INTRODUCTION

Basic Chemistry I
Gasal 2011/2012

Chemistry
?

 The science of composition, structure,

properties, and reaction of matter.
The science that deals with the materials of the
universe and the changes that these materials
undergo.
Not only concern with the composition and
changes in composition of matter, but also with
the energy & energy changes associated with
matter.

 Why do we have to study chemistry?

Whats the relevance with food science?

The branches of chemistry

1.

2.

Inorganic chemistry
It deals with all elements but carbon, as well as
with some carbon compounds derived mainly
from mineral sources.
Organic chemistry
Concern with compounds containing the element
carbon derived from living organisms.

Why does soda fizz when

you open the bottle?

How to make candy?

How pop corn pops?

Popcorn kernels contain oil and water with starch, surrounded by
a hard and strong outer coating.
When popcorn is heated, the water inside the kernel tries to
expand into steam, but it cannot escape through the seed coat
(the popcorn hull).
The hot oil and steam gelatinizes the starch inside the popcorn
kernel, making it softer and more pliable.
When the popcorn reaches a temperature of 180 C (356 F) the
pressure inside the kernel is around 135 psi (930 kPa), which is
sufficient pressure to rupture the popcorn hull, essentially turning
the kernel inside-out. The pressure inside the kernel is released
very quickly, expanding the proteins and starch inside the
popcorn kernel into a foam, which cools and sets into the familiar
popcorn puff.

Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream

When we make liquid
nitrogen ice cream the
nitrogen boils off
harmlessly into the air
rather than becoming an
ingredient in the recipe.
Nitrogen is used to cool
ice cream so that you
don't have to wait around
for a freezer or ice cream
maker.

Classification and
Properties of Matter

Matter:
- anything that has mass & occupies space.
- It exists in 3 physical states: solid, liquid & gas.

Substance:
A particular kind of matter
with a definite, fixed
composition.

Element:
A substance that cannot be broken down into other
substances by chemical methods.
Examples of elements are iron, aluminum, oxygen, and
hydrogen.
Elements are defined by the number of protons they
possess.
Compound:
A substance compose of a given combination of
elements that can be broken down into those elements
by chemical methods. Ex: water

Mixture:
Something that has variable composition.
Mixtures can be separated into pure substances:
elements and/or compounds.
Mixtures can be classified as either homogeneous (ex:
salt solution) or heterogeneous.

Matter

Pure substances
(homogenous composition)

Elements

Compounds

Mixture of two or
more substances

Solutions
(homogenous
composition-one
phase)

Heterogenous
Mixture (two or
More phases)

Atom
the fundamental unit of a chemical substance
(Greek, atomos: uncut-able)
An atom is the smallest possible particle of an
element; extremely small
Molecule
A combination of two or more atoms held
together in a specific shape by attractive forces
Most chemistry deals with the behavior of
molecules

Atomic Theory
And Structure

The development of atomic theory

Democritus (470-380 BC)
atomos: indivisible; the smallest bit of matter that cannot be
divided further
Aristotle (384-322 BC) & others
no matter how small the portion of matter, it remains uniform
in composition.
John Dalton (1766-1844)

 J. Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848)

Substances always combine in fixed proportions
J.J. Thomson (1890s)
The atoms of any element can be made to emit
tiny negative particles, called electrons.
Ernest Rutherford
Nuclear atoman atom with a dense center of
positive charge (the nucleus) around which tiny
electrons moved in a space that was otherwise
empty.

Atomic theory
The essential features of atoms:
- all matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms
- all atoms of a given element have identical chemical
properties
- atoms of different elements have distinct properties
- atoms form chemical compounds by combining in
whole-number ratios. All samples of a pure compound
have the same combination of atoms
- in chemical reactions, atoms change the ways they
are combined, but they are neither created or
destroyed

- Water always contains 1.0 g of hydrogen for every

8.0 g of oxygen the composition doesnt change
although the amount does.

