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Chapter 2 ATOMS

Classification of Matter
Matter

Pure Substance

Physically Separable into

Mixture

Element

Compound

Homogeneous

Heterogeneous

Combine Chemically to form

Chapter 2: Atoms 1 Chapter 2: Atoms

Ch 1

Pure Substances
Element
One type of atom Represented in Periodic Table Elemental form: monoatomic, diatomic, polyatomic

Compound
Two or more types of atoms Ratio is fixed H20 vs H2O2

Chapter 2: Atoms

Chapter 2: Atoms

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Representations of Compounds

Diatomic Molecules- Magic 7

H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
Chapter 2: Atoms 5 Chapter 2: Atoms 6

Mixtures
Chicken Noodle Soup Blood Sample Salt Water

Daltons Atomic Theory

An element is composed of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles called atoms All atoms of an element are identical and have the same properties Atoms of one element cannot disappear or be changed into atoms of a different element Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds. Compounds contain atoms in constant, small whole number ratios

Heterogeneous

Heterogeneous

Homogeneous

Molecules of a compound have to have the same element in the same ratio

A molecule is a tightly bound combination of two or more atoms that act as a single unit
Ch 1
Chapter 2: Atoms 7 Chapter 2: Atoms 8

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Evidence for Daltons Theory

Law of Conservation of Mass- Lavoisier 17431794 Matter can be neither created or destroyed. As Dalton explained, if matter is made up of indestructible atoms, then any chemical reaction just changes the attachments among atoms, but does not destroy the atoms themselves.

Daltons Atomic Theory

An element is composed of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles called atoms All atoms of an element are identical and have the same properties

Atoms of one element cannot disappear or be changed into atoms of a different element
Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds. Compounds contain atoms in constant, small whole number ratios
Molecules of a compound have to have the same element in the same ratio

A molecule is a tightly bound combination of two or more atoms that act as a single unit

Chapter 2: Atoms

Chapter 2: Atoms

10

Law of Constant Composition

Daltons Atomic Theory

An element is composed of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles called atoms All atoms of an element are identical and have the same properties Atoms of one element cannot disappear or be changed into atoms of a different element

Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds. Compounds contain atoms in constant, small whole number ratios

More Evidence for Daltons Theory

(Proust 1754-1826)
Chapter 2: Atoms 11

Molecules of a compound have to have the same element in the same ratio A molecule is a tightly bound combination of two or more atoms that act as a single unit
Chapter 2: Atoms 12

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A Typical Atom
Figure 2.6 Relative sizes of the atomic nucleus and an atom.

Subatomic Particles
Table 2.1 Properties and Location within Atoms of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Mass S ubatomic (g) Charge particle Proton Electron Neutron +1 -1 0 1.6726 x 10
-24

Mass (amu) 1.0073

Mass (amu); to one significant figure 1

Location in an atom In the nucleus Outside the ucleus In the n ucleus

If we imagine the atoms nucleus to be the size of a bean, the atom itself will become the size of a stadium, and the electrons will be like tiny fleas whizzing frantically somewhere around the stands.

9.1094 x 10-28 5.4859 x 10-4 0.0005 1.6749 x 10-24 1.0087 1

The unit of mass is the atomic mass unit (amu). One amu is defined as the mass of an atom of carbon with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus.

1 amu = 1.6605 x 10-24 g

Chapter 2: Atoms 14

Chapter 2: Atoms

13

Subatomic Particles
Table 2.1 Properties and Location within Atoms of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Mass S ubatomic (g) Charge particle Proton Electron Neutron +1 -1 0 1.6726 x 10
-24

Mass (amu) 1.0073

Mass (amu); to one significant figure 1

Location in an atom In the nucleus Outside the ucleus In the n ucleus

9.1094 x 10-28 5.4859 x 10-4 0.0005 1.6749 x 10-24 1.0087 1

THE NUCLEUS
Mass of atom is concentrated in the nucleus
Chapter 2: Atoms 15 Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus 16

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Mass and Atomic Number

Mass number: The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
The mass of the electrons in an atom is so small compared to that of its protons and neutrons that electrons are not counted in determining mass number.

Mass number (number of protons & neutrons) Atomic number (number of protons)

12 6C

Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Mass number (number of protons & neutrons) Atomic number (number of protons)
12 6C

A carbon atom of this composition is referred to as carbon-12.

Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus 17

Clarification point- Isotopic Symbol vs appearance in periodic table

Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus

18

120 37 17 50

Cl Sn

Symbol Examples
Symbol
37 17

IsotopesAtoms with the same protons Same protons=same element Different # of neutrons
All atoms of an element are identical and have the same properties

Mass # (A)

Atomic # (B)

p+

n0

e-

Cl

Mercury-202 33 92 75 146 33 92

Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus

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Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus

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Atomic Weight Simple vs weighted Average

Of all the shotput balls manufactured, 75% are 16 lb and 25% are 8 lb. What is the average mass of a shotput ball?
12 lbs Simple average 2 Why is this not a reasonable or fair answer? Weighted average consider a percentage as a 100 object sample size (75 16 lbs) (25 8 lbs) 14 lbs ? 100 16 lbs 8 lbs

Masses reported are a weighted average of the masses (in amu) of its isotopes found on the earth
Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus 21

Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus

22

Relative abundance
Two common isotopes of carbon
12C

Atomic Weight
Calculate the atomic weight of silicon given that:
Isotope
28Si

carbon-12 (12.000 amu) and 13C carbon-13 (13.003 amu)

Mass 27.977 amu 28.976 amu 29.974 amu Abundance 92.21% 4.70% 3.09% Contribution to mass
(0.922127.977amu) (0.047028.976amu) (0.299743.09amu)

=25.79759 amu =1.36 187 amu =0.92620 amu

What can you say about the relative abundance of the two isotopes?

