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    Lecture 1

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    Hosam Atef
    lec

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    Lecture 1

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    Hosam Atef
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    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views29 pages

    Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Hosam Atef
    lec

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Fluid mechanics II

    DR. YASSER ABUOUF


    Dr. Yasser Abuouf

     BSc: Mechanical Engineering, Alexandria University (2008)


     Full design of NG liquefaction plant
     MSc: Mechanical Engineering Department, Alexandria University (2015)
     Detection of very small leaks in Airport fueling systems
     PhD: Energy Resources Engineering, EJUST (2021)
     Simulation of blood flow in coronary artery
     Contact info:
    email: yasser.abuouf@alexu.edu.eg
    WhatsApp: 01145573799
    What is a fluid?
    Liquids
    and
    gases
    Mechanics

    Static

    Kinematic

    Dynamic
    This course

     Topics
     External Flow (Lift and Drag)
     NSE
     Hydraulic circuit
    Textbook for part 1

    Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and


    Applications
    Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala
    Internal
    vs
    External
    flow
    Why the study of external flow is important?
    Navier- Stokes Equation (NSE)
    Applications on NSE
    Internal
    vs
    External
    flow
    Study approaches of External Flow

     Experimental approaches: Flow properties


    measurements
     Theoretical approaches: Solving the governing
    equations
     Analytical: theoretical method (limited)
     Numerical: Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
    Experimental approaches
    Theoretical approaches

     Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)


     Conservation of momentum (Momentum
    equation)
     Conservation of energy (1st law of
    thermodynamics)
     Second law of thermodynamics
    Momentum equation

     Newton’s 2nd law


    Σ𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
    External Forces = Inertia Force
    External Forces:
    Body Forces
    Surface Forces
    Surface
    Forces
    =
    Drag Force: in the direction of the flow
    Lift Force: Normal to the Flow Direction
    Momentum Equation

    𝜕𝑉
    𝜌 + V. ∇ 𝑉 = −∇𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜇∇2 𝑉
    𝜕𝑡
    Flow Classifications

     Real (Viscous) or Ideal (Inviscid) Flow


     Compressible or Incompressible Flow
     Turbulent or Laminar Flow
     Unsteady or Steady flow
     3, 2 or 1 Dimensional Flow
     Rotational or Irrotational Flow
    Viscous or Inviscid

     Viscous regions:
    Frictional effect are
    significant
     Inviscid Regions:
    Frictional forces are
    small compared to
    other forces
    𝜕𝑉
    𝜌 + V. ∇ 𝑉 = −∇𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜇∇2 𝑉
    𝜕𝑡
    Inviscid Flow

     Viscous (Shear) force can be neglected


    𝜕𝑢
    𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜇 ≅ 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜
    𝜕𝑦

    Viscosity Velocity gradient


    Compressible or Incompressible

     All liquids are considered incompressible except


    with large pressure difference
     All gases are compressible except for low
    speeds (Ma< 0.3)
    Turbulent vs Laminar

     Laminar: highly ordered fluid


    motion with smooth streamlines
     Turbulent: highly disordered
    fluid motion characterized by
    velocity fluctuations and eddies
     Transitional: contains both
    laminar and turbulent flow
    regions
    Unsteady

     Independent variables:
     Position (Spatial) x, y, z → 1, 2 or 3 D
     Time t → Unsteady or steady
     Dependent variables
     Pressure P, Velocity u, v, w , Density
     Dependent variable is a function of independent variables
    𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡
    𝑉 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝑖 ҧ + 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑤 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 𝑘ത → 1, 2 𝑜𝑟 3 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
    Acceleration

    𝐷𝑉
    𝑎Ԧ =
    𝐷𝑡
    𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
    𝑎𝑥 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
    𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
    𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
    𝑎𝑦 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
    𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
    𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
    𝑎𝑧 = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
    𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
    𝑑 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
    = +𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
    𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

    Total derivative Spatial derivative (Convective)


    Partial derivative (Local)
    (1, 2 or 3D)
    (steady or unsteady)
    Control mass or control volume

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