Week 1 Introduction to Computing and the 8051 Microcontrollers Chapters 0 and 1

Binary and Hexadecimal Systems

Conversion to decimal:
110.101 b = ? 6A.C h = ?
110.101 b = 6.625 6A.C = 106.75

Conversion from decimal

for a whole number: divide by the radix and save the remainder as the significant digits 10 = ? b 10 = ? 8
10 = 1010 b 10 = 12 8

Converting from a decimal fraction

multiply the decimal fraction by the radix save the whole number part of the result repeat above until fractional part of step 2 is 0 0.125 = ? b 0.78125 = ? h

0.125 = 0.001 b 0.78125 = 0.C8 h

Base 16 Number systems

Represent 100111110101b in hex Group them 1001 1111 0101 9 F 5 hex Convert 1714d to binary 1714 = 16*107 +2 107 = 16*6 + 11 1714 = 6B2 h = 0110 1011 0010 b
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Signed Representation-Twos Complement

If the number is positive make no changes If the number is negative, complement all bits and add by 1
-6 => 0000 0110 + 1 = 1111 1001 + 1 = FAh

8 bit signed numbers

0 to 7Fh (+127) are positive numbers 80h (-128)to FFh (-1) are negative numbers

Conversion of signed binary numbers to their decimal equivalent

1101 0001
1101 0001 + 1 = 0010 1110 + 1 = 0010 1111 = 2Fh => -47

1000 1111 0101 1101 (16 bit signed number)

0111 0000 1010 0010 + 1 = 0111 0000 1010 0011 = 70C3h => -28835

Twos complement arithmetic

+14 - 20 0000 1110 + 0001 0100 + 1 = FAh

Overflow: Whenever two signed numbers are added or subtracted

the possibility exists that the result may be too large for the number of bits allocated Ex: +64 +96 using 8-bit signed numbers
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Twos complement
Decimal -128 -127 -126 -2 -1 0 1 +127 0111 1111b 1111 1110b 1111 1111b 0000 0000b 0000 0001b Binary 1000 0000 b 1000 0001b 1000 0010b Hex 80h 81h 82h FEh FFh 00h 01h 7Fh

Numbers in the range from -27 to 27-1 are represented by 8 bit signed arithmetic

ASCII
The standard for text In this code each letter of the alphabet, punctuation mark, and decimal number is assigned a unique 7-bit code number With 7 bits, 128 unique symbols can be coded Often a zero is placed in the most significant bit position to make it an 8-bit code
e.g., Uppercase A 41h

Digits 0 through 9 are represented by ASCII codes 30h to 39h

ASCII - more

BCD

BCD code provides a way for decimal numbers to be encoded in binary form that is easily converted back to decimal
26 (unsigned binary)=> 1Ah = 0001 1010 b 26 (BCD)=>26h=0010 0110 b 243 (unsigned binary)=> F3h= 1111 0011 b 243 (BCD)=>243h=> 0010 0100 0011 b

Unpacked BCD: One byte to store each digit

243 (Unpacked BCD)=> 02 04 03h =>00000010 00000100 00000011 b

Digital Primer

Inversion

AND and OR Gates

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XOR Gate

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Logic Design using Gates

Two implementations of a half-adder

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Full adder using half adders

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3-bit adder using 3 full-adders

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Multiplexer
A A B S B Z S Z

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N to 2N Decoder

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Address decoders

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Latch
The simplest memory element Level-sensitive: it memorizes the input data when there is a given level on the control input

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D type flip flop (DFF)

The only Flip-Flop we use (forget SR, JK, etc.) The most used memory element Edge-sensitive: it memorizes the input data when there is a specific transition (e.g., 0 1) on the control input

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DFF with Enable

If EN = 0 when there is an edge, the edge is ignored; If EN = 1, normal behaviour

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Registers

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Tri-state Buffers
Tri-state Transistor circuit for inverting tri-state buffer:
high impedance (output disconnected)

Variations

Inverting buffer

Inverted enable

transmission gate
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Tri-state Buffers
Tri-state buffers are used when multiple circuits all connect to a common bus. Only one circuit at a time is allowed to drive the bus. All others disconnect.

