SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expt 1: Block diagram reduction

ng1=[1];

dg1=[1 10];

sysg1=tf(ng1,dg1);

ng2=[1];

dg2=[1 1];

sysg2=tf(ng2,dg2);

ng3=[1 0 1];

dg3=[1 4 4];

sysg3=tf(ng3,dg3);

ng4=[1 1];

dg4=[1 6];

sysg4=tf(ng4,dg4);

nh1=[1 1];

dh1=[1 2];

sysh1=tf(nh1,dh1);

nh2=[2];

dh2=[1];

sysh2=tf(nh2,dh2);

nh3=[1];

dh3=[1];

sysh3=tf(nh3,dh3);

sys1=sysh2/sysg4;

sys2=series(sysg3,sysg4);

sys3=feedback(sys2,sysh1,+1);

sys4=series(sysg2,sys3);

sys5=feedback(sys4,sys1);

sys6=series(sysg1,sys5);

sys=feedback(sys6,[1])

1
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Results:

sys =

s^5 + 4 s^4 + 6 s^3 + 6 s^2 + 5 s + 2

----------------------------------------------------------------

12 s^6 + 205 s^5 + 1066 s^4 + 2517 s^3 + 3128 s^2 + 2196 s + 712

Expt 2: Zeros and Poles

ng1=[1];

dg1=[1 10];

sysg1=tf(ng1,dg1);

ng2=[1];

dg2=[1 1];

sysg2=tf(ng2,dg2);

ng3=[1 0 1];

dg3=[1 4 4];

sysg3=tf(ng3,dg3);

p1=pole(sysg1)

z1=zero(sysg1)

p2=pole(sysg2)

z2=zero(sysg2)

p3=pole(sysg3)

z3=zero(sysg3)

RESULTS:

p1 = -10

z1 =

0×1 empty double column vector

p2 = -1

z2 =

2
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0×1 empty double column vector

p3 = -2

-2

z3 =

0.0000 + 1.0000i

0.0000 - 1.0000i

Expt 3: Time response specification of second order under damped system

num=[0 0 25]

den=[1 6 25]

H=tf(num,den)

step(H)

RESULTS:

Expt 4: Implement freq response of secnod order system

num=[0 0 5]

den=[1 6 25]

w=0:0.01:pi;

h=freqz(num,den,w);

mag=abs(h);

phase=angle(h);

figure

subplot(2,1,1)

plot(w,mag)
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 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
subplot(2,1,2)

plot(w,phase)

RESULTS:

Expt 5:Lead Lag compensator

num=[1 18.31*10^3 47.84*10^6]

den=[1 33.44*10^3 47.84*10^6]

bode (num,den);

RESULTS:
num =

1 18310 47840000

den =

1 33440 47840000

Expt 6: Routh-Hurwitz criterion

4
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Define the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial

coeffs = [1, -5, -6, 0];

% Check stability using Routh-Hurwitz criterion

stable = routhCriterion(coeffs);

% Display the result

if stable
disp('The system is stable.');
else
disp('The system is unstable.');
end

% Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion function

function stable = routhCriterion(coeffs)
% Check the number of coefficients
n = length(coeffs);

% Initialize the first and second rows of the Routh-Hurwitz table

rhTable = zeros(n, ceil(n/2)*2);
rhTable(1:2:n, 1) = coeffs(1:2:n);
rhTable(2:2:n, 1) = coeffs(2:2:n);
% Fill in the rest of the table
for i = 2:n-1
for j = 2:ceil(n/2)
rhTable(i, j) = ...
(rhTable(i-1, 1) * rhTable(i+1, j-1) - rhTable(i+1, 1) * rhTable(i-1, j-1)) / rhTable(i-1, 1);

% Handle numerical issues (if denominator is zero)

if isnan(rhTable(i, j))
rhTable(i, j) = eps; % Replace with a small positive number
end
end
end

% Check the first column of the completed Routh-Hurwitz table

if all(rhTable(:, 1) > 0)
stable = true;
else
stable = false;
end
end

Result: The system is unstable

Expt 7: Root locus

num=[0 1 2];

den=[1 7 12];

rlocus(num,den)

5
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
grid;

title('root locus plot of G(s)=k(s+2)/[(s+3)(s+4)]')

RESULTS:

Expt 8: Bode plots

num=[0 1 2];

den=[1 7 12];

bode(num,den)

grid;

title('bode plot of G(s)=k(s+2)/[(s+3)(s+4)]')

RESULTS:

