Theories and concepts

1 With the knowledge of basic concept of thermodynamics;

Give the definition of a heat engine and a working fluid as used in thermodynamics.

State the Joule’s law.

Describe a throttling process, its use and sketch a diagram to illustrate the process. State
the conditions for throttling in term of the velocity, temperature, heat and enthalpy for
both liquids and perfect gases.

State four ways in which the reheat cycle has improved the steam plant.

State the Newton’s law of cooling and express mathematically.

Sketch a figure to describe the temperature variation for heat transfer from one fluid to
another through a dividing wall a give the mathematical expression of the overall heat
transfer coefficient of the sketched system.

The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such energy transfer is heat
transfer

All modes of heat transfer are from the high-temperature medium to a lower temperature
one.(T/F)

Conduction is the heat transfer from on part of a substance to another part of the same
substance, or from one substance to another in physical contact with it, without
appreciable displacement of the molecules forming the substance.

No radiation possible at T = 0K (-273 0C) (T/F)

Use words to complete: gases, solid, surfaces.

Gases emits heat only on certain wavelengths while solid surfaces emits heat over a wide
range of wavelengths

2 With the knowledge of basic concept of thermodynamics;

Define the term applied thermodynamics and list three important properties that defines
the enthalpy of a working fluid.

Define and sketch the p-v diagram for the isothermal and adiabatic process for air.

Define the term heat, internal energy and specific heat capacity, of a fluid in a system. Also,
include the SI units.

Sketch label and describe the function of the major components of a steam plant.

State the Fourier’s law of conduction in words and mathematically

3 Describe an isothermal process for gases (define, NFEE, P-v diag., and equation of state),

Describe an adiabatic process for gases (define, NFEE, P-v diag., and equation of state), and
 Sketch a diagram of the steam plant with a superheater, provide five major components of
the plant and briefly describe the functions of the components.
4 State the First law of Thermodynamics and write the mathematical expression. Also, write
the mathematical expression for the Non-Flow Energy Equation.

Sketch the p-v diagram for an isothermal and adiabatic process for steam.

Sketch the p-v diagram for the general polytropic processes of a perfect gas and indicate
the type of processes and the polytropic index values for each curve.

State the functions of the following components of a steam plant: economizer,

attemperator, evaporator and air heater.
Chapter 3
5 I kg of air enclosed in a rigid container is initially at 4.8 bar and 150 0C. The container
is heated until the temperature is 200 °C. Calculate the pressure of the air finally and
the heal supplied during the process.

Oxygen (molar mass 32 𝑘𝑔⁄𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙), in a vessel, is heated reversibly at constant pressure of

2.10 bar until it has a specific volume of 0.2 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔. It is then compressed reversibly when
the vessel is perfectly thermally insulated, to a pressure of 8.4 bar, then allowed to expand
reversibly according the law P𝑣1.7 = 𝑐,and is finally heated when the vessel is rigid back to
its initial conditions. The work done by oxygen in the constant pressure process is 5150 J/kg.
Calculate:
The net-work of the cycle using only the specific volumes,
The temperatures for each state,
The net heat of the cycle, and
Sketch a fully labelled p-v diagram for the processes.
Assume oxygen to be a perfect gas and take 𝑐𝑣 = 0.649 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔. 𝐾.

0.05 m 3 of a perfect gas at 6.3 bar undergoes a reversible isothermal process to a

pressure of 1.05 bar. Calculate the heat supplied.

A certain perfect gas is compressed reversibly from 1 bar, 17 0 C to a pressure of 5 bar

in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder, the final temperature being 77 *C. The
work done on the gas during the compression is 45 kJ/kg. Calculate y, cv, R, and
the molar mass of the gas.

The pressure in a steam main is 12 bar. A sample of steam is drawn off and passed
through a throttling calorimeter, the pressure and temperature at exit from the
calorimeter being I bar and !40 J C respectively. Calculate the dryness fraction of the
steam in the main, stating any assumptions made in the throttling process.

Air at 40 "C enters a mixing chamber at a rate of 225 k g / s where it mixes with air at
15 0C entering at a rate of 540kg/s. Calculate the temperature of the air leaving the
chamber, assuming steady-flow conditions. Assume (hat the heat loss is negligible.
Chapter 8
6 Consider a steam power plant operating on the simple ideal Rankine cycle.
Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and 3508C and is condensed in the
condenser at a pressure of 75 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of this
cycle.
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10

Chapter 16
11 A furnace wall consists of 250 mm firebrick, 125 mm insulating brick, and 250 mm building
brick. The inside wall is at a temperature of 600 °C and the atmospheric temperature is 20
°C. The heat transfer coefficient for the outside surface is 10 W/m2 K, and the thermal
conductivities of the firebrick, insulating brick, and building brick are 1.4, 0.2, and 0.7 W/m
 K, respectively. Neglecting radiation, calculate the rate of heat loss per unit wall surface
area and the temperature of the outside wall surface of the furnace.

