Chapter 8 & 9:Conveyance Of Water , Valves And Fittings

Group member: Tutor:

⬩Sandesh, 139 Asst. Prof. Sukra Raj Poudel
Department of Civil Engineering
⬩Sandesh, 140 IOE, Tribhuvan University
⬩Sandesh, 141
⬩Sangam, 142 Date:11 June, 2021

⬩Sanjaya, 143
⬩Sanjeewani, 144
Objective of Presentation
Student will be able to learn the following things:

•Pipe materials to supply safe and wholesome water to consumers.

•Various types of pipe joints.

•Valves and fittings for efficient operation and maintenance of pipeline.

•What is break pressure tank and how it works.

•Maintenance of water supply system.

1
Presentation Outline
8.1 Pipe Materials

8.2 Pipe joints

8.3 Laying of pipe

9.1 Valves

9.2 Fitting

9.3 Break Pressure Tank

Source: www.pinclipart.com
9.4 Public Stand Post

9.5 Maintenance Of Water supply system

2
Introduction
To fulfil water demand of a community, water is conveyed from the source
to the community through various conduits.

In gravity conduits water flows under the action of gravity where water
surface will be at atmospheric pressure.

In pressure conduits water flows under pressure above atmospheric pressure.

3
Requirement of good pipe material
• Structural strength
• Durability
• Resistance to corrosion
• Resistance to abrasion
• Imperviousness
• Smoothness
• Weight
• Easy to join
• Cost Fig: Corrosion

Source: https://dlpng.com/png/6839129

4
Types of pipe material
1. Cast iron

2. Ductile iron

3. Steel

4. Cement concrete

5. Galvanized iron

6. Plastic
Source: https://civiljungle.com/types-of-plumbing/
5
Cast Iron (CI) Pipes
 Contains 4 – 5 % of carbon and other impurities such
as Sulphur, phosphorous, silicon, etc.

 Manufactured by ordinary sand moulding process and centrifugal process.

 Extensively used for conveyance of water.

 Classification of cast iron with respective maximum

hydraulic pressure they can withstand:

• Class LA - 10kg/cm²
• Class A – 12.5kg/cm²
• Class B - 16kg/cm²
6
Source: http://www.sunnysteel.com/Cast- Source: https://www.draindepot.co.uk/
Iron-Pipe.php
Fig: Cast iron pipe
7
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Moderate cost 1. They are heavy and are difficult to
2. High durability transport and handle.
3. Strong and resistance to corrosion 2. They are brittle in nature.
4. Withstand high internal and external 3. The carrying capacity of pipe
pressure decreases with time.
5. Easy to cut and join

8
Ductile Iron (DI) Pipes
• Manufactured from ductile iron, also called nodular iron or spheroidal
graphite iron.

• Manufactured using centrifugal casting in metal or resin lined moulds.

• Protective internal linings and external coatings are often applied to

inhibit corrosion.

• Offers high resistance against breakage due to impact and high tensile
strength.

• Commonly used for potable water transmission and distribution.

9
Source: https://cnbmbj.en.made-in- Source: https://www.okorder.com/p/ductile-
china.com/product/AZmQbqBYHRVe/China- iron-pipe-dn1400_443440.html
Cement-Lining-Ductile-Iron-Pipe.html
Fig: Ductile iron pipe
10
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Greater strength than CI pipes. 1. These pipes are prone to internal
2. Greater impact resistance than and external protection systems.
CI pipes. 2. Internal as well as external
3. Greater durability than CI pipes. protection systems are required.
4. They are lighter in weight than 3. Corrosion can occur.
CI pipes.
5. They can easily be joined.

11
Steel Pipes
• Fabricated by rolling the flat steel plates to proper diameter and either
riveting or wielding the edges.

• Light and strong to withstand high internal pressure.

• Cannot withstand high external load of earth filling, traffic, etc.