Expt 19: Nyquist plot

num=[0 1 2];

den=[1 7 12];

6
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nyquist(num,den)

grid;

title('nyquist plot of G(s)=k(s+2)/[(s+3)(s+4)]')

RESULTS:

Expt 10: Obtaine the time response from state model of a system
A=[0 1;-2 -3];

B=[0;1];

C=[1 -1];

D=[0];

mysys=ss(A,B,C,D)

qo=[1;2];

initial(mysys,qo)

RESULTS:
mysys =

A=

x1 x2

x1 0 1

x2 -2 -3

B=

u1

x1 0

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 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
x2 1

C=

x1 x2

y1 1 -1

D=

u1

y1 0

Expt 11: Implement PI and PD controllers

den=[1 3 1]

sys= tf(num,den)

H=[1]

M= feedback (sys,H)

step (M)

hold on

grid on

Kp=2;

Kd=1;

Ki=1;

% PI controller

num1= [Kp Ki*Kp]

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 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
den1=[1 0]

dr= conv(den1,den)

sys1=tf(num1,dr)

G2=feedback(sys1,H)

step(G2)

A=[Kd*Kp Kp];

B=conv(A,num);

sys2=tf(B,den)

sys3=feedback(sys2,H)

step(sys3)

grid on

RESULTS:

num =

den =

1 3 1

sys =

-------------

s^2 + 3 s + 1

H=

M=

9
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------

s^2 + 3 s + 2

num1 =

2 2

den1 =

1 0

dr =

1 3 1 0

sys1 =

2s+2

---------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + s

G2 =

2s+2

---------------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 3 s + 2

sys2 =

2s+2

-------------

s^2 + 3 s + 1

sys3 =

2s+2

-------------

10
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
s^2 + 5 s + 3

Expt 12: PID controllers

clear all

clc

% Plant

num=[1]

den=[1 3 1]

sys= tf(num,den)

H=[1]

M= feedback (sys,H)

step (M)

hold on

grid on

Kp=2;

Kd=1;

Ki=1;

% PID controller

num1= [Kp Ki*Kp]

den1=[1 0]

dr= conv(den1,den)

sys1=tf(num1,dr)

G2=feedback(sys1,H)
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 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
step(G2)

sys1=tf(num1,den)

G=feedback (sys1,H)

K=dcgain(G)

step=G

esspid= 1/(1+K)

RESULTS:

num = 1

den =

1 3 1

sys =

-------------

s^2 + 3 s + 1

H= 1

M=

-------------

s^2 + 3 s + 2

num1 =

1 1

den1 =

1 0

dr =

1 3 1 0
12
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sys1 =

s+1

---------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + s

G=

s+1

---------------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 2 s + 1

K=

step =

s+1

---------------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 2 s + 1

esspid =

0.5000

13
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expt 13: PI,PD,PID

clear all

clc

% Plant

num=[1]

den=[1 3 1]

sys= tf(num,den)

H=[1]

M= feedback (sys,H)

step (M)

hold on

grid on

Kp=2;

Kd=1;

Ki=1;

% PI controller

num1= [Kp Ki*Kp]

den1=[1 0]

dr= conv(den1,den)

sys1=tf(num1,dr)

G2=feedback(sys1,H)

step(G2)

% PD controller

A=[Kd*Kp Kp];

B=conv(A,num);

sys2=tf(B,den)
14
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sys3=feedback(sys2,H)

step(sys3)

grid on

% PID controller

numc= [Kp Ki*Kp];

num1=conv(num,[1 Ki])

den1=[1 0]

dr= conv(den1,den)

sys1=tf(num1,dr)

G=feedback (sys1,H)

K=dcgain(G)

step=G

esspid= 1/(1+K)

RESULTS:

num = 1

den = 1 3 1

sys =

-------------

s^2 + 3 s + 1

H=

M=

-------------

s^2 + 3 s + 2
15
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
num1 =

2 2

den1 = 1 0

dr =

1 3 1 0

sys1 =

2s+2

---------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + s

G2 =

2s+2

---------------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 3 s + 2

sys2 =

2s+2

-------------

s^2 + 3 s + 1

sys3 =

2s+2

-------------

s^2 + 5 s + 3

num1 = 1 1

den1 = 1 0

dr =

1 3 1 0
16
 SECAB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPUR
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sys1 =

s+1

---------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + s

G=

s+1

---------------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 2 s + 1

K=1

step =

s+1

---------------------

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 2 s + 1

esspid =

0.5000

17