Volume Calculation2

● Content/Topic 2: Cross-sectional area method:
Crsoss sectional means sections by "Cut" or “Fill”.

Cut means an excavation of the earth and Fill means the filling or raising of the original
ground surface.
One level section
In this case the ground is level transversely.
Here, b= 10 m, s= 1.5, interval= 20 m
The cross- sectional area are calculated by equation:

Area= (b+ sh)h
● Content/Topic 3: Other computation Methods:

Area from coordinate
If the coordinates of the points A, B, C, etc., for a closed traverse of n sides shown in Figure
below, are known, the area enclosed by the traverse can be calculated from the following
expression.
The area can also be computed by arranging the coordinates in the determinant form as given
below.
The products of the coordinates along full lines is taken positive (+) and along dashed lines
negative (─). Thus the area is:
Area from planimeter

Planimeter is an instrument used in surveying to compute the area of any given
plan. Planimeter only needs plan drawn on the sheet to calculate area. Generally, it is very
difficult to determine the area of irregular plot. So, by using planimeter we can easily calculate
the area of any shape.
LO 4.3 – Compute volume.
● Content/Topic 1: Rules for earth work volume calculation:
Trapezoidal rules
Trapezoidal Rule is a rule that evaluates the area under the curves by dividing the total area into
smaller trapezoids rather than using rectangles. This integration works by approximating the
region under the graph of a function as a trapezoid, and it calculates the area.
Vol= D/2 x {(A1+An) +2(A2+A3+……An-1)}
Prismoid rules
The "prismoidal formula" is applicable when there are odd numbers of sections. If the number of
sections is even, the end section is treated separately and the area is calculated according to the
trapezoidal rule. The volume of the remaining section is calculated in the usual manner by the
prismoidal formula. Then both the result is added to obtain the total volume.
Vol= D/3 x (A1+An +4ΣEven Areas+ 2ΣOdd Areas)
 Content/Topic 2: Other methods:
Volume from contour
The "volume" can be estimated by either end area method or prismoidal method. The distance D
is the contour interval, and for accuracy this should be as small as possible. If required, the
prismoidal formula can be used by treating alternate areas as mid area.
Capacity of reservoir
The plane containing any contour represents a horizontal plane and the area bounded by a
contour is treated as the area of the cross-section. The contour interval is the vertical distance
between any two adjacent cross-sectional bounded by the contours. The area bounded by the
contour is measured by a planimeter. Reservoirs are made for water supply, irrigation,
hydropower, etc. A contour map is very useful to study the possible location of a reservoir and
the volume of water of water to be confined. All the contours are closed lines within the reservoir
area.
The area A1, A2, A3,…….. An between successive contour lines can be determined by a
"planimeter" and if h is the contour interval, the capacity of the reservoir can be estimated either
by the prismoidal formula or by the trapezoidal formula. In practice, the capacity of a reservoir is
measured in terms of volume of water stored up to full reservoir level (FRL) which is the level of
water at its full capacity.
Volume from spot height
This method is useful in the determination of volumes of large open excavations for tanks,
basements, borrow pits, and for ground leveling operations such as playing fields and building
sites. Having located the outline of the sites, divide the area into squares or rectangles or
triangles. Marking the corner points and then determine the reduced level. By subtracting from
the observed levels the corresponding formation levels, a series of heights can be found.
The volume per square= {[ha+ hb+ hc+ hd]/4}ℓ x b
Where: ha, hb, hc, and hd are the side spot height and ℓ and b are the side dimensions.
Working example : Calculate, using the mean areas; end areas; and formula, the cubic contents
of an embankment of which the cross sectional areas at 15 m intervals are as follows:
Distance (m) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Area (m2) 11 42 64 72 160 180 220
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7
Answer:
Mean areas method
Vol= {[A1+A2+A3+……An-1+An]/n} x L
Vol= {(11+42+64+72+160+180+220)/7} x 90
Vol= 9630 m3
End areas method
Vol= D/2 x {(A1+An) +2(A2+A3+ A4+A5+A6)}
Vol= 15/2x {(11+220) +2(42 +64 +72 +160 +180)}
Vol= 9502.5 m3
Prismoidal method
Vol= D/3 x (A1+An +4ΣEven Areas+ 2ΣOdd Areas)
Vol= D/3 x (A1+A7 +4Σ (A2+ A4+A6) 2Σ (A3+ A5)
Vol= 15/3 x (11+220 +4(42+ 72+180) 2(64+ 160)
Vol= 5x 231+ 1176+448
Vol= 9275 m3
Working example : An embankment of width 10 m and side slope 1 1/2:1 is required to be made
on a ground which is level in a direction traverse to centre line. The central height at 20 m
intervals are as follows: 0.8, 1.2, 2.25, 2.6, 1.9, 1.4, and 0.9.
Calculate the volume of earth work according to the trapezoidal formula and prismoidal
formula.
Answer:
Level Section: Ground is level along the traverse direction
Here, b= 10 m, s= 1.5, interval= 20 m

