, less
space requirement. Due to absence of galvanic isolation the transforemerless inverters suffers leakage
currents which can be avoided by different inverter topologies and pulse width modulation techniques.
Artificial neural network with three layers and 25 nodes each is developed and trained to operate DC-DC
converter for grid connected PV system, and the common mode leakage current using bipolar pulse width
modulation technique fed to H bridge inverter. Best performance is achieved at epoch 33. The inputs artificial
neural network derived from PV voltage, current. Maximum power is tracked based on switching dc
converter with respect to the inputs.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Janardhan Gurram is currently working as Asst, professor in EEE department

of CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad. He has completed his B.Tech in EEE in 2008 and
completed his M.E in 2011 in Osmania university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. in JNTU
in Hyderabad. He has published research articles in international conferences and journals. His
research interests are grid connected PV systems, Power Electronics and Drives. He can be
contacted at email: Janumtech009@gmail.com.

Nukala Surendra Babu is currently working as a professor in KIOT , Wollo

University, Ethiopia. He has completed his Ph.D in 2013 from IIT Bombay. He has several
publications. His research interests are power electronic converters. Cascaded Multilevel
inverter and STATCOM. He can be contacted at email: surendrababu.nukala@gmail.com.

Gondlala Narsaiah Srinivas is currently working as professor, Vice Principal,

College of Engineering JNTU, Hyderabad. He completed Ph. D in 2008 in JNTU Hyderabad.
He has published 22 national and international journals. His research interests Power Systems
Reliability, FACTS. Power System Protection. He can be contacted at email:
gnsgns.srinivas785@gmail.com.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022: 1246-1254