Bidirectional connections:

Busses:

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Inside the Computer

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Inside the Computer - More

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Stored Program concept

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Stored Program Concept

There are three major parts
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) which acts as the brain coordinating all activities within the computer The memory unit where the program instructions and data are temporarily stored The I/O (Input/Output) devices which allow the computer to input information for processing and then output the result

Today the CPU circuitry has been reduced to ICs called the microprocessor, the entire computer with the three parts is called a microcomputer

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Stored Program Concept - more

Several registers (e.g., flip-flops wired in series with each other)
Some are general purpose, the accumulator for example is reserved for performing complex mathematical operations like multiply and divide, and all I/O data has to go thru the accumulator

The basic timing of the computer is controlled by a square wave oscillator or a clock generator circuit.
Synchronization Determines how fast the program can be fetched from memory and executed

Memory Read or Fetch Cycle

IP: Instruction Pointer (also called Program Counter)
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Stored Program Concept

Memory unit consists of a large number of storage locations each with its own address. RAM (Random Access Memory): also called read/write memory
used for temporary storage of programs typically 8 bits wide data is lost when the power is turned off (volatile) The information in ROM is permanent Non-volatile memory

ROM (Read Only Memory)

The memory units address selector/decoder circuit examines the binary number on the address line and selects the proper memory location to be accessed.
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Three Bus System Architecture

A collection of electronic signals all dedicated to particular task is called a bus address bus data bus control bus Data Bus

How can a 64-bit (or 16 bit) microprocessor access an 8-bit memory?

The width of the data bus determines how much data the processor can read or write in one memory or I/O cycle 8-bit microprocessor has an 8-bit data bus 80386SX 32-bit internal data bus, 16-bit external data bus 80386 32-bit internal and external data buses

The trick is to divide the memory into banks 32-bit microprocessor requires 4 banks of memory with each bank set up to be one-byte wide Bank enable signals are then output by the microprocessor to specify which bank to access
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Address Bus
Address Bus
The address bus is used to identify the memory location or I/O device (also called port) the processor intends to communicate with 20 bits for the 8086 and 8088 32 bits for the 80386/80486 and the Pentium 36 bits for the Pentium II and III The total number of memory locations addressable by a given CPU is always equal to 2x where x is the number of address bits, regardless of the data bus.

Total amount of memory is 4Mbytes

8086 has a 20-bit address bus and therefore addresses all combinations of addresses from all 0s to all 1s. This corresponds to 220 addresses or 1M (1 Meg) addresses or memory locations. Pentium: 4Gbyte main memory
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Control Bus
How can we tell whether the address is a memory address or an I/O port address
Memory Read Memory Write I/O Read I/O Write

When Memory Read or I/O Read are active, data is input to the processor. When Memory Write or I/O Write are active, data is output from the processor. The control bus signals are defined from the processors point of view. Control and address lines are output lines only but the data bus is bidirectional

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Control Bus

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Some Important Terminology

Bit is a binary digit that can have the value 0 or 1 A byte is defined as 8 bits A nibble is half a byte A word is two bytes A double word is four bytes A kilobyte is 2^10 bytes (1024 bytes), The abbreviation K is most often used
Example: A floppy disk holding 356Kbytes of data

A megabyte or meg is 2^20 bytes, it is exactly 1,048,576 bytes A gigabyte is 2^30 bytes
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Internal Working of Computers

Assume that an imaginary CPU has registers called A,B,C, D. It has an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus. Therefore the CPU can access memory from addresses 0000h to FFFFh for a total of 2^16 locations The action to be performed by the CPU is to put a hexadecimal value 21 into register A, and add to register A values 42h and 12h. Assume that the code for the CPU to move a value to register A is 1011 0000b (B0h) and the code for adding a value to register A is 0000 0100b (04h)

Action Move 21h to A Add 42h to A Add 12h to A

Code B0h 04h 04h

Data 21h 42h 12h

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Example Continued
Memory Address 1400h 1401h 1402h 1403h 1404h 1405h 1406h Content of memory B0h 21h 04h 42h 04h 12h F4h (the code for halt)

Assume program is stored at memory locations starting at 1400h

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Internal Working Of Computers

ACTION Move value 21 into register A Add value 42H to register A Add value 12H to register A Memory Address 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 Code B0H 04H 04H Data 21H 42H 12H

Contents of memory address (B0) the code for move to A (21) the value for A (04) the code for adding a value to A (42) the value to be added (04) the code for adding a value to A (12) the value to be added (F4) the code for halt
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Internal Working Of Computers

1- the CPU program counter can have any value between 0000 FFFF H. This one is set to start with 1400 2- the CPU puts out 1400. The memory circuitry finds the location. Activates the read signal, indicating the memory location 1400. B0 is put on the bus and brought to the CPU

PC=1400 CPU
Inst Decoder B0 decode

MEM
Read

B0

3- B0 is decoded internally it now knows it needs to fetch the next byte!. It brings 21h from 1401. The program counter automatically increments itself to the next location to fetch the next data/instruction.

