INTERNET OF THINGS LABORATORY

(LPCIT-111)
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REǪUIREMENTS FOR
THEAWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Name: Tarunpreet Kaur Mrs. Himani Sharma
U.R.N: 2203902
C.R.N: 2221127

Department of Information Technology

GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING COLLEGE
LUDHIANA
(An Autonomous College Under UGC Act 1956)
 INDEX

S.No Name of Practical Date

 PRACTICAL-1
Familiarization with Arduino/ Raspberry Pi and perform
necessary software installation

Introduction to Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

It's designed for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive
projects. The core of Arduino is its microcontroller boards, which are programmable using
the Arduino programming language and the Arduino Integrated Development Environment
(IDE).
Arduino boards come in various shapes and sizes, but they typically include digital and
analog input/output pins that allow them to interact with sensors, switches, LEDs, motors,
and many other components. This flexibility makes Arduino ideal for prototyping and
experimenting with electronics.
The Arduino IDE simplifies the process of writing code for the boards, making it accessible
even for beginners. Arduino code, known as sketches, is written in C/C++, but the IDE
abstracts much of the complexity, allowing users to focus on their project's logic rather than
the intricacies of embedded systems programming.
Overall, Arduino has become immensely popular due to its user-friendly nature, extensive
community support, and the ability to quickly bring ideas to life in the realm of electronics
and interactive projects.

Components Of Arduino
• Microcontroller: This is the brain of the Arduino board, responsible for executing the
program instructions. Common microcontrollers used in Arduino boards include
Atmel AVR series (like ATmega328P) and ARM-based processors.
• Clock Oscillator: Provides the timing reference for the microcontroller to execute
instructions at the correct speed.
• Input/Output (I/O) Pins: These pins allow the Arduino to interact with the external
world. They can be digital (either HIGH or LOW) or analog (able to read a range of
values).
• Power Connector: Arduino boards can be powered via USB or an external power
supply. They typically accept a range of voltages (usually 5V or 3.3V depending on
the model) to power the board and connected components.
• LEDs: Onboard LEDs serve various purposes, such as indicating power status or
showing activity on specific pins (like TX/RX communication).
• Voltage Regulator: Converts higher voltage inputs (like from a wall adapter) into the
operating voltage required by the microcontroller and other components on the board.
• USB Interface: Allows the Arduino to connect to a computer for programming and
serial communication. Some models also support other communication interfaces like
Bluetooth or Wi-Fi.
• Headers and Connectors: These are used to connect external components such as
sensors, actuators, displays, and communication modules (like Ethernet shields or
wireless modules).
• Programming Interface: Typically uses a USB-to-serial interface or an onboard USB
controller (in newer models) to upload sketches (programs) from the Arduino IDE to
the board.
• Memory: Includes Flash memory for storing the program (sketch) and SRAM for
runtime variables and stack.
• Voltage Regulator: A voltage regulator is essential on Arduino boards to maintain a
stable voltage supply. It converts higher input voltages (such as from an external
power source or USB) to the regulated voltage required by the microcontroller and
other components on the board. This ensures consistent and reliable operation of the
Arduino and its connected peripherals.
• Reset Switch: The reset