CONVEYANCE AN DISTRIBUTION

OF WATER

Dr N P SHINKAR
HOD Civil Engineering
Government Polytechnic, Amravati
Conveyance of Water:
It means
1) Carrying water from the source to Intake structure near the source 2)
Conveying the water from Intake to water treatment Plant and from there
treated water to consumer through distribution pipes.

Flow diagram of water supply scheme

Sources of Water
 Surface source sub surface source

Intake

Treatment works

Distribution system

Consumers

Pipes:
- Conduit through which water flow under pressure.

Factors affecting selection of Pipe material -

Carrying capacity of Pipe.
-Durability and life of Pipe.
-Availability of Funds.
-Maintenance cost, repair etc..
-Type of water to be conveyed and its corrosive effect on pipe
material.

Pipe material with smallest annual cost or capitalized cost will

have to be selected, because it will be most economical.
Types of Pipes:
- Cast iron pipes
- Wrought iron pipes
- Steel pipes
- RCC pipes
- Pre-stressed pipes
- Cement lined cast iron pipes
- Asbestos cement pipes
- Copper
- lead pipes
- Wooden pipes
- Plastic Pipes
- G.I. Pipe
- Ductile iron pipe
CAST IRON PIPES

Extensively used for

conveying water

 Standard 1.8 m length

but up to 3m for smaller
diameter

50 mm to 1.2 m dia.

Cast iron pipe:

(Manufactured from best grey pig iron by two methods.
First is ordinary sand moulding in which pipes are moulded in horizontal
position sometimes in Vertical position. In sand mouldingafter casting pipes are
cleaned and dipped in a pot of coal tar and oil after heating to 3000 F. the
second method is Centrifugal casting consisting of molten metal is poured in
water cool cylindrical metal mould which is rotated at high speed.)

Advantages
- Highly resistant to corrosion
- Long life upto 100 years
- Strong and durable
- Easy to join
- Cost is moderate
- withstand high internal pressure

Disadvantages:
- Very heavy and difficult to transport.
- Break or crack easily due to brittleness.
- Used for pressure greater than 0.7 N/mm2
- Carrying capacity decreases with increase in life of pipes.
- when size increases beyond 1200 mm diameter, it becomes heavier
as well as uneconomical.

Wrought iron pipes:

(Manufactured by rolling the flat plates of the metal to proper diameter
and welding the edges)

Advantages:
- Light in weight than cast iron pipes.
- Can be easily cut, threaded and worked.
- Gives neat appearance if used in internal works.

Disadvantages:
- More costly than cast iron pipes
- Less durable than cast iron pipes
 Steel pipe :-
Manufactured by WI or mild
steel which are galvanized
by providing a protective coating
of zinc on inner and outer surface
.

It is cheap, light, easy in

handling and transport, easy in
joining with screwed socket joints
and 20 years of life, resistant to
corrosion when exposed to
atmosphere.

Steel pipes:

Advantages
- Pipes are cheap in first coat.
- Available in large length hence joints become less.
- Flexible to some extent and hence can be easily laid on curves.
- Durable and strong enough to resist high internal water pressure. - Light in
weight hence ease in transport.

Disadvantages
- Maintenance cost is high
- Cannot withstand external loads.
- Distort if partial vacuum is created by emptying the pipe rapidly.
- Requires more time for repairs during breakdown hence not suitable for
distribution pipes.
Reinforced Cement Concrete pipes:-
Made of cement concrete (precast or cast in site)
Withstand 150 m head of water, resist corrosion
and life is above 75 years, maintenance cost is low,
least thermal expansion, can be laid under water
and resist normal traffic load
RCC Pipes:
(Pipes manufactured with longitudinal steel bars and mesh reinforcement and by pouring
concrete, tamping and curing or Pipes having fabricated reinforcement and cast by
centrifugal methods and curing in tanks. Normally RCC pipes are made of concrete in
ratio 1:2:2)

Advantages:
- Durable with life above 75 years.
- Do not get corroded with water.
- maintenance cost is low.
- Inside surface can be made smooth
- Pipes casted at site leads to reduction in transportation charges.
- It can be placed under water easily due to heavy weight countering force of
buoyancy.
- Do not collapse under normal traffic loads when placed below roads.

Disadvantages:
-Affected by acids, alkalies and salty water.
- Repairs are very difficult.
- Transportation and laying cost is more due to heavy load.
- Difficult to make connections.
Prestressed Pipes:
(Manufactured in factories and than transported to site. Strength can be
achieved by circumferential prestressing in which a prestressed steel wire is
helically wound under tension around the concrete core. Concrete is placed
around reinforcement by centrifugal process.)

Advantages
- More strength and durability than RCC pipes.
- Comparatively more economical than steel or cast iron pipes. -
Comparatively easy in transportation than RCC pipes.
Disadvantages
- Tedious construction process as compared to RCC pipes - Costly as compared
to RCC pipes.

