6th Oct 14 30

ExoPlanets - Far from
Home
Dr. Soumya Sengupta
Post Doctoral fellow
Institut de Cienéncies de L’Espai
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
Barcelona, Spain
The oldest view of Cosmos
Aristotle 384–322 BC
17 February,1600 Rome
th
Madras Observatory, India
The first claimed detections of exoplanets occurred in 1855, when Captain William
Stephen Jacob, director of the Madras Observatory in India, suggested that the
binary star system known as 70 Ophiuchi could host a planet. This was based on
observations using astrometry, which involves measuring the precise location of
objects.
The La Silla Observatory, Chile
In 1995, the First Confirmed Exoplanet 51 Pegb

was detected around a sun-like star in the
Pegasus Constellation of about 51 light-years
away from Earth.
Types of exoplanets
Hot Jupiters Terrestrial planets
Sub-Neptune Diamond Planets

Hubble Space Telescope
Spitzer Telescope
Chandra X-Ray Telescope ASTROSAT, India

Question
●
How many confirmed Exoplanets
has been detected till date?
1. < 5,000
2. > 6,000
3. > 7,000
4. > 8,000
Radial Velocity Method to
detect exoplanet
In which year Nobel Prize was given
for the exoplanet discovery?
1)2018
2) 2019
3) 2020
4)2021
Radial velocity method
●
This method works on the principle of doppler shift of light.
●
Due to the rotation of the star around a common barycenter
of the planet-star system, the star sometimes comes toward
us and sometimes goes away from us.
●
While coming to us the star-light shows blue-shift and while
going away it shows redshift.
●
The shifting is sinusoidal in nature and hence shows a
sinusoidal plot in velocity-time plot.
●
The wavelength of light varies according to the doppler
shifting formula: k^ . v^
1+
c
λ =λ 0
√1− 2
v2
c
Radial velocity formula
28.4329 m s
−1
m 2 sin i m1 +m2 −2 /3 P −1/3
K 1= ( ) ( )
√ 1−e 2 M Jup M Sun 1 yr
Here,
K1 the velocity amplitude
e the eccentricity of the orbit
Mjup Mass of solar system Jupiter
Msun Mass of Our Sun
P Orbital Period
m1 Mass of the exoplanetary host star
m2 Mass of the Companion planet
i Inclination Angle Between orbital plane and plane of the sky
Main Outcome
●
The Radial velocity method provides the “minimum
mass” limit of an exoplanet by the formula mpsin(i).
● If a Jupiter mass planet (Mjup ≈ 2x10^27kg) rotating around a sun-like star with an
orbital inclination angle π/4 then what will be the minimum mass limit obtained
using radial velocity method?
1) 2 x 10^27 kg
2) 1.73 x 10^27 kg
3) 1.41 x 10^27 kg
4) 1 x 10^27 kg
Limitation
●
Only the minimum mass limit can be
estimated and not the actual mass.
●
For Face-on View no Doppler shift
can be estimated.
●
Only for small planet-star mass ratio,
this formula can be used.
Photo Credit: NASA
Microlensing in exoplanet
detection
●
When a massive object comes in the line of
sight of an observer and a light source then that
object acts as a lens by wraping the space-time.
●
In exoplanetary system, the star and planet acts
together to show the total lensing effect for a
more distant light source.
●
By subtracting the star’s lensing effect from the
total lensing the mass of the planet can be
estimated.
Transit method
Transit Light Curve Method
Heng 2012
Three types of atmospheric
spectra
●
Transmission Spectra: Star-light transmits through the
planetary atmosphere at primary Transit point. Observed at
different wavelengths but only at transit point.
●
Reflection Spectra: Star-light reflected from the planetary
atmosphere at the secondary eclipse point. Typically in visible
wavelength. Observed during secondary eclipse.
●
Emission Spectra:Planet’s own emission coming directly to the
observer. Typically in Infrared. Observed during secondary
eclipse.
Observed Transit Lightcurve
Transmission spectroscopy
Photo Credit: SRON

Modeling against transit
observation
●
At this position the star-light
R PA 2 F p ( λ ) transmits through the planetary
D ( λ )=( )− atmosphere as well as comes
R star F star ( λ )
directly to the observer. Hence, it is
known as the Transmission
spectra.
●
Transit depth can be represented by
D(λ). RPA Planetary radius including core
& atmosphere.
Rstar Star radius
FP Star-light transmitted through

planetary atmosphere.
Fstar Undisturbed star-light coming to the
observer.
Planetary Radius estimation
●
Hence the absorption ●
If a Jupiter-like planet
depth changes with the transit a sun-like star,
radius of the planet. then what will be the
magnitude of its transit
●
Formula : absorption depth?
R2p ( λ ) 1) 1
D( λ )=
R 2star 2) 1/10
Rjupiter ≈6.9x10^4 km
3)1/100
Rsun ≈6.9x10^5 km 4) 1/1000
Rearth ≈ 6.4x10^3 km
Observed Transmission spectra of
HD189733b
Tinetti et al. 2007

