Water Supply Engineering

ENV 330

Course Instructor:
Er.Santosh Khanal
Lecturer
Pokhara University
School of Engineering

1
 Chapter 7:
Conveyance of Water
7.1 Pipe materials: CI, GI, Steel, Concrete, AC, PVC, HDPE, PPR, CPVC pipes
7.2 Pipe joints and their types
7.3 Construction of pipe lines: planning, setting out, alignment and gradient,
excavation, laying and joining, testing and backfilling

2
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO CONVEYANCE
• Transportation of water to treatment plant or reservoir or
distribution through conduits.
• Transmission: Source –> Treatment plant –> Reservoir
• Distribution: Reservoir – Users Tap
• Conduits:
A. Gravity: The gravity conduits are those in which water flows
under the action of gravity and a free water surface (i.e., water
surface having atmospheric pressure) is developed.
The gravity conduits include open channels (or canals), flumes,
aqueducts and tunnels
B. Pressure: The pressure conduits are those in which water
flows under pressure. Thus these conduits always run full. The
pressure conduits include pipes, pressure tunnels and pressure
aqueducts.
3
7.2 PIPE, PIPE MATERIALS AND PIPE TYPES
Pipe:
• Circular conduit where fluid flows under pressure
• Designed to carry external and internal loads
Requirement of good pipe:
• Withstand external, internal and temperature stresses
• Smooth for minimum frictional losses
• Durable
• Light
• Non-corrosive
• Cheap
• Easy joint
4
Pipe types as per materials:
(a) Cast Iron (CI) pipes
(b) Wrought iron (WI) pipes
(c) Steel Pipes
(d) Galvanized iron (GI) pipes
(e) Concrete Pipes
(f) Plastic Pipes Fig: Cast Iron Pipes
- Low density polyethylene pipe (LDPE)
- High density polyethylene pipe (HDPE)
- Unplasticized Poly Vinyle Chloride pipes (PVC)
(g) Asbestos cement (AC) pipes
(h) Wooden Pipes
(i) Vitrified clay pipes
(j) Lead and copper pipes

Fig: Steel Pipes 5

Disadvantages:
Brittle and very heavy so difficult to transport and may be
expensive.
Suitability: Suitable for distribution system.
6
(b) Wrought Iron (WI) Pipe:
• Manufactured by rolling the flat plates of metal to proper
diameter and welding to the edges
Advantages:
• Strong, light weight, can withstand high pressure (400 m) and
cheaper than CI pipes
Disadvantages:
• It can’t withstand external load and when there is no water
inside, liable to corrosion and costly to maintain. It is costlier
than CI pipes
Suitability:
• Occasionally used for main lines where pressure is high

7
Figure: Galvanized wrought iron pipes 8
(c) Steel Pipe:
• Manufactured by WI or mild steel which are galvanized by
providing a protective coating of zinc on inner and outer surface
Advantages:
• It is cheap, light, easy in handling and transport, easy in joining
with screwed socket joints and 20 years of life, resistant to
corrosion when exposed to atmosphere
Disadvantages:
• may get corroded by acidic and alkaline waters and liable to
incrustation.
Suitability:
• main lines where pressure is high and when pipe is exposure in
open atmosphere

9
(d) Galvanized iron (GI) pipes:
• Manufactured similar as WI pipes
• 15,20,25,32,40,50,63,75,90,110,125,150, 200 mm inner dia
Advantages:
• Light in weight, easy in transport, handling, cutting, threading,
working, joining, and gives neat appearance, joined couplings or
screwed socket joint.
Disadvantages:
• Costly, corrosive and less durable than CI pipes
Suitability:
• Inside plumbing in buildings but not used nowadays due to high
cost.

10
(e) Concrete (GI) pipes:
• Made of cement concrete (precast or cast in site)
Advantages:
• Withstand 150 m head of water, resist corrosion and life is above
75 years, maintenance cost is low, least thermal expansion, can
be laid under water and resist normal traffic load
Disadvantages:
• Precast type is heavy to handle and transport, concrete pipes
can’t resist high pressure and difficult to repair, it may be
affected by acids and alkali and salty waters, difficult to join and
liable to leak due to porosity
Suitability:
• Where water does not flow under pressure (i.e. sewerage system)

11
(f) Asbestos cement (AC) pipes:
• These are manufactured from a mixture of asbestos fibers, silica and
cement. Asbestos fibers are thoroughly mixed with cement to act as
reinforcement.
• It is available in 75 mm to 500 mm diameter and 3 m to 4 m in length.
• These pipes are used for vertical transport of water. For example,
transport of rainwater from roofs in multistoried buildings,
wastewater from kitchen and bathroom etc
Advantages:
• not affected by salt water and corrosive materials, smooth, light so
easy in handling
Disadvantages:
• Affected by alkali and acid and also brittle so costlier in transport.
Suitability:
• Small size distribution pipes

12
(g) Wooden pipes:
• made of wood by making channels or boring at center and used
in ancient times
• not used in water supply nowadays
(h) Vitrified clay Pipes:
• made of vitrified clay so has smooth surface
• not used in water supply nowadays
(i) Lead and copper Pipes:
• Copper pipe is made of copper and can resist corrosion even if
water contains some acids and expensive so not used in water
supply nowadays
• Leads are soluble in water so lead pipe causes lead poisoning
hence it is not used in water supply nowadays.