Cement lined cast iron pipes:

When water contains corrosive elements cast iron pipes are lined
with cement mortar lining of 1:2 cement mortar, applied centrifugally
inside them to protect against corrosion.

Advantages:
- Very small coefficient of friction.
- Cement lining is not injured by cutting or drilling pipe
- Provides protection against corrosive elements in water

Disadvantages
- costlier than Cast iron pipe
- Improper lining will corrode the pipe.

Asbestos Pipes:
Manufactured by mixture of Cement and Asbestos.
Advantages
- Remains smooth and not affected by salts, acids and other
corrosive material hence have good carrying capacity.
- Light in weight hence easily handled and transported. - Can be
easily cut, fitted, drilled, trapped and jointed.

Disadvantages
-Unable to resist impact damage, break or crack during transportation as they
are brittle
- Exposure to Asbestos is hazardous hence seldom used nowadays.
Lead and copper
Pipes:-
Copper pipe is made of
copper and can resist
corrosion even if water
contains some acids and
expensive so not used in
water supply nowadays.

Leads are soluble in water

so lead pipe causes lead
poisoning hence it is not used
in water supply nowadays.

Copper Pipe
These Copper pipes do not sag or bend due to hot water. Hence their use is
restricted for conveyance of hot water in buildings and steam boilers. They are
not liable to corrosion and can be bent easily. But as they are costly, they are
not used for distribution of water.
Advantages
- Not liable to corrode.
- Do not sag if hot water is used.
- Can be bent easily

Disadvantages
- Costlier
- Good conductor of electricity

Lead Pipes
These pipes are usually not adopted for the conveyance of water. If proper
care is not taken, the lead pipes may cause lead poisoning. They can be easily
bent and hence when these pipes are used, less number of specials will be
required. The acidic water react on lead pipes hence unsuitable to convey
acidic water. Lead pipes are usually adopted or apparatus required for alum
and chlorine dosages They cannot be used to carry hot water as they sag due
to heat
Advantages
-Easily bent.
- Stand high pressure.
Disadvantages
-Cause poisoning.
- Sag when hot water is used.

Wooden Pipes
These are usually prepared of staves or planks of wood held together by steel bands.
Theses are constantly filled with water as wet rot takes place due to alternate conditions
of dryness and wetness. These are light in weight but can not bear high pressure. They
are now rarely used for conveyance of water.

Advantages
-carrying capacity does not decrease with age.
- Repair is easy.
-Can be cheaply and easily laid.
Disadvantages
-leak under varying pressure.
-Such pipes may decay
- Cannot bear high pressure and may collapse under heavy external pressure.
Plastic Pipes:-
Made of Plastic and
common in nowadays it is
corrosion resistant, light in
weight and economical.

Light, cheap, available in

longer length, electrical
insulation, corrosion free, life
correspond to GI

Plastic pipes
Nowadays these pipes are
more popular due their
properties of corrosion
resistant, light weight and
economy.
Advantages
-Pipes are cheap.
-Flexible and possesses low hydraulic resistance
-free from corrosion
- good electric insulators
-light in weight, easy to bens, join and install them.
- upto certain sizes are available in coil hence easy to transport.

Disadvantages
-Coefficient of expansion of plastic is high
- difficult to obtain plastic of uniform composition
- less resistant to heat
- some type of plastic may impart taste to water
Galvanized iron (GI)
pipes:-
Manufactured similar as WI
pipes.

15,20,25,32,40,50,63,75,90,11
0,125,150, 200 mm inner dia.

Light in weight, easy in

transport, handling, cutting,
threading, working, joining, and
gives neat appearance, joined
couplings or screwed socket joint.
Ductile iron pipe
Ductile Iron is a type of cast iron known for its impact and fatigue resistance,
elongation, and good wear resistance due to the spherical (round) graphite

structures in the metal.

It is made by metallurgical process, which involves addition of magnesium into

molten iron of low sulphurcontent. These pipe are usually provided with cement
mortar lining at the factory by centrifugal process to ensure uniform thickness
throughout its length. These are available in 80 mm to 1000mm in diameter and
5.5 to 6 m in length.

Mostly used for water distribution pipelines nowadays.