The cross- sectional area are calculated by equation:
Area= (b+ sh)h
A1= (10+ 1.5x 0.8) x 0.8= 8.96 m2
A2= (10+ 1.5x 1.2) x 1.2= 14.16 m2
A3= (10+ 1.5x 2.25) x 2.25= 30.09 m2
A4= (10+ 1.5x 2.6) x 2.6= 36.14 m2
A5= (10+ 1.5x 1.9) x 1.9= 24.42 m2
A6= (10+ 1.5x 1.4) x 1.4= 16.94 m2
A7= (10+ 1.5x 0.9) x 0.9= 10.22 m2
Volume according to trapezoidal rule:
V= 20/2x [8.96+ 10.22+ 2(14.16+ 30.09+ 36.14+ 24.42+ 16.94)]
V= 10x [ 19.18+ 242.10]
V= 2612.80 m3
Volume according to prismoidal formula:
V= 20/3x [8.96+ 10.22+ 4(14.16+ 36.14+ 16.94)+ 2(30.09+ 24.42)]
V= 20/3x (19.18+ 268.96+ 109.02)
V= 2647.73 m3
Working example: From a contour plan of a proposed reservoir area, the following data were
found:
Contour (m) 100 105 110 115 120 125
Area of contour (ha) 3 8 13 17 23 29
Determine: The capacity of the reservoir if the FRL is 12.5 m. The volume below the
contour of 100 may be ignored.
Answer:
 "Prismoidal formula" can be used when odd number of section are there so, the
volume up to the contour 120 m is:
 V120= d/3x[(A1+A5)+ 4(A2+A4)+ 2(A3)]
= 5/3x[(3+23)+ 4(8+17)+ (2x13)]
= 5/3x[26+100+26]
= 255.33 ha.m
 And by "trapezoidal formula", the volume between 120 and 125 m is:
 V120-125= h x (A5+A6)/2
=5x (23+29)/2
= 130 ha.m
 Total Volume(V)= V120+V120-125
= 253.33+130
= 383.33 ha.m
Working example : The areas within the underwater contour lines of a reservoir are
as follows:
Contour (m) 184 182 180 178 176 174 172
Areas (m2) 3125 2454 1630 890 223 110 69
Calculate the volume of water in the reservoir between 172 m and 184m contours.
Answer:
End area method:
V= 2/2 x [3125+ 69+ 2(110+ 223+ 890+ 1630+ 2454)]
= 13808 m2
Working example - Square method:

The figure below shows a rectangular plot of size (25.5m x 30m), which is to be
excavated to the given reduced levels. Assuming area is subdivided into rectangle method,
calculate the volume of the earth to be excavated if excavated level=10.00m.
Answer:
Table illustrating the product of depth to be excavated (he) and number of rectangles (n).
Station Reduced Level Excavated Level Depth to be N0 of rectangles Product
(m) (m) Excavated (he)
(n) (he x n)
A 16.54 10.00 6.54 1 6.54
B 17.25 10.00 7.25 2 14.50
C 15.40 10.00 5.40 1 5.40
D 16.32 10.00 6.32 2 12.64
E 12.95 10.00 2.95 4 11.80
F 15.55 10.00 5.55 2 11.10
G 16.17 10.00 6.17 1 6.17
H 15.84 10.00 5.84 2 11.68
I 13.38 10.00 3.38 1 3.38
Total 16 83.21
 Average excavated depth= (Σhe x n)/Σn
= 83.21/16
= 5.2 m
 Base area= ℓ x L
= 25.5 x 30.0
= 765 m2
 Volume to be excavated= Base area x average excavated depth
= 765 m2 x 5.2 m
= 3978 m3
Working example - Triangle method:

The figure below shows a rectangular plot of size (25.5m x 30m), which is to be excavated to the
given reduced level. Assuming area is subdivided into triangle method, calculate the volume of
the earth to be excavated if excavated level=10.00m.
Answer:
Station Reduced Level Excavated Level Depth to be N0 of triangles Product

(m) (m) Excavated (he)
(n) (he x n)
A 16.54 10.00 6.54 2 13.08
B 17.25 10.00 7.25 3 21.75
C 15.40 10.00 5.40 1 5.40
D 16.32 10.00 6.32 3 18.96
E 12.95 10.00 2.95 6 17.70
F 15.55 10.00 5.55 3 16.65
G 16.17 10.00 6.17 1 6.17
H 15.84 10.00 5.84 3 17.52
I 13.38 10.00 3.38 2 6.76
Total 24 123.99
 Average excavated depth= (Σhe x n)/Σn
= 123.99/24
= 5.17 m
 Base area= ℓ x L
= 25.5 x 30.0
= 765 m2
 Volume to be excavated= Base area x average excavated depth
= 765 m2 x 5.17 m
= 3955.05 m3

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● Content/Topic 2: Cross-sectional area method:

Crsoss sectional means sections by "Cut" or “Fill”.

The cross- sectional area are calculated by equation:

● Content/Topic 3: Other computation Methods:

Area from planimeter

Area (m2) 11 42 64 72 160 180 220

Here, b= 10 m, s= 1.5, interval= 20 m

Working example - Square method:

Working example - Triangle method:

Station Reduced Level Excavated Level Depth to be N0 of triangles Product

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