13
(j) Plastic Pipes:
• Made of Plastic and common in nowadays
• it is corrosion resistant, light in weight and economical
• Available up to 500 mm internal diameter
• Internal water pressure up to 1N/mm2 (10kgf/cm2) or 100 m
head
Advantages:
• Light, cheap, available in longer length, electrical insulation,
corrosion free, life correspond to GI
Disadvantages:
• Less resistant to hot water, may impart smell to water, can be
easily cut.
Suitability:
• All water supply systems
14
Types:
1. Low density polyethylene (LDPE) pipes:
➢Used in electrical wiring
2. High density polyethylene (HDPE)pipes
3. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes:
4. Unplasticized Polyvinyl chloride (UPVC)
pipes:
5. Poly Propylene Random (PPR) Pipes:

15
16
7.3 LAYING OF PIPES
1. Preparation of detailed maps:
Survey is conducted to prepare detailed map showing alignment of
pipelines from source to Treatment plant and distribution network.
2. Locating proposed alignment of pipeline on the ground:
The alignment of the pipeline is marked by pegging in 30 m
interval on straight and 7.5 to 15 m apart in curves.
3. Location of pipes with respect to ground surface during
laying
Pipes are laid either on (or above) the ground surface or below the
ground surface.
4. Excavation of trench:
Trench should be excavated by adding 30-45 cm in external
diameter of pipe. More than 90 cm clearance is provided above
crown but 15 -20 cm more excavation is done in both direction at
the place of joint.
17
5. Dewatering of trench:
If Ground Water Table (GWT) coincide at the trench level dewatering
mat be required which could be done by pumping or gravity method.
6. Lowering the Pipes:
The pipes are gently lowered into the trench so as not to damage their
outer protective coatings or their ends.
7. Joining pipes:
Proper types of joints should be selected and joined. Further at the time
of laying of pipes the various valves should be fitted at proper place
along the pipeline.
8. Testing of pipes:
After laying, the pipeline should be tested before it is put into regular
service for carrying water.
9. Back filling and disinfection before first use:
Disinfection is done by adding chlorine 50 ppm for 12 hrs.
18
7.4 PIPE JOINTS
• Since the pipes are usually available in smaller lengths these are
required to be joined to develop the long pipelines.
• The pipe joints are therefore required to join together the pipes
of smaller lengths.
The basic requirements of a pipe joint are as noted below.
▪ The joints should be watertight.
▪ The joints should be strong.
▪ The joints should be durable.
▪ The joints should be economical.

19
The various types of joints used for joining the pipes are as
follows.
(1) Socket and spigot joint or Bell and spigot joint
(2) Flanged joint
(3) Expansion joint
(4) Collar joint
(5) Screwed socket joint

20
(1) Socket and spigot joint or Bell and spigot joint
• The socket and spigot joint (or bell and spigot joint) is most
commonly used for cast iron pipes as well as ductile iron pipes
• it is also used for reinforced cement concrete pipes as well as for
prestressed concrete pipes.
• In the case of this joint one end of the pipe is enlarged to form a
specially shaped socket which is called socket end of the pipe,
and the other end of the pipe is normal which is called spigot end
of the pipe.

21
(2) Flanged joint
• The flanged joint is commonly used for cast iron pipes, wrought
iron pipes, steel pipes and galvanized iron pipes.
• For the pipes to be joined by flanged joints a flange is provided
at each end of the pipe. The flanges are separately
cast/manufactured and either screwed or welded at each end of
the pipe.
• The flanges of the adjacent pipes are brought close to each other,
and the flange holes of the two flanges are brought in line with
each other.
• A gasket (or washer) of rubber, canvas or lead is introduced in
between the two flanges to make the joint watertight. The flanges
are then fixed by means of nuts and bolts

22
23
(3) Expansion joint
• Expansion joint is used when pipes may be subjected to
considerable differences of temperature leading to the expansion
and contraction of pipes.
• The provision of expansion joints at suitable intervals in a
pipeline counteracts the thermal stresses produced due to
temperature variations and maintains watertightness of the joint.

24
(4) Collar joint
This joint is commonly used for cement concrete pipes, both
reinforced cement concrete pipes and prestressed concrete pipes,
with plain ends.
A collar made of reinforced cement concrete is used for making
this joint.
The annular space between the outside pipe surface and inside
surface of the collar is then filled with 1:1 cement mortar and
finished on the outside of the collar on both sides.

25
(5) Screwed socket joint
• This is a simple type of joint used for jointing screwed wrought
iron or galvanized iron pipes.
• The two ends of the pipes are threaded on the outside and on them
a suitable jointing compound with a grummet of few strands of
fine yarn are used before screwing a socket having corresponding
threads from inside.

26
Thank You

27