It is relatively hard, with moderate ductility. It has high strength, good wear
resistance, moderate impact resistance, and corrosion resistance.
Advantages of DI Pipes
-Excellent properties of machinibility.
-impact resistance
-high wear tear resistance.
-high tensile strength, ductility and corrosion resistance.
- strong, inner and outer surface are smooth.
-Approx. 30% lighter than conventional cast iron pipes.
-rugged and easily resist damage during handling and installation.
Disadvantages
-Prone to external and internal corrosion
-costlier than cast iron pipes

Choice of Pipe material

It depends upon:
- Durability of Pipe
-Carrying capacity of pipe
- Availability of funds
-Maintenance cost, repairs etc.
-type of water to be conveyed and its possible corrosive effects on pipe material.
Types of Joints
For handling, transportation and placing in position pipes are
manufactured in small length of 2 to 6 meters. These small pieces
are then joined together to make one continuous length of pipe line.
Various Types of Joints mainly used:
- Spigot and socket Joint, -Expansion Joint, -Flanged Joint,
- Mechanical Joint, -Flexible Joint, -Screwed Joint

Spigot and socket Joint

- Mostly used for Cast iron pipes.
- Construction consist of spigot or normal end of pipe is slipped in
socket or bell end of other pipe until contact is made at the base of
bell. - A yarn of hemp is wrapped around the spigot end of the pipe
and is tightly filled in the joint by means of yarning iron upto 5 cm
depth. - A gasket or joint runneris clamped in placeroundthe joint
sothat it fits tightly against the outer edge of the bell.
- Molten lead is then poured to finish the joint.
 JOINTS IN CONCRETE PIPES
Cement collar joint :-

These pipes are jointed by

cement collar joint or by a
spigot joint.
Grooves provided to the
ends are brought together.
A collar made of concrete is
slipped on. The space
between the collar and the
pipes is filled with cement
mortar (1:1) and finished to an angle of 45.
Simple joint :-
This joint is used to join concrete to asbestos cement
pipes.
A sleeve is provided over the joining ends in such a way
that it fits over them. Two rubber rings are compressed
between the sleeve and the pipe ends. The joint thus
formed is simplex joint.
 JOINTS IN CAST IRON PIPES
Bell and spigot joint:-
This is the most commonly used for
cast iron pipes.
Hemp and yarn is would round the
spigot and inserted into the bell end
of the pipe already laid.
Hemp is used to maintain the
alignment of pipes and molten lead is
then poured to finish up the joint.
The lead shrink on cooling ,thus
sealing the joint.
Expansion joint :-

Expansion joints are provided

where pipes are subjected to
severe in temperature leading to
the expansion and contraction.

A rubber gasket is inserted in

between the spigot and bell ends
which makes the joints water fight.

The flanged ring is bolted to bell

and it expands or contracts along
with the bell end.
Flanged joint :-

The two ends of the pipes are

provided with wide flanged,
which are bolted together.

A hard rubber gasket is inserted

between the flanged to make the
joint watertight.

The joint is mostly used for

connecting pumping, hydraulic
laboratories, filter plants etc.

TYPES OF VALVES
Definition:-
The fixtures which are fixed along the distribution system to serve
purpose are known as valves.
Types of valves :1.
Air valve

2. Reflux valves

3. Relief valves

4. Scour valves

5. Sluice valves

AIR VALVE
This are also termed at the air relief valve.

Use:-
Some quantity of air is contained in the flowing water.
This air tries to accumulate at high points along the water pipe.
Thus there are chances for pipes to be air locked.

Location:-

In order to provide an exit for such accumulated air, the air valves
are provided at summits along the water pipe.
The air valve should be located at points which are close to or above
the hydraulic gradient.
Function:-

Air valve used to release this free air is known as an air release
valve.

The second function of an air

valve is to admit air into the system
when the internal pressure of the
pipeline drops below atmospheric
pressures.
 REFLUX VALVE

Uses:-
Water goes in one direction
only.
It is non return valve.

Location:-
 The reflux valve is invariably
placed in water pipe which
obtains water directly from
pump. Function:-
When pumps stops. The water
will not run back to the pump
and thus the pumping
equipment will be saved from damage.
 RELIEF VALVE
Uses:-
When pressure of water is exceed a
predetermined limit the valve operate
automatically.
The load on the spring is adjusted to the
maximum pressure. Location:-
The relief valve is located at every point
along the water pipe where pressure is
likely to be maximum. Function:-
When pressure of water is exceed a
predetermined limit the valve operate
automatically and it well save particular
section of water pipe before bursting of pipe
takes place.
 SCOUR VALVES

Uses:-
They are operated with hand and
closed down as soon as clean
water is seen passing through
them.

Location:-
These valves are located at dead
–ends and depressions are lowest
points in mains. Function:-
Scour valves are operated to
remove sand or silt deposited in
the water pipe.
 SLUICE VALVE
Uses:-
These valves control the flow of
water and are helpful in dividing the
water mains into suitable sections.
The installation of sluice valve is
very much useful in case of
intermittent system of supply of
water.

Location:-
They are generally placed at a
distance of about 150m to 200m
and at all junction.
Function:-
These valves control the flow of water and are helpful in dividing
the water mains into suitable section.