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General Purpose Microprocessors

Microprocessors lead to versatile products Data bus
CPU General Purpose Microprocessor

RAM

ROM

I/O

Timer

Serial COM Port

Address bus These general microprocessors contain no RAM, ROM, or I/O ports on the chip itself Ex. Intels x86 family (8088, 8086, 80386, 80386, 80486, Pentium) Motorolas 680x0 family (68000, 68010, 68020, etc)

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Microcontrollers
CPU RAM ROM Serial Com Port Examples Motorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC 16X

I/O

TIMER

A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports on one single chip; this makes them ideal for applications in which cost and space are critical Example: a TV remote control does not need the computing power of a 486

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Microprocessor vs microcontroller
Microprocessor CPU is stand-alone, RAM, ROM, I/O, timer are separate Designer can decide on the amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports. General-purpose Expensive Higher processing power Microcontroller CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and timer are all on a single chip Fix amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports Single-purpose Inexpensive For applications in which cost, power and space are critical
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Embedded Systems
Embedded system means the processor is embedded into that application. An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to do one task only. In an embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned into ROM. Table 1-1, some embedded products using microcontrollers. Examples: printer, keyboard, video game player, door opener, copier, ABS, fax machine, camera, cellular phone, keyless entry, microwave...
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Embedded Systems
Although microcontrollers are the preferred choice for embedded systems, there are times that the microcontroller is inadequate for the task Intel, Motorola, AMD, Cyrix have also targeted the embedded market with their general purpose microprocessors For example, Power PC microprocessors (IBM Motorola joint venture) are used in PCs and routers/switches today Microcontrollers differ in terms of their RAM,ROM, I/O sizes and type.
ROM: One time-programmable, UV-ROM, flash memory
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How to choose a microcontroller

1.

meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost effectively
speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports and timers, size, packaging, power consumption easy to upgrade cost per unit

2.

availability of software development tools

assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator, technical support

3.

wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers.

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Intel 8051
1981, Intel MCS-51 The 8051 became popular after Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and market a flavor of the 8051.
different speed, amount of on-chip ROM code-compatible with the original 8051 form a 8051 family

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8051 Features
Feature ROM RAM Timers I/O pins Serial port Interrupt sources Quantity 4K bytes 128 bytes 2 32 1 6 Notes a fixed program temporary data Timer/counter 0,1 P0,P1,P2,P3 TxD, RxD
.

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Comparison of 8051 Members

Table 1-4 Comparison of the 8051 Family Members Feature 8051 8052 ROM (program space in bytes) 4K 8K RAM (bytes) 128 256 Timers 2 3 I/O pins 32 32 Serial port 1 1 Interrupt sources 6 8 8031 0 128 2 32 1 6

8031 is referred as ROM-less 8051 To use ROM you must add external ROM to it but you lose two ports

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8051 Layout
P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 RST (RXD)P3.0 (TXD)P3.1 (INT0)P3.2 (INT1)P3.3 (T0)P3.4 (T1)P3.5 (WR)P3.6 (RD)P3.7 XTAL2 XTAL1 GND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

8051 (8031)

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21

Vcc P0.0(AD0) P0.1(AD1) P0.2(AD2) P0.3(AD3) P0.4(AD4) P0.5(AD5) P0.6(AD6) P0.7(AD7) EA/VPP ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7(A15) P2.6(A14) P2.5(A13) P2.4(A12) P2.3(A11) P2.2(A10) P2.1(A9) P2.0(A8)

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8051 Block Diagram

External interrupts Interrupt Control 4K bytes (max: 64K) On-chip ROM for program code 128 bytes On-chip RAM
Timer/Counter

Timer 1 Timer 0

CPU Serial Port

OSC

Bus Control

4 I/O Ports

TxD RxD 4 I/O ports Address:P0,P2 Figure 1-2. Inside the 8051 Microcontroller Block Diagram
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P0 P1 P2 P3

Type
SRAM DRAM Masked ROM PROM

Volatile?
Yes Yes No

Writeable? Erase Size

Yes Yes No Once, with a device programm er Yes, with a device programm er Byte Byte n/a

Max Erase Cycles

Unlimited Unlimited n/a

Cost (per Byte)

Expensive Moderate Inexpensive

Speed
Fast Moderate Fast

No

n/a

n/a

Moderate

Fast

EPROM

No

Entire Chip

Limited (consult datasheet)

Moderate

Fast

EEPROM

No

Yes

Byte

Limited (consult datasheet)

Expensive

Fast to read, slow to erase/write Fast to read, slow to erase/write

Flash

No

Yes

Sector

Limited (consult datasheet)

Moderate

NVRAM

No

Yes

Byte

Unlimited

Expensive (SRAM + battery)

Fast

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Different 8051 Products

Distinguished by types of ROM:
4k bytes UV-EPROM, PROM 8751 microcontroller burner, UV-EPROM eraser AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation flash memory, PROM burner only DS89C4x0 from Dallas Semiconductor flash memory, r/w from/to COM port DS5000 from Dallas Semiconductor NV-RAM, r/w from/to PC serial port

OTP (one-time-programmable) version of the 8051 8051 family from Philips Note
Memory is the biggest difference between them; see Chapters 14 and Chapter 15.

for large market

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DS89C420/430/

In the lab experiments, well use the MDE8051 trainer which uses the Dallas (now part of Maxim) DS89C420/430.
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Atmels products

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