Modeling of the transmission
spectra
●
Atmospheric chemical composition plays a crucial role
while absorbing the star-light transmits through the
atmosphere.
●
This can be realized in terms of optical depth which is
absorption co-efficient times the optical distance covered.
d τ =− κ dz
●
Then Beer-Bouguer-Lambert law is used which says,
I transmitted =I incident exp(− τ ( λ )/ μ0 )
where μ0 is the direction cosine of the incident light.
Observed Transmission spectra
of Hot-Jupiter XO-1b
Credit: Giovana Tinetti

Secondary Eclipse
Planetary Day-side Spectra
●
For a Hot-Jupiter (Jupiter like planet tidally locked
to their host star) planet one side is permanently
day and the other is permanently night.
●
Star-light gets reflected from the day-side of the
planet and gives Reflected spectra (Typically in
Visible).
●
Planet’s own emission coming directly to the
observer gives the Emission spectra (Typically
in Infrared).
Planetary Flux ratio
Rp & Rs are Planetary & Stellar Radius RP 2 F P(λ)
η ( λ )=( )
RS F S(λ )
Fp & Fs are Planetary & Stellar Flux
●
Reflected Flux ●
Emission Flux
In case of zeroth order In case of zeroth order
Approximation Approximation
RP 2
η ( λ )=( ) A ζ RP 2 BP(λ , T P)
D η ( λ )=( )
RS BS(λ , T S)
A is albedo
Bp is planetary blackbody flux
D is planet-star distance
Bs is stellar Blackbody flux
ζ is the observed fraction of the
planet illuminated.
2 hc 2 1
B ( λ , T )= 5
λ exp ( hc )−1
λ kT
Question
●
For an earth-like planet rotating around a sun-like
star, what will be the magnitude of planet-star flux
ratio in visible wavelength (Assume albedo A= 1 and
planetary illumination ζ ≈ 0.1; in reflected case)?
1) 1:10^10
Rjupiter ≈6.9x10^4 km
2) 1:10 ^8
Rsun ≈6.9x10^5 km
3) 1:10 ^7
Rearth ≈ 6.4x10^3 km
4) 1:10 ^5
Additional Info: Earth-sun distance 15 x 10^7 km

Question
●
For a Hot-Jupiter planet what will be the
planet-star flux ratio in infrared for a sun
like host star?
1) 1:10^2 Rjupiter ≈6.9x10^4 km
2) 1:10^3 Rsun ≈6.9x10^5 km
3) 1:10^4 Rearth ≈ 6.4x10^3 km
4) 1:10^5
Day-side emission flux ratio for
Hot-Jupiter
Madhusudhan 2009
Planetary Temperature-pressure
Profiles
Modeling of temperature-pressure
profile
●
The vertical atmosphere is divided in a number of homogeneous
layers.
●
These layers are seperated by pressure range and not by height
assuming Ideal gas law. ρKT
P= μ
●
Each layers are in Local thermodynamic Equilibrium.
●
Vertical pressure and the gravitational force of the atmosphere are
balanced by the hydrostatic equilibrium condition. dP
=−ρ g
dh
●
Our main target is to estimate the temperature at different
atmospheric layers.
Question
●
If an atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium and
the pressure at the surface of the planet is P 0,
then the pressure at any height P(h) can be
expressed as,
1) P0 exp(- µgh / KT)
2) P0 log(µgh / KT)
3) P0 (µgh / KT)
4) P0 exp(µgh / KT)
Modeled temperature-
pressure profiles
Miguel et al. 2013

Outcomes (planetary parameters)
●
Planetary radius
●
Orbital period
●
Atmospheric Chemical composition of the
planet
●
Atmospheric temperature-pressure profile of
the planet
●
Day-night temperature contrast
●
Atmospheric circulation
Questions For Further
Research
How can we distinguish the planet’s own light from the
stellar light while observing the system as a whole?
●
The size of the Hot-Jupiter exoplanets are always
higher than our Jupiter. Why is it so?
●
Is there a possibility of life Outside of our solar
system?
●
In future, How Human beings can travel to the far land
to have a new home?
●
And a loooooooottttttttt more.......
WE ARE WAITING TO
MEET YOU!
A PALE BLUE DOT!
Now the whole world is on the same ship of
discovery. We hope, someday we reach some
new land, where maybe different civilization
waiting for us with some surprises. But till
then, we have only one place to live and love
in, our dearest planet, EARTH. We should not
EARTH
spoil our environment, atmosphere, and the
essentials we got as the blessings of nature.
Otherwise, the whole ship will sink in the sea..
- Soumya Sengupta,
The Light from Heaven-A Story of Exoplanets
Your Big Idea
●
Where do you want to see the
Science and Human kind in the
next 20 years?
Write your concepts (no boundation ) and send me the .pdf at
ssengupta@ice.csic.es;soumyasenguptawb@gmail.com
THANK YOU!
Credit: Phys.org

6th Oct 14 30

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6th Oct 14 30

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

6th Oct 14 30

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ExoPlanets - Far from

In 1995, the First Confirmed Exoplanet 51 Pegb

Hot Jupiters Terrestrial planets

Sub-Neptune Diamond Planets

Chandra X-Ray Telescope ASTROSAT, India

Photo Credit: SRON

FP Star-light transmitted through

Tinetti et al. 2007

Credit: Giovana Tinetti

Additional Info: Earth-sun distance 15 x 10^7 km

3) 1:10^4 Rearth ≈ 6.4x10^3 km

Miguel et al. 2013

You might also like