• Cannot withstand negative or vacuum pressure

12
Source: http://www.jfeindia.com/mild-steel-pipe.html Source: https://www.reliance-foundry.com/steel-pipe

Fig: Steel pipe

13
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Cheap 1. Easily corroded
2. Resist very high internal pressure 2. Cannot be used for vacuum
3. Light in weight creating locations
4. Easy to handle
5. Perfectly impervious
6. Flexible and can be used in curves

14
Cement Concrete Pipes
•Either plain cement concrete pipes or reinforced cement concrete pipes.

•Reinforced cement concrete pipes can withstand up to head of 60m whereas

plain cement concrete can withstand only up to 15m.

•Prestressed concrete are used for even higher heads.

•Concrete pipe manufactured in the factory are known as precast pipes.

•Concrete pipe cast at the site are known as cast in-situ pipes.

15
Source: https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/1200- Source: https://hancockconcrete.com/products/mn/
mm-cement-pipe-13199392073.html reinforced-concrete-pipe/

Fig: Cement concrete pipe

16
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Less corrosion 1. Difficult to repair
2. Requires less maintenance 2. Cannot withstand high internal
3. Durable (Life span of about 75 pressure
years) 3. Difficult to make service
4. Resist external loads connections
5. Transportation cost is reduced 4. Acidic and alkaline water corrodes
when cast in situ pipes are used the pipe
5. Cannot be used for small diameter
pipes

17
Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipes
•Mild steel or wrought iron pipes coated with molten zinc on the inner and
outer surface of pipes.

•Coating protects steel from corrosion and extends the life.

•Commonly used for house pipe fitting.

•Jointed mostly by screwed socket joints

18
Source:https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/ Source: http://www.zjststeel.com/
galvanized-iron-pipes-5893481412.html

Fig: Galvanized iron pipe

19
Advantages: Disadvantages:
1. Cheap 1. Corrosion occurs with acidic and
2. Easy to handle. alkaline water flow.
3. Easy to join by threading. 2. Less durable.
3. Roughness increases with time.

20
Plastic pipes
Made from synthetic resign of high molecular weight.
Types:
• Low density polyethylene(LDPE)pipes : Are flexible ,used in long run

• High density polyethylene(HDPE)pipes : Are tough than LDPE cheaper,

durable, smooth, resist corrosion.
• Poly vinyl chloride (PVC)pipes can be jointed easily by using fittings, strong
in resisting pressure used in cold water supply system.

21
Source: https://lh3.googleusercontent.com Source: https://civilseek.com

Fig: Plastic pipe

22
• Wooden pipes: Made of wood channels and used in ancient times. Not
used nowadays.

• Vitrified clay pipes: Made from a blend of clay and shale that has been
subjected to high temperature to achieve vitrification. VCP is commonly used
in gravity sewer collection mains because of its long life and resistance to
almost all domestic and industrial sewage.

• Lead and cupper pipes: It is made of cupper so can resist corrosion even
if water contain some acids.

23
Source: https://civilseek.com Source: https://cpimg.tistatic.com Source:https://buildingscience.com

Fig: Wooden pipe Fig: Vitrified clay pipes Fig: Lead and cupper pipes
24
Polyethylene pipes
Advantages Disadvantages
•Cheap, easy to join, have high thermal • High thermal expansion.
expansion. •Poor temperature capability and are not
good for carrying hot water.
•Durable, smooth and easy to join.
•Less resistance to weathering.
•Corrosion free and chemical resistant.
•Produce taste in water when
•Easy maintenance and installation. temperature is high.
•Inflammable

25
Polyvinyl chloride pipes
Advantages Disadvantages
•Cheap, easy to join. •Pipes are brittle.
•Highly resistant to corrosion. •Poor temperature capability and are
•Durable with expected life not good for carrying hot water.
expectancy up to 50 years. •Less resistance to weathering.
•Very smooth which reduces loss of •Pipes are not for outdoor installation.
head due to friction.
•Pipes are rust proof.

26
8.2 Pipe joints
•Joints are required to join the pipes of smaller lengths.

•The selection of the pipe joints depends on pipe material, internal pressure,
durability, water tightness, site conditions,ec.

•Different types of pipe joints are as follows;

27
Socket and spigot joints
•Most commonly used for cast iron, ductile iron and cement concrete pipes.

•One end of the pipe is enlarged to form bell shaped.