29Si 30Si

=28.09 amu Check answer with P.T

Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus 23 Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus 24

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Modern Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev (1860)s

Elements in order of increasing atomic weight
Modern table is by atomic #

Modern Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev (1860)s

Elements in order of increasing atomic weight
Modern table is by atomic #

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 7

A new period (row) was started when properties recurred

Chapter 2: Atoms

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Chapter 2: Atoms

26

Noble Gas

Halogens

Alkaline Earth Metals

Modern Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev (1860)s

Elements in order of increasing atomic weight
Modern table is by atomic #

Alkali Metals

Modern Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev (1860)s

Elements in order of increasing atomic weight
Modern table is by atomic #

A new period (row) was started when properties recurred (Numbered 1-7) Elements with similar properties are in the same group or family (columns 1A-8A) Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens Noble Gases Blocks of elements in Groups 1A -8A are known as maingroup elements

A new period (row) was started when properties recurred (Numbered 1-7) Elements with similar properties are in the same group or family (columns 1A-8A) Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Halogens Noble Gases Blocks of elements in Groups 1A -8A are known as maingroup elements Transition elements Inner-transition elements

Chapter 2: Atoms

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Chapter 2: Atoms

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Classification of the Elements

Classification of the Elements

Chapter 2: Atoms

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Chapter 2: Atoms

30

Classification of the Elements

Metals Nonmetals
Are solids at room temperature (except for Hg, which is a liquid), shiny, conduct electricity, and are ductile and malleable. Form alloys (solutions of one metal dissolved in another); brass, for example, is an alloy of copper and zinc. In chemical reactions, they tend to give up electrons. Most elements are metals! Except for hydrogen (H), they lie on the right side of the Periodic Table. Can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature Except for graphite, do not conduct electricity. In chemical reactions, they tend to accept electrons. Only 18!

Classification of the Elements

Metalloids
Only 6!

Chapter 2: Atoms

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Chapter 2: Atoms

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Periodicity
Use trends to make predictions

Periodicity- Chemistry of elements in the same family is similar

C combines with O to form the compound CO2 What is the formula for the compound formed from Si and O?

Caution!

GIVEN:
Formulas of metal oxides Na2O MgO Al2O3

PREDICT:
Formulas of other oxides and sulfides

Chapter 2: Atoms

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Chapter 2: Atoms

34

Animation: Electrons Orbiting Nucleus vs. Electron Cloud

SPACE OCCUPIED BY ELECTRONS

Chapter 2: Atoms - The Nucleus 35 Chapter 2: Atoms 36

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How are electrons arranged in an atom?

Energy Level Sublevel Orbital
Chapter 2: Atoms

How are Electrons in an Atom Arranged?

The Rules: Fill from lowest energy to highest Only two electrons per orbital Only pair up electrons in the same orbital IF there are no other equal energy orbitals available. (Electrons REPELL each other!)

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sy

Orbital Box Diagram

Electron Configuration

Noble Gas Notation

Lewis Dot Structure

Floor Hall Room

37

Keep track of..

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Chapter 2: Atoms

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38

How are Electrons in an Atom Arranged?

The Rules: Fill from lowest energy to highest Only two electrons per orbital Only pair up electrons in the same orbital IF there are no other equal energy orbitals available. (Electrons REPELL each other!)

How are Electrons in an Atom Arranged?

The Rules: Fill from lowest energy to highest Only two electrons per orbital Only pair up electrons in the same orbital IF there are no other equal energy orbitals available. (Electrons REPELL each other!)

3d 4 3 3s 2 2s 2p 3p

4 3

Energy

Once upon a time..

2 2s

2p

Once upon a time..

Energy

1s
39

1s
40

Chapter 2: Atoms

Chapter 2: Atoms

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4f

How are Electrons in an Atom Arranged?

The Rules: Fill from lowest energy to highest Only two electrons per orbital Only pair up electrons in the same orbital IF there are no other equal energy orbitals available. (Electrons REPELL each other!)

The Blueprint!
You are responsible for first 3 periods

4d

Energy

4p 3d 4 4s 3 3s 3p

Once upon a time..

This is getting complicated!

2 2s

2p

Chapter 2: Atoms

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Chapter 2: Atoms

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Use the Blueprint

Symbol Li Na C Si Ne Ar # electrons 3 11 6 14 10 18 Orbital Sublevel (s) Dot Picture Electron configuration

Lets look at the 2nd energy level

Energy Level

Sublevel (p)

Orbital

Orbital

Orbital

Li Na

C Si

Ne Ar

Chapter 2: Atoms

43

How many electrons occupy the 2nd energy level? How many electrons occupy the 2p sublevel? How many electrons occupy a 2p orbital?
Chapter 2: Atoms

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Energy Level

Lets look at the 3rd energy level

What are orbitals?

Regions of probability Specific shapes and orientations

Sublevel (s)

Sublevel (p)

Sublevel (d)

Orbital

Orbital

Orbital

Orbital

Orbital

orbital

orbital

orbital

orbital

1s

2s

2px

2py

2pz

How many electrons occupy the 3rd energy level? How many electrons occupy the 3p sublevel? How many electrons occupy a 3d orbital?
Chapter 2: Atoms

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Chapter 2: Atoms

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Topics Not Covered

Periodic Properties Ionization Energy Size of an atom

Chapter 2: Atoms

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