12 The inner surface of a plane brick wall is at 40 °C and the outer surface is at 20 °C. Calculate
the rate of heat transfer per unit area of wall surface; the wall is 250 mm thick and the
thermal conductivity of the brick is 0.52 W/m K.

13 An electric hot-plate is maintained at a temperature of 350 °C and is used to keep a solution

just boiling at 95 °C. The solution is contained in an enamelled cast-iron vessel of wall
thickness 25 mm and enamel thickness 0.8 mm. The heat transfer coefficient for the boiling
solution is 5.5 kW/m2 K, and the thermal conductivities of cast iron and enamel are 50 and
1.05 W/m K respectively. Calculate the resistance to the heat transfer for unit area, and the
rate of heat transfer per unit area.

14 The wall of a house consists of two 125 mm thick brick walls with an inner cavity. The inside
wall has a 10 mm coating of plaster, and there is a cement rendering of 5 mm on the
outside wall. In one room of the house the external wall is 4 m by 2.5 m, and contains a
window of 1.8 m by 1.2 m of 1.5 mm thick glass. The heat transfer coefficients for the inside
and outside surfaces of the wall and window are 8.5 and 31 W/m2 K respectively. The
thermal conductivities of brick, plaster, cement, and glass are 0.43, 0.14, 0.86, and 0.76
W/m K respectively. Assuming that the resistance of the air cavity is 0.16 m2 K/W,
neglecting all end effects, and neglecting radiation, calculate the proportion of the total
heat transfer which is due to the heat loss through the window.

15 A rigid vessel of volume 1.5 m3 contains steam at 10 bar and 350 °C. The vessel is cooled
until the steam is just dry saturated. Calculate the mass of steam in the vessel, the final
pressure of the steam, and the heat rejected during the process.

Air at 300 °C enters a mixing chamber at a rate of 5 kg/s where it mixes with air at 188 °C
entering at a rate of 400 kg/s. Calculate the temperature of the air leaving the chamber,
assuming steady-flow conditions. Assume that the heat loss is negligible. If the same
chamber is used for steam with the same, mass flow rare, temperature and constant
pressure of 10 bar, calculate the final enthalpy of steam.

16 Helium (molar mass of 4 kg/kmol) expands reversibly in a perfectly thermally insulated

cylinder from 3.5 bar, 200 °C to a volume of 0.12 m3. If the initial volume occupied was 0.03
m3, calculate the gas constant, adiabatic index and the final pressure.
Assume cv of Helium= 3.1156 kJ/kg K.
A rigid container contains 1 kg of air initially at 6 bar and 200 °C. The container is heated
until the temperature is 300 °C. Calculate: (a) the pressure of the air finally, and (b) the heat
supplied during the process.
17 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle between the pressure limits
of 15 MPa and 10 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam through the cycle is 12 kg/s. Steam
enters both stages of the turbine at 500 ˚C. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit
of the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10 percent, determine:
The pressure at which reheating takes place,
The total rate of heat input in the boiler,
The thermal efficiency of the cycle, and
Also, show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines.
18 A boiler with superheater generates 5 000 kg/h of steam at a pressure of 2.0 MN/m2,
and dryness fraction of 0.95 dry at the exit from the boiler. The temperature of steam on
leaving the superheater is 320 °C at the same boiler pressure. If the feedwater temperature
is 85 °C and the overall efficiency of the combined boiler and superheater is 90 per cent,
determine;
The amount of coal with a calorific value 35 000 kJ/kg used per hour,
The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 °C for the combined unit, and
The heating surface area required in the superheater if the rate of heat transmission may
be taken as 500 000 kJ/m2 of heating surface per hour.
Use the attached thermodynamic and transport properties of fluid tables.

19 Define, the adiabatic and Isothermal processes in thermodynamics. Sketch the P-v diagram
for each process for gas and write an expression in terms of non-flow energy equation.

Briefly describe an ice thermal energy storage and name two application of the system.
What mode of heat transfer is possible in the system?