•The other end of the pipe is normal known as spigot end of the pipe.

•Hemp is wrapped around spigot tightly up to 5cm depth.

•Space between the socket and spigot is filled with molten lead.

•This joint is also known as bell and spigot joint or run lead joint.
28
Source: water supply engineering Source :https://lh3.googleusercontent.co
by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar

Fig: Socket and Spigot Joint

29
Tyton joint
•Commonly used for cast iron and ductile iron pipes.
•Rubber gasket gets compressed by 50% to its thickness which makes the
joint water tight.
•Also known as push on joint or push on flexible joint.
•More flexible than socket and spigot joint.

Source: water supply engineering

by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar 30
Source: https://eric-purdy.squarespace.com Source: https://www.watertechonline.com/home

Fig: Tyton joint

31
Flanged joint
•Flanges on its both ends ,casted , welded or screwed with the pipe.
•Water tightened by rubber gasket, washer or lead.
•Mostly used for temporary pipelines such as pumping station
treatment plants, boiler house.
•Dismantled and resembled occasionally.

Fig: Flanged joint

Source: water supply engineering
by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar Source: https://www.google.com 32
Collar joint
•Commonly used for Joining concrete and asbestos cement pipe.
•Rubber gasket, jute or hemp is used in the groove.
•Collar is slipped over the pipe and placed symmetrically at the joints and
concentric around the pipes.
•Cement mortar 1:1 is filled in the gap.

Fig: Collar joint

Source: water supply engineering
by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar Source: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com
33
Screwed socket joint
•Used for joining the GI pipes.
•Socket which has screw threads on the inner surface joins two pipes.
•Strands of jute or hemp, and zinc white are used

Source: water supply engineering Fig: Screwed socket joint

by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar Source: https://www.epowermetals.com 34
Expansion joint
•Elongation and shortening of pipe.
•Socket end cast flanged and spigot end normal.
•Follower ring held rubber.

Source: water supply engineering Fig: Expansion joint

by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar source : https://www.epowermetals.com 35
8.3 Laying Of Pipes
Excavation Timbering
Setting Out
Of Trench Of Trench

Testing Of Laying And Preparation

Pipe Lines Joining Of Pipes Of Subgrade

Back Filling Disinfection Of

Of Trench Pipes

36
Setting Out
⮚ Process of pipe alignment from the drawing to the ground.
⮚ Survey equipment’s such as theodolite, staff, chain, tapes are used.
⮚ Done by driving stakes 30 m apart on straight path.
⮚ 7.5-1.5m apart on curved path .

Fig: Setting Out

Source: gettyimage.com 37
Excavation Of Trench
⮚Generally trench is rectangular in shape.
⮚Width :30 cm more than external diameter.
⮚Depth :shouldn’t be less than 90 cm (+15 cm at joints).

Fig: Excavation of Trench

Source: shutterstock.com 38
Timbering Of Trench
⮚Required in case of loose soil.
⮚To prevent soil from caving in.
⮚Done by wood planks supported by timber blocks, wedge, struts.

Fig: Timbering a trench

Source: shutterstock.com
39
Preparation Of Subgrade
⮚Done to bed the pipe on a firm surface.
⮚For settlement unlikely soil, it is prepared by ramming a layer of sand or clay.
⮚Thickness: 15 to 30cm
⮚Settlement likely: Cement concrete bed of 15cm
⮚Concrete benching is provided to hold the pipes firmly.

Fig: Preparation of Subgrade

Source: shutterstock.com 40
Laying and Joining of pipes
⮚Pipes should be wiped clean.
⮚Small diameter pipes are lowered in trench manually.
⮚Large diameter pipes are lowered in trench by crane or other mechanical
devices.
⮚Pipes are joined with suitable types of joints.