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

Dr M. A. Kuraishi
Govt. Polytechnic Khamgaon

CONTENTS
Introduction
Methods of distribution of water
 Gravity system
 Pumping system
 Combined gravity and pumping
Service reservoirs
Layouts of distribution of Water
 Dead end system  Grid iron system
 Circular system
 Radial system
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to
consumer with appropriate quality, quantity & pressure.

Distribution system is used to describe collectively the

facilities used to supply water from its source to the point
of usage.

There are general, four different types of pipe networks;

any one of which either single or in combinations, can be
used for a particular place.
 Methods of distribution of water
For efficient distribution system adequate water pressure
required at various points.

Depending upon the level of source, topography of the

area and other local conditions, the water may be forced
into distribution system by following ways –

Gravity system

 Pumping system

 Combined gravity and pumping

 GRAVITY SYSTEM

Suitable when source of supply is

at sufficient height.

Most reliable and economical

distribution system.

The water head available at the

consumer is just minimum
required.

The remaining head is

consumed in the frictional and
other losses.
 PUMPING SYSTEM
In this system treated water is
directly into the distribution main
out storing.

Also called pumping without storage system.

High lifts pumps are required.

If power supply fails,

complete stoppage of water
supply.

This system is used when

gravity flow is not possible.

COMBINED GRAVITY AND PUMPING

SYSTEM
Most common system

Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution

reservoir.

Then supplies to consumer by action of gravity.

The excess water during low demand periods get

stored in reservoir and get supplied during high
demand period.

Economical, efficient and reliable system.

 SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Definition –
The reservoir which is generally provided in distribution
system to store the clear treated water before it is dispatched to
the consumer, such reservoirs are known as service reservoirs
distributionreservoir.

Function of service reservoirs

To absorbthe hourly variations in demand.

To maintain constantpressurein the distributionmain.
Waterstoredcan be supplied during emergencies.

TYPES of RESERVOIRS
Depending upon the elevation with respect to ground,
It may be classified into...
Surface reservoirs Elevated reservoirs

Surface reservoirs
These also called ground reservoir.

Mostly circular or rectangular tanks.

 Underground reservoir are preferred especially when the size
is large.

These reservoirs are constructed high natural grounds and

are usually made of stones, brick, plain or reinforced
concrete cement.

The side walls are designed to take up the pressure of the

water, when the reservoir is full and the earth pressure, when
it is empty.

Elevated reservoir
It is also referred to as overhead tanks are required at distribution
areas which are not governed and controlled by the gravity system
of distribution.

These are rectangular, circular or elliptical in shape.

If the topography of the town not suitable for under gravity, the
elevated tank or reservoir are used.

They are constructed where combine gravity and pumping

system of water distribution is adopted.

These tanks may be steel or RCC.

LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

In distribution system the pipe layout are :

Dead end system

 Grid iron system

Circular system

Radial system
 DEAD END SYSTEM

It is suitable for old towns and

cities having no different pattern of
roads

Suitability :-

Dead end system is used in

towns or cities which are not well
planner.

Advantage :-

Relatively cheap

Determination of discharge and pressure easier due to

less number of valves.
Laying of pipes simple

Easy determination of pipes sizes.

Disadvantage :-

Due to many dead ends,

stagnation of water occurs in
pipes.

This system cannot meet fire

demand.

GRID IRON SYSTEM

It is suitable for cities with

rectangular layouts, where the
water mains and branches are
laid in rectangles. A main pipe is
laid along main roads and
submains, branches are laid
along inner roads and
interconnected so that water
remains in circulation and there
are no dead ends.

Suitability :-
This system is suitable for well planed cities, where the roads are
at right angle to each other.

Advantage :-
 Water is kept in good circulation due to absence of dead ends

 In the case of break down in some section, water is available

from some other direction.
 Size of pipes is reduced.

Disadvantage :-

 Exact calculation of sizes of pipes are not possible due to

provisions of valves on all branches.

 If one section is to be repaired, a number of valves are to be

closed.
 CIRCULAR SYSTEM

The supply main is laid all along

the peripheral roads and sub
mains branch out from the mains.

This system also follows the

grid iron system with the flow
pattern similar in character to that
of dead end system.

So determination of the size of

pipes is easy.

Suitability :-
This system is suitable for well planned
cities.
Advantage :-

Water can be supplied to any point from at least two

directions.

Water is available for fire demand.

Designing of pipe is simple and easy.

During repairs water supply can be made from other

submains.
 RADIAL SYSTEM
The area is divided into
different zones.

The water is pumped into

the distribution reservoir
kept in the middle of each
zone.

The supply pipes are laid

rapidly ending towards the
periphery.

Suitability :-
This system is suitable for
localities having radial
pattern of road.
Advantage :-
It gives quick service

Calculation of pipe size is easy

Water is supplied to the consumers with high pressure.

Disadvantage :-
Every zone required a separate service reservoir, number of
reservoirs required are more and hence the system becomes
costly.

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