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
- Hydrogen & Oxygen as the reactants or starting
materials
- Water is the reaction product
- Balanced chemical equation
(g)

(g)

(l)

Atoms combine (in whole-number ratios) to make

compounds

 Atoms are constantly in motion

- Brownian motion (1828, Robert Brown)

- Diffusion of one liquid into another

 Dynamic equilibrium
- A system at equilibrium shows no change in its
observable properties

A dynamic system contains objects

that move continuously

Atomic architecture
- Are atoms made of other, still smaller particles, and
if they are, what are these particles?
- How are atoms bound together in chemical
compounds?
Gravitational force
- Every mass exerts a gravitational attraction on all
other masses
Electrical force
- For tiny objects electrical for is the most important

Coulombs law

 Magnetism
- A charged object in motion is also subject to
magnetism
Electrons
- Experiments that used electrical force
electrodes atoms are made up of smaller
fragments that possess + & - charges
- J.J.Thomson a cathode ray tube able to
calculate
- Robert A. Millikan mass of single electron

 The nucleus
- 1909, Ernest Rutherford: every atom contains a tiny
central core where all the positive charge & most of
the mass is concentrated
- Nucleus is surrounded by the electrons
- Nucleus contains 2 types of subatomic fragments:
protons & neutrons
- Protons positive charges of nuclei
- Neutrons contribute mass but are electrically
neutral
- A protons positive charge is equal in magnitude to
the negative charge of an electron
- The mass of a proton is almost 2000 times greater
than the mass of electron

Atomic building blocks

Name

Symbol

Charge

Electro
n

-1.6022 x 10-19 C 9.1094 x 10-31 kg

Proton

+1.6022 x 10-19 C 1.6726 x 10-27 kg

Neutron

Mass

1.6749 x 10-27 kg

Atomic diversity
An element is identified by the charge of its nucleus
- every elements has specific & unchanging number of
protons ( atomic number - Z).
- ex.: Hydrogen (Z=1), Helium (Z=2), etc see
- Mass number (A g/mol) is the total number of
neutrons and protons presents in the nucleus of an
atom of an element
mass
number
A
Z

X
atomic number

 Isotopes
- Two atoms with the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons
- Usually specified by giving its mass number (A)
- E.g.: hydrogen, uranium

 Atomic masses
The mass of an atom is related to the number of
electrons, protons and neutrons in the atom
atomic mass unit (amu).
We usually use the average atomic mass.
Molar mass of an element & Avogadros number
One mole is the number of atoms in exactly 12g
of the pure isotope carbon-12

 Using mass spectrometers, the mass of a 12C

atom is m = 1.992648 x 10-23 g/atom. Combining
this experimental mass with the definition of the
mole gives the number of atoms in one mole.
(12g 12C/mol) / (1.992648 x 10-23g 12C/atom) =
6.022137 x 1023 atoms/mol
Avogadros number (N, No, or NA)

 Mass-Mole-Atom Conversions
x
Mass of
substance

Molar mass

x
moles

Avogadros
number

Number of
atoms

 Empirical formula
Indicates which elements are present and the
simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms.
Ex:
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 2 atoms H & 2
atoms O ratio H:O = 2:2 or 1:1 the
empirical formula is HO.
Hydrazine (N2H4 ) NH2
Molecular mass
The sum of the atomic masses in the molecule.

Charged atoms : Ions

When is an atom called neutral?
Ion? Atomic or molecular particles with
electrical charge
Ionic compounds
- The simplest collection of oppositely charged
ions is a solid in which the cations & anions
alternate in a regular pattern
- Ionic compound contains cations & anions in
fixed whole-number ratios
- Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Conservation laws
Conservation of atoms
- Atoms are neither created nor destroyed
- Atoms are conserved in chemical & physical
processes
Conservation of electrons
Conservation of mass
- Mass is neither created nor destroyed during
physical & chemical transformations
The conservation of atoms, electrons, & mass is
the fundamental principle of stochiometry

 Conservation of energy:
Energy is neither created nor destroyed in any
process, although it may be transferred from
one body to another or converted from one
form into another.
Forms of energy:
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Chemical energy
- Thermal energy
- Radiant energy