Fig: Laying and Joining of pipe

Source: shutterstock.com 41
Testing of Pipes Lines

⮚ PRESSURE TEST ⮚ LEAKAGE TEST

•Water is filled to expel air. •Certain leakage due to applied

•Open ends closed by plug. pressure.
•Water is added to maintain
•0.5 Mpa test pressure is applied.
specified leakage test pressure.
•Satisfactory: Maintains test pressure •Allowable leakage is given by:
without loss of head. Q=(sqrt(p)/3.3)

42
Backfilling of Trench
⮚Done by parent material.
⮚Should be done in level with ground surface.
⮚Suitable compaction method is applied.

Fig: Backfilling of Trench

Source: shutterstock.com
43
Disinfection of Pipelines
⮚Done by adding chlorine 50ppm for 12 hours.
⮚Pipe is then emptied, flushed with fresh water and put into service.
⮚No need for pipelines carrying untreated water.

Fig: Disinfection of Pipeline

Source: shutterstock.com
44
Valves
Instruments used to control and regulate the flow of water in pipe.

❖Purposes Of Valves
⮚To control the flow of water.
⮚To regulate the pressures.
⮚To release or to admit air.
⮚To prevent flow of water in the opposite direction.
⮚To meet the demand during emergency.

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Types of Valves
⮚Sluice Valves

⮚Reflux Valves

⮚Pressure Relief Valves

⮚Air Release Valves

Fig: Sluice valve

⮚Drain Valves etc..
Source: www.dipraenterprises.com

46
Sluice Valves
⮚Also known as gate valve or cut off valves.

⮚Most commonly used in the water work practice.

⮚Cheaper

⮚Offers less resistance to the flow of water than other valves.

⮚Placed at intervals of about 150 to 300m and at every point of

intersection

47
 Fig: Sluice valve
Source: chinafoundry.com.cn
48
Reflux Valves
⮚Also known as check or non-return valves.

⮚Used when flow is to be maintained in one direction.

⮚Normally placed after pump component.

⮚Invariably placed in pipelines to prevent damage from pump fails.

⮚Consist of disc pivoted at one end.

⮚Opens when flow is forward and vice versa.

49
 Fig: Reflux Valve
Source: shutterstock.com

50
9.1.3Pressure Relief Valves
• Also known as automatic cut off valves or safety valves.
• These valves are provided to keep the pressure in a pipeline
below a predetermined value.

Source: water supply engineering Fig: Pressure Relief Valve

by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar Source: researchgate.org
51
Fig: Pressure relief valve
Source: Wikipedia.org 52
9.1.4 Air Valves
•Provided at summit or high point in pipelines .
•To provide exit for accumulated air in pipelines.
•Also known as air relief valve.
•Automatically release air.

Source: water supply engineering Fig: Air Valves

by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar
source: researchgate.com 53
Source: dezurik.com source: indiamart.com

Fig: Air Valves

54
9.1.5 Drain Valve
•These valve are ordinary sluice valves which are provided for completely
emptying the pipe lines.
•Useful in removing sediments deposited & for inspection, repair etc.
•Also known as scour valves or wash valves or blow off valves.
•Drain valves are operates manually.

Source: indiamart.com Source: grainger.com Source: asc-es.com Source: getdrawing.com

Fig: Drain Valves 55

9.2 Fittings
•Fittings allows pipes to be joined or installed in appropriate place and
terminated or closed where necessary.
•Fittings are available in various shapes and sizes.
•Fittings are essential part of piping & plumbing system.
•Various functions of fittings are as follow:
❑ Connect different pipe sizes.
❑ Connect pipe sections.
❑ Change the direction of flow.
❑ Change the gradient of flow.
❑ Maintain and the flow.
❑ Closing and sealing of pip

56
•There are mainly 2 categories of fittings:
❑Male fitting
They have external thread.
❑Female fitting
They have internal thread.

Fig: Female fitting Fig: Male fitting

source: speedymotors.com source: speedymotors.com
57
 Bend
•Use to change direction of flow.
•¼ bend,1/8 bend,1/16 bend,1/32 bend
are available.
•Also called elbow.
Source: marineinsight.com

Fig: ¼ bend elbow Fig: 1/8 bend Fig: Reducing bend Source: www..wermac.org

Source: indiamart.com source: lazada.com.ph Source: shopee.ph 58

Tee
•To separate flow from main source to different pipe lines.
•It has “T” shaped with one inlet and two outlets.
•Commonly two types of tee: a)equal tee b)unequal tee
•It is available with all female thereded sockets and all solvent weld sockets.

