International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022, pp. 1140~1149

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i2.pp1140-1149  1140

Design and performance of very low head water turbines using

a surface vorticity model algorithm

Ridwan Arief Subekti1,2, Budi Prawara3, Anjar Susatyo2, Ahmad Fudholi2,4, Sastra Kusuma Wijaya1,
Arief Sudarmaji1
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
2
Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
3
Research Centre for Electronics and Telecommunication, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung, Indonesia
4
Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: This study explores the numerical optimization of water turbine runner profile
performance using a surface vorticity model algorithm. The turbine is
Received Sep 20, 2021 designed on a laboratory scale and operates at a net head of 0.09 m, 400 rpm,
Revised Feb 10, 2022 and a water flow rate of 0.003 m3/s. The initial design of the turbine runner
Accepted Feb 28, 2022 was optimized to minimize losses in the hydrofoil. The optimization algorithm
is coded in MATLAB software to obtain the optimal stagger angle that will
be used in the water turbine design. Furthermore, design validation was
Keywords: performed using computational fluid dynamics analysis ANSYS CFX to
determine the water turbine performance. The settings used in ANSYS CFX
Hydroelectric power include the reference pressure of 1 atm, turbulence model shear stress
Potential flow analysis transport, and inlet boundary conditions using total pressure and static
Computational fluid dynamics pressure outlet boundary conditions. The computational fluid dynamics
Renewable energy analysis reveals that by optimizing the design, the efficiency of the water
turbine increases by approximately 2.6%. The surface vorticity model
algorithm can be applied to optimize the design of the water turbine runner.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Sastra Kusuma Wijaya
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia
Depok, West Java, Indonesia
Email: skwijaya@sci.ui.ac.id

1. INTRODUCTION
The development of small and medium scale hydroelectric power plants in Indonesia is currently
growing rapidly. This situation arises because the potential is quite large and is in line with the government’s
program to develop renewable energy resources. Geographically, Indonesia is an archipelagic country. The
unequal distribution of electricity load centers as well as the low level of electricity demand in several regions
are factors that hinder the supply of electrical energy on a national scale. Facilities in disadvantaged, frontier,
and outermost areas are particularly disadvantaged. The decreasing availability of fossil energy sources and
increasing awareness to preserve the environment will encourage the increased use of alternative energy sources.
Pico and micro hydro power plants are also widely developed in developing countries [1]–[4].
The water turbine is one of the main components of a hydropower system. Thus, good turbine design is
necessary to endow the generator with high efficiency. One method to optimize the design of the water turbine
runner is to use surface vorticity model analysis which is a boundary integral method for evaluating fluid flow.
The surface vorticity model has been developed and applied as a predictive tool for various engineering problems,
such as for handling potential flows for any situation, including lifting bodies. Surface vorticity modelling offers
the advantage of being the most natural of all boundary integral techniques [5].

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1141

In this study, an analysis of the runner profile of a two-dimensional water turbine was performed because
of the advantage of computing speed relative to a more complex three-dimensional analysis. Potential flow
analysis using a surface vorticity model is applied to minimize losses in the runner profile. Several other
optimization methods related to potential flow analysis of the runner turbomachinery profile were conducted using
a viscous vortex lattice method analysis [6], multiphase large eddy simulations [7], [8], computational fluid
dynamics analysis [9]–[14] and experimental analysis [15]–[17]. In this work, design validation was implemented
to determine performance using computational fluid dynamics analysis ANSYS CFX.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Turbine design
In this study, the water turbine runner design employed is a propeller turbine type because the turbine
can operate from very low to medium head [18]–[20]. The turbine is designed on a laboratory scale with runner
specifications as shown in Table 1. The design of the main turbine dimensions and the basic shape of the runner
profile uses a speed triangle analysis approach on a two-dimensional profile as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1
presents a sectional profile of a water turbine runner that is periodic in the x-axis direction. Such an approach
is necessary because the nth element in all aerofoils will have the same vortex strength. Figure 1 shows a
velocity triangle that occurs in the profile of a runner with a stagger angle ( ), water flow angle (), absolute
velocity (C), relative velocity (W), tangential velocity (U), pitch (t) and chord (l). Subscript 1 is on the inlet
side, and subscript 2 is on the outlet side.