State two means by which a Rankine cycle performance may be improved and sketch
neatly, a flow diagram and T_s diagram to describe the improve system.
20 A mild steel tank of wall thickness 10 mm contains water at 90 °C w hen the atmospheric
temperature is 15°C. The thermal conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/m K, and the heat
transfer coefficients for the inside and outside of the tank arc 2800 and 11 W/m2 K
respectively. Calculate:
(i) the rate of heat loss per unit area of tank surface:
(ii) the temperature of the outside surface of the tank.
21 Steam is supplied to a two-stage turbine at 40 bar and 350 °C. It expands in the first
turbine until it is just dry saturated, then it is re-heated to 350CC and expanded through
the second-stage turbine. The condenser pressure is 0.035 bar. Calculate the work output
and the heat supplied per kilogram of steam for the plant, assuming ideal processes and
neglecting the feed-pump term. Also, calculate the specific steam consumption and the
cycle efficiency.
22 A refrigerator door has a height and width of H = 1.25 m and W = 0.5 m, respectively, and is
situated in a large room for which the air and walls are at T° = Tsur = 33°C. The door consists
of a layer of polystyrene insulation (k = 0.025 W/m ? K) sandwiched between thin sheets of
steel (å = 0.8) and polypropylene. Under normal operating conditions, the inner surface of
the door is maintained at a fixed temperature of Ts,i = 5°C.
 Add a sheet of steel to the inside surface. So, Ts,i is the inside “inner” steel’s temperature,
not the “inner” surface temperature of the insulation. The two sheets of steel are each 5
mm thick. k of steel is (k = 15.5 W/m ? K)

Air, T Refrigerator compartment Polypropylene surface, s.i Steel Surroundings,- Insulation

surface, T. 3,0, ?

A) Estimate the rate of heat gain through the door for the worst case condition
corresponding to no insu- lation (L = 0) and find Ts,o

B) Compute the rate of heat gain and Ts,o for L=10mm and for L=40mm

C) Compute the rate of heat gain and Ts,o for L=10mm and for L=40mm but in this case, the
refrigerator is tilted at 30o to the normal, so that the door faces somewhat upward.
23 In a steam plant operating on a Rankine cycle, superheated steam is supplied at 40 bar and
600 0C to a turbine operating adiabatically and the condenser pressure is 0.08 bar.
Calculate, per kilogram of steam (feed-pump work should be considered in 4.2, 4.4,4.5 and
4.6),

the work output neglecting the feed-pump work

the work required to 3 decimal places for the feed pump if vf is 0.0010035;

the heat rejected by condenser cooling water and the amount of cooling water required
through the condenser, if the temperature rise of the water is assumed to be 10 K and take
the specific heat capacity of water as 4.183 kJ/Kg K,
the heat supplied,

the Rankine efficiency, and

the specific steam consumption in kg/kW-h.

24 The wall of a refrigerator is constructed of fiberglass insulation (k = 0.035 W/m °C)
sandwiched between two layers of 1-mm-thick sheet metal (k = 15.1 W/m °C). The
refrigerated space is maintained at 3°C, and the average heat transfer coefficients at the
inner and outer surfaces of the wall are 4 W/m2 °C and 9 W/m2 °C, respectively. The kitchen
temperature averages 25°C. It is observed that condensation occurs on the outer surfaces
of the refrigerator when the temperature of the outer surface drops to 20°C. Determine the
minimum thickness of fiberglass insulation that needs to be used in the wall in order to
avoid condensation on the outer surfaces.
25 Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-mm-thick
layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m⋅˚C) separated by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air space (k =0.026
W/m⋅˚C). Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and
the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 24°C
while the temperature of the outdoors is -5°C. Take the convection heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 = =10 W/m2 ˚C and
h2=25 W/m0⋅˚C, and disregard any heat transfer by radiation.

Determine the resistance through the mediums and the total resistance,
The heat transfer rate between the room and outside, and
The temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 24°C
while the temperature of the outdoors is -5°C.
26 A power plant fires a boiler with coal of calorific value 31 000 kJ/kg and mass flow rate of
670 kg/h. The boiler delivers steam at 5000 kg/h and the inlet and outlet condition for the
other components are given in the Table 1. Calculate:
The thermal efficiency of the boiler,
The equivalent evaporation of the boiler in kg/coal, and
Determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water
Component Temperature Pressure Mass flow rate Dryness
[⁰C] [bar] [kg/h] fraction
Boiler 10 5 0000 0.95

Jet Condenser 0.3 1800 0.8

steam in

Cooling water 20
in

Cooling water 70
out

Feed water to 40
boiler

27 Consider a 1.0-m-high and 1.5-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 5-mm-thick

layers of glass (k = 0.78 W/m-K) separated by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026
W/m-K). During the day, the room is maintained at 22 0C while the temperature of the
outdoors is -15 0C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer
surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10 W/m2-K and h2 = 40 W/m2-K, which includes the
effects of radiation. Refer to Fig. 2 and determine:
 the individual resistance(R) for each thermal layer, as well as for the total resistance of the
window,

the steady rate of heat transfer throughout the window, and

the inner surface temperature of the window.

28 A furnace wall comprises three layers of thickness 250 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm with
thermal conductivities of 1.65, k and 9. W/m K respectively. The inside is exposed to gases
at 1250 ˚C with convection of 25 W/m2K, and the inside surface is at 1100 ˚C, the outside
surface air at 25 ˚C with convection of 12 W/m2K. Determine;

The unknown thermal conductivity ‘k’,

The overall heat transfer coefficient, and

All surface temperatures.
Sketch the thermal circuits for this case