Fig: Equal tee Fig: Unequal tee Fig: Tee

Source: hamronirman.com Source: sunnysteel.com Source: www.wermac.org
59
 Wye
•Fitting with three openings to create branch lines.
•Has one inlet and two outlets or vice versa.
•Have solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends.

Fig: Single wye Fig: Double wye Fig: Wye

Source: toplineonline.com Source: woodplumbpingsupply.com Source: homeinspection.com
60
Cross
•Connect four pipe section together.
•Has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa.
•Also called four way fittings.
Plug Fig: Cross
•Used to closes off or seal the end of the pipe. Source: sunnysteel.com
•Generally have external thread.

Fig: Plug
Source: indiamart.com (Source: realtytimes.com 61
Reducer
•Used to connect pipe when diameter of pipe changed.
•Reducer allow change in pipe size to meet requirement of the system.
•When reducer reverse in direction, it allow increase in diameter of pipe
run and is known as increaser.

Fig: Reducer Fig: Increaser

Source: farmandfleet.com Source: weaverdistributing.com Source: almmy.com 62
Socket
•Used to connect 2 pipes.
•Two types of socket: a)plain socket b)reducing socket

Fig: Plain Socket Fig: Reducing Socket

Source: hardsteel.com Source: hardsteel.com
63
Nipple
•It has external male pipe thread at each end used to connect two pipe
of same diameter.

Fig: Hex nipple Fig: Barrel nipple

Source: indiamart.com Source: indiamart.com
64
Union
•Used to connect two pipe of same diameter.
•It allows quick & convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or
fixture displacement.
•A standard union have nut, a female end and a male end.

Fig: Union Fig: Union with nipple

(Source: indiamart.com) (Source: indiamart.com)
65
Fig: Nipple joining union and bend Fig: Socket joining two pipes
Source: welmarc.com Source: Wikipedia.org

66
 Stop clock
•Practical sluice valve or gate valves of small sizes.
•Used to open or stop flow where necessary.
•Provided just outside the property boundary of the building.

Fig: Stop clock

Source: water supply engineering Source: alibaba.com Source: pipeline.com
by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar
67
 Fig: Use of Stop clock
Source: handymanknowhow.com.uk
68
Water tap
•Water tap are fixed on the pipe line in wash basins, bathrooms, kitchen
etc.
•Clockwise turning of the handle stop the flow of water and anticlockwise
turning opens the flow of water.
•Generally made of brass, gun metal and plastics.

Fig: Water Tap

Source: water supply engineering Source: alibaba.com Source: indiamart.com
by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar
69
9.2 Break Pressure Tank
⮚What is BPT???

Source: https://www.slideshare.com Source: https://images.squarespace-cdn.com

Fig: Break Pressure Tank

70
 Where is BPT used???

Fig: Break Pressure Tank

Source: https://www.slideshare.com Source: water supply engineering
by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar
71
How Break Pressure Tank works??

Click to add text

Fig: Gravity Fed Water Supply System
Source: https://www.permatree.org
72
Construction of BPT:
 Usually constructed of cement masonry
or reinforced cement concrete.
 Minimum height of wall above ground is
20cm and 30 cm thick.
 Covered by RCC slab.
 Inlet pipe should be of GI pipe, with
discharge flow directed directly towards
the floor of tank.
 Outlet pipe should be of GI pipe one
size larger than the pipe line it connects
to.

Source: water supply engineering

by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar
73
Location of Public StandPost
•Provision of a standpost is determined by:
• Maximum desirable walking distance to fetch water.
• Number of people who are supplied water conveniently.

Table: Maximum Walking Distance for Standpost

Type of Walking Walking Distance(m)
Distance
Desirable In Exceptional Cases

Horizontal 150 250

Vertical 50 80

74
Guidelines for locating public standpost
• Should be accessible to all users all the time.

•Should not be located within a house or courtyard.