Table 1. Specification and dimensions of the turbine runner

Symbol Value Description
Hnet 0.09 m Head netto
Q 0.003 m3/s Debit
n 400 min-1 Rotational speed
nq 133.33 min-1 Specific speed
Cm 0.565 m/s Meridional speed
D1 0.0949 m Outer diameter of turbine runner
DN 0.0475 m Diameter of hub
z 5 Number of propeller blades

Figure 1. Velocity triangles of cascade geometry for a runner turbine

2.2. Potential flow analysis

Surface vorticity modelling offers advantages over turbine runner profile panels which are actually
direct simulations of ideal fluid flow. This method is the most natural of all boundary integral techniques. Fluid
flow passing through a two-dimensional water turbine runner profile in a plane (x,y) with a uniform flow
velocity (W∞) and tilt angle (∞) were analysed with this surface vorticity model. Figure 2 shows a flow diagram
for runner potential flow analysis. The outlet flow angle (𝛽2 ), which is the output of the surface vorticity model
algorithm, will be used to calculate the new stagger angle ().
Some of the equations for calculating the potential flow analysis on the water turbine runner profile
are as in (1) to (12):

∆𝑆𝑛 = √[(𝑋𝑛+1 − 𝑋𝑛 )2 + (𝑌𝑛+1 − 𝑌𝑛 )2 ] (1)

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𝑦𝑛+1 −𝑦𝑛
𝛽𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) (2)
𝑥𝑛+1 −𝑥𝑛

1
𝑥𝑛 = (𝑋𝑛+1 + 𝑋𝑛 ) (3)
2

1
𝑦𝑛 = (𝑌𝑛+1 + 𝑌𝑛 ) (4)
2

2𝜋 2𝜋
∆𝑠𝑛 sin (𝑦𝑚−𝑦𝑛 ) cos 𝛽𝑚 −sinh (𝑥𝑚 −𝑥𝑛 ) sin 𝛽𝑚
𝑡 𝑡
𝐾(𝑠𝑚 , 𝑠𝑛 ) = { 2𝜋 2𝜋 } (5)
2𝑡 cosh (𝑥𝑚−𝑥𝑛 )−cos (𝑦𝑚 −𝑦𝑛 )
𝑡 𝑡

1 1
𝐾(𝑠𝑚 , 𝑠𝑚 ) ≈ − − (𝛽𝑚+1 − 𝛽𝑚−1 ) (6)
2 8𝜋

1
𝐾(𝑠𝑜𝑝𝑝 , 𝑠𝑚 ) = − ∑𝑀𝑛=1 𝐾(𝑠𝑛 , 𝑠𝑚 )∆𝑠𝑛 (7)
∆𝑠𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑛≠𝑜𝑝𝑝

∑𝑀
𝑛=1 𝐾(𝑠𝑚 , 𝑠𝑛 )𝛾(𝑠𝑛 ) = 𝐾(𝑛, 1)𝛾(𝑠1 ) + ⋯ + (𝐾(𝑛, 𝑡𝑒) − 𝐾(𝑛, 𝑡𝑒 + 1))𝛾(𝑡𝑒) + ⋯ + 𝐾(𝑛, 𝑀)𝛾(𝑀) (8)

𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑚 = −𝑈∞ cos 𝛽𝑚 − 𝑉∞ sin 𝛽𝑚 (9)

𝛾(𝑠) 2
𝐶𝑝 = 1 − { } (10)
𝑊∞

Γ
1− 𝑣 2 Γ𝑢
2𝑡
𝛽2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan {( Γ ) tan 𝛽1 −( Γ ) } (11)
1+ 𝑣 1+ 𝑣 2𝑡
2𝑡 2𝑡

𝑡
𝐶𝐿∞ = 2 ( ) (tan 𝛽1 − tan 𝛽2 ) cos 𝛽∞ (12)
𝑙

with runner profile input data coordinates (Xn,Yn), element lengths (∆𝑆𝑛 ), profile slopes (𝛽𝑛 ), pivotal points
(xn,yn), coupling coefficients K(sm, sn), right hand sides (𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑚 ), the back-diagonal correction 𝐾(𝑠𝑜𝑝𝑝 , 𝑠𝑚 ), the
Kutta-condition 𝐾(𝑠𝑚 , 𝑠𝑛 )𝛾(𝑠𝑛 ), the surface pressure coefficient (𝐶𝑝 ), and the lift coefficient (𝐶𝐿∞ ) [5].

Figure 2. Flow diagram for runner potential flow analysis

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2.3. Analysis of computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

CFD is a science that studies how to predict fluid flow, heat transfer, chemical reactions and other
phenomena by solving mathematical equations to produce three-dimensional data. The continuity equation and
the Navier-Stokes equation in cylindrical coordinates are described in the (13) to (16):
𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣 𝑣
+ 𝑧+ 𝑟=0 (13)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟

𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃

𝑣𝑟 + 𝑣𝑧 − = 𝜈( + − + ) (14)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2 𝜕𝑧 2

2
𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝜌 𝜕2 𝑣𝑟 1 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝑟 𝜕2 𝑣𝑟
𝑣𝑟 + 𝑣𝑧 − + = 𝜈( + − + ) (15)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜌𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝜌 𝜕2 𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕2 𝑣𝑟

𝑣𝑟 + 𝑣𝑧 + = 𝑔+𝜈( + + ) (16)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑧 2

where 𝑣𝜃 , 𝑣𝑟 and 𝑣𝑧 are the tangential, radial, and axial velocity components, ρ is the density of water, g is
gravity and υ is the kinematic viscosity.
The main advantage of CFDs is their ability to quickly produce results at low cost, thereby making
them especially suitable for optimization [21]. However, CFDs also require rigorous quantitative validation by
physical models before they are used for design purposes because the results from CFDs can be higher than
those from real experimental conditions [22]–[24].
Numerical simulations were performed on ANSYS CFX with a three-dimensional water turbine
runner model and hexahedral mesh elements. The settings used include the reference pressure of 1 atm and
turbulence model of shear stress transport. The inlet boundary conditions include total pressure and static
pressure outlet boundary conditions. High resolution type turbulence numeric with double precision were
employed. Given the axisymmetric shape of the runner, the analysis in this work utilized the turbo mode,
namely, modelling with one propeller blade.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Runner potential flow analysis
The runner is the part that directly converts the potential energy contained in the water into torsional
energy on the turbine shaft. Accordingly, the initial design of the water turbine runner in this work was
optimized using a surface vorticity model algorithm on the runner profile coded in MATLAB. The output of
the algorithm aims to obtain the outlet flow angle (𝛽2 ) so that the optimal stagger angle () can be calculated
and the losses that occur in the hydrofoil can be minimized. The water turbine runner blade is divided into five
segments: segment 1 is near the side of the hub, segment 3 is in the middle of the runner and segment 5 is on
the outer side of the runner. The results of the surface vorticity model algorithm are shown in Table 2. For the
type 1 turbine, the initial design was achieved using the speed triangle analysis method on a two-dimensional
runner profile as shown in Figure 1. The type 2 turbine is a turbine design that was optimized by employing
the surface vorticity model algorithm.

Table 2. Comparison of design stagger angles and optimization results

Stagger angle () Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Segment 5
Turbin type 1  initial 47.48 58.99 65.48 69.64 72.56
Turbin type 2  optimasi 23.71 50.91 62.17 68.33 73.01
Difference ∆ 23.77 8.08 3.31 1.31 -0.45

3.2. Water turbine runner modelling

The runner blade designs of types 1 and 2 turbines are then modelled using the ANSYS Design
Modeler (Figure 3). As shown in Table 2, the initial stagger angle (  initial) whose value is 47.48o, is optimized
( optimasi) to become more upright to 23.77o for Segment 1. For Segment 2, the stagger angle difference (∆) is
approximately 8o. For Segment 5, the stagger angle is optimized to be slightly larger than that of the initial
design. The difference in the slopes of the runner blades of the two designs are presented in Figure 3.
Figure 3(a) shows isometric 3D view of the blade from the initial design. The stagger angles from segments 1
to 5 of both designs increase moderately. Figure 3(b) shows isometric 3D view of the blade from the
optimization results. From Figure 3(b), which is an optimized type 2 turbine, it can be seen that the stagger
angle profile is more upright when compared to the initial design type 1 turbine as shown in Figure 3(a). The

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stagger angle for segment 1 to segment 4 turbine type 2 is smaller than turbine type 1 as shown in Table 2.
While in segment 5, the type 2 turbine in Figure 3(b), has a slightly flatter stagger profile than the type 1 turbine
in Figure 3(a).

(a)

(b)

Figure 3. Isometric 3D view of the blade from the (a) initial design and (b) optimization results

Furthermore, the design of runner blade types 1 and 2 were analyzed for their performance using the
commercial ANSYS CFX CFD. ANSYS CFX works on the basis of finite volume method on object elements.
The three-dimensional volume computing domain using hexahedral meshing is employed to evaluate the water
turbine runner which is designed to have five blades. This analysis utilized the turbo mode so that only one
runner blade is modelled. This mode is applied because the geometry of the analyzed runner blades is axis-
symmetric so as to hasten the simulation process. Meshing and grid boundary conditions in the turbo mode
runner blade model are shown in Figure 4. In the CFX, the pre-boundary and continuum conditions are defined
to determine the inlet, outlet, runner blades, hub and shroud. Figure 4 (a) shows a one runner blade model
meshed with a hexahedral structured pattern with the aim of accelerating the iteration process. Figure 4 (b)
shows the inlet side face of the water inlet which is on the right in the figure and the outlet side on the left as
indicated by the direction of the water flow arrow.

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(a)

(b)

Figure 4. CFD model (a) meshing and (b) grid and boundary conditions

3.3. Turbine performance

In this study, CFD simulations were performed with various rotational speed variations ranging from
300 rpm to 500 rpm. These limits are in accordance with the specific speed range of the turbine propeller at a
predetermined head and design discharge. The simulation results are as shown in Table 3, and the difference
in the efficiencies from the two turbine designs is presented in graphical form in Figure 5.
As shown in Table 3, the shaft power for each type turbine design shows the same trend, namely, an
increase with increasing rotational speed until maximum power is reached followed by a decrease if the
rotational speed continues to be increased. Power et al. [25] revealed that the mechanical power output of a
water turbine depends on the magnitude of the torque generated by the turbine shaft and the angular velocity
(ω) of the turbine. However, every water turbine design has an optimal point according to the specifications in
its design.
At the design point, namely, at a rotational speed of 400 rpm, the Type 2 turbine which is the result
of the optimisation design has a greater shaft power of approximately 0.72% relative to that of the initial design
(the Type 1 turbine). In graphical form in Figure 5, the magnitude of the shaft power generated by the two
turbines is in the form of an inverted parabola. This outcome is in accordance with the simulation and
experimental results conducted by [3], [17], [26].

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Table 3. Runner blade performance with variable rotational speeds

Type 1 Turbine Type 2 Turbine
Rotational Speed n (rpm)
Shaft Power P (W) Efficiency η (%) Shaft Power P (W) Efficiency η (%)
300 1.956 76.93 2.085 80.23
325 2.014 76.71 2.124 79.69
350 2.056 76.21 2.139 78.88
375 2.082 75.47 2.133 77.79
400 2.092 74.49 2.107 76.43
425 2.084 73.25 2.059 74.75
450 2.057 71.73 1.988 72.74
475 2.012 69.90 1.893 70.30
500 1.946 67.74 1.774 67.37

When viewed in terms of efficiency in Figure 5, turbine Type 2 almost consistently has higher
efficiency that turbine Type 1 at all rotational speeds except at 500 rpm. At the design point, namely, at a
rotational speed of 400 rpm, turbine Type 2 has an efficiency of 76.43%, a result which is approximately 2.6%
higher relative to that of the Type 1 counterpart. The curve line in the efficiency graph in Figure 5 indicates
that the efficiency decreases as the turbine rotation increases. The graph in Figure 5 is also in accordance with
research conducted by [27]–[29].

Figure 5. Turbine performance comparison

3.4. Flow behaviour inside the turbine

Contour, vectors and velocity streamlines that occur in the runner blades are shown in Figure 6. The
velocity vector images at the 50% span runner blade position as shown in Figure 6 (a) indicate that the direction
of flow entering the runner blades is quite good, as characterised by the absence of a reversing/turbulent flow
pattern around the runner blade. The inflow of water hits the end of the leading runner blade along the runner
until it exits the tealing runner uniformly. This situation is certainly very satisfactory for ensuring that the
power shaft is as optimal as possible.
Figure 6 (b) shows the contour of the water velocity that occurs on the runner blade. The speed of the
water increases from near the hub to the shroud at a speed of 0.2 m/s to 2.4 m/s. This result is in accordance
with the mathematical concepts related to the flow motion and rotational force in a water turbine which is
affected by the circulation parameter (Г) that is related to a function of radius and viscosity [30].
Figure 6 (c) shows the contour of the flow pattern that occurs in the water turbine runner where the
flow is quite satisfactory and smooth and no turbulent/turbulent flow exists. A good flow pattern on the turbine
runner will certainly reduce losses in the hydrofoil so that the shaft power increases. As shown in Table 3 and
Figure 5, the Type 2 turbine which is the result of optimisation has greater shaft power and efficiency than the
Type 1 turbine. The Type 2 turbine produces greater torque, thereby generating greater efficiency. This
outcome is in line with the assertion of Power et al. [25] that the mechanical power output from a water turbine
depends on the amount of torque generated by the turbine shaft.

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(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 6. Velocity at blade: (a) contour of relative velocity, (b) velocity vectors at 50% span, and
(c) velocity streamlines

4. CONCLUSIONS
In this research, turbine runner optimization was performed using a surface vorticity model algorithm.
With this algorithm method, the efficiency and power of the water turbine is increased relative to that of the
initial design. Turbine performance can be predicted by performing CFD analysis on a three-dimensional model
with turbo mode to hasten the simulation process. The CFD simulation confirms that the efficiency of the
optimized turbine in the design specifications has increased by approximately 2.6% relative to that of the initial
design. The optimized turbine has greater efficiency at all rotational speeds from 300 to 475 rpm. Therefore,
the surface vorticity model algorithm can be used as a tool to improve the performance of a water turbine
runner by minimizing losses in the hydrofoil.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Research Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics – BRIN,
Center for Utilization and Innovation of Science and Technology (PPII)-BRIN for the use of computational
facilities through the Elsa service and the Department of Physics, FMIPA, Universitas Indonesia.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Ridwan Arief Subekti is a researcher in the field of renewable energy at the

Research Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, National Research and Innovation
Agency (BRIN), Indonesia since 2005 with the current functional position of Researcher
Madya. He is currently a member of the Energy Conversion and Conservation Research Group.
Completed his undergraduate education in Mechanical Engineering, Trisakti University,
Jakarta in 1999, and is currently pursuing his master's degree in the Department of Physics,
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia. His research fields are
renewable energy, especially water energy, hydro potential survey, preparation of feasibility

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2022: 1140-1149
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  1149

study (FS), detailed engineering design (DED), techno economic hydro power plant and energy
policy. He can be contacted at email: ridwanarief_rais@yahoo.com

Budi Prawara is senior researcher in Research Organization for Electronics

and Informatics, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) sejak 1997. Doctor of
Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, Material, Energy and Structural
Engineering: Post Spray Treatment of Thermal Spray Coating by Spark Plasma Sintering.
Research Works in Metal Matrix Composite Composite Coating (2015-now). Influnce of
SiC Percentage on Microstructure, Microhardness and Oxidation Resistance NiCrBSi-SiC
HVOF Coating (Research Collaboration with Surabaya Institute of Technology/ITS), 2018.
He can be contacted at email: prawara@yahoo.com

Anjar Susatyo is a researcher in the field of renewable energy at the Research

Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, National Research and Innovation Agency
(BRIN), Indonesia since 1996 with the current functional position of Researcher Madya. He
is currently a member of the Energy Conversion and Conservation Research Group.
Completed his undergraduate education in Mechanical Engineering, Institute of
Technology/ITS, Surabaya. He can be contacted at email: anjarsusatyo@gmail.com

Ahmad Fudholi joined the SERI as a lecturer in 2014. He involved ~ USD

600,000 worth of research grants (28 grants/project). He supervised and completed more
than 40 M.Sc and Ph.D. students. To date, he has managed to supervise eleven Ph.D. (seven
as main supervisors and four as co-supervisors). He was also an examiner (three Ph.D. and
three M.Sc.). His current research focus is renewable energy, particularly solar energy
technology, micropower systems, solar drying systems, and advanced solar thermal systems
(solar-assisted drying, solar heat pumps, PVT systems). He has published more than 330
peer-reviewed papers, of which 120 papers are in the WoS index (60 Q1, impact factor of 5-
14) and more than 210 papers are in the Scopus index. In addition, he has published more
than 80 papers at international conferences. He has a total citation of 3439 and an h-index
of 28 in Scopus (Author ID: 57195432490). He has a total citation more than 5000, an h-
index of 32, and documents of 335 in Google Scholar. He has been appointed as a reviewer
of high-impact (Q1) journals, such as Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Energy
Conversion and Management, Applied Energy, Energy and Buildings, Solar Energy,
Applied Thermal Engineering, Energy, Industrial Crops and Products, and so on. He has
also been appointed as editor of journals. He has received several awards. He owns one
patent and two copyrights. He joined the LIPI as a researcher in 2020. He is World’s top 2
% Scientists in 2021. He can be contacted at email: a.fudholi@gmail.com.

Sastra Kusuma Wijaya is one of the lecturers in the Department of Physics,

University of Indonesia. His expertise is Electronics Intrumentation. He was born in Jakarta
on November 26, 1958. He received his Ph.D. from Okayama Univfersity, Japan, in the field
of the Natural Sciences & Engineering, with a title of dissertation: Mechanical Mobility
Technique for Stability and Geometry Assessment of Dental Implant. He has also a strong
interest in the Biomedics Instrumentation. Besides actively working as an educator, he also
joins to train and manage the Physics Olympiad Team, especially in the experimental
discussion, which is one important aspect of the assessment at the International Physics
Olympiad. He has also written a number of papers in international journals such as the IEEE
Journal. Dr. Sastra Kusuma Wijaya has received several awards such as “The Best Paper
Award in the Proc. of the 9th Scientific Meeting of the Indonesian Student Asscosiation,”
Tokyo, Japan (2001) as well as “The Outstanding Paper Award in the Proc. ICBME “,
Singapore (2002). He can be contacted at email: skwijaya@sci.ui.ac.id

Arief Sudarmaji is senior Lecturer at the Department of Physics, University

of Indonesia. Currently serves as Head of the Advanced Physics Laboratory. Some of the
publications that have been published include: Calibration of mechanical systems of in-
house dynamic thorax phantom for radiotherapy dosimetry, Journal of Physics: Conference
Series 1528, 012064 (2020), Monitoring distribution system of carbon monoxide and surface
ozone based on GPS and microcontroller, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1528,
012023 (2020), and 4f imaging system method to determine optical properties of thin film
magnetic material, AIP Conference Proceedings 2202, 020029 (2019). He can be contacted
at email: arief.sudarmajmy@sci.ui.ac.id

Design and performance of very low head water turbines using a … (Ridwan Arief Subekti)