•If the location is likely to create friction, the villagers should be persuaded to
choose an alternate location.

• Should be located where wastewater can be drained easily.

75
Flow
• Standard standpost flow is 0.15 LPS.

• It will serve 100 persons at average per capita demand of 45 liters per
day with peak factor of 3.

• Minimum flow is 0.1 LPS

• Maximum flow is limited to 0.25 LPS to avoid crowding and long queue.

76
Residual Head
•Residual head is the difference between
total head and available head.

Residual head=Total Head- Available head

•Recommended residual heads at

standpost:
• Absolute min: 5m
• Most desirable: 15m
• Absolute max: 56m

https://www.slideshare.com
77
9.4.4 Construction of standpost
❑ The stand post are constructed
of brick, stone or wood using
mortars or dry stone masonry.
❑ Components of stand post:-
• Post
• Stand
• Apron
• Faucet
• Gutter and Drainage
Fig: Standpost

Source: www.civicforum.org.np

78
Construction
❑ Stand post has supporting column
of 500mm*500mm
❑ Footing should be of 300mm
below ground level
❑ Faucet should not provide more
than 300mm
❑ Apron should be provide enough
room for several persons to work
at once.
❑ Proper drainage built with minimum
drainage slope channel of 5% .

Source: water supply engineering

by Dr. Bhagwan Ratna Kansakar 79
Fig: Various types of standpost
Source: www.nzdl.org
80
9.5 Maintenance of water supply system
Objectives:
•Supply safe and clean drinking water in a desired quantity.
•To keep structures, machinery and equipment in optimum working order.
•To prevent pollution of water at sources, storage and conveyance.
•To prevent the breakdown of components.

Fig: Maintenance of water supply system

Source: www.shutterstock.com Source: www.shutterstock.com
81
Necessity Of Operation and Maintenance
• To maintain standard of quality design and
construction.
•To prepare the proper plan.
•To provide required number of trained personal.
•To maintain MIS records.
•To prevent from possible risk of damage.
•Establishing a sound financial management system.

Fig: Operation and Maintenance

Source: sswm.info

82
 Methods Of
Maintenance

Preventive Corrective Reactive

Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance

83
Institutional Arrangement Of Maintenance
❑Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL)

❑Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC)

 Department of Water Supply & Sewerage Management (DWSS)

84
The role and responsibility of the major
committees and technicians
(DWSS Guidelines,2002)

85
Users Committee
❑Better trained and active.
❑Responsibilities :
• Operations, maintenance, management and repair of water supply scheme.
• Establish and collect fees for VMW’s pay and public stand posts.
• Protecting the scheme from social and environmental damage.
• Promoting and supporting all sanitation activities.
• Maintaining records.
• Transportation of locally not available materials.
• Electing new UC member and officers.

86
 Village Maintenance Worker (VMW)
❑Experience has proven the best VMW’s
are local users of the system.
❑ Responsibilities :
• Making repairs to the scheme.
• Request village volunteer labor from UC to help with
maintenance and repair.
• Safe keeping and proper use of all the scheme’s
maintenance tools.
• Instruct villagers on the building and use of household
latrines.
• Building a household latrine for himself and assisting other Fig: Village Maintenance Worker
villagers in the construction of household latrines by giving Source: enpho.org
technical advices.
1 87
Maintenance And Sanitation Technician (MST)
❑ Responsibilities:
• Participate in scheme’s completion ceremony.
• Visit scheme at least twice a year.
• Form Users’ Committee.
• Helps Users’ Committee to appoint a VMW.
• Helps Users’ Committee to form SUGs.
• Conduct UC meetings for repair work.
• Inspect school and health post latrine together with VMW.

88
Stand Post User Group (SUG)
❑Includes caretakers and two women health
volunteers (sewikas).

❑Responsibilities:
• Maintenance and cleaning of stand post and
surrounding area.
• Supporting VMW with his tasks.
• Collect money, local materials and volunteer
labor for standpost repairs.
• Promote sanitation and hygiene among the Source: slideshare.net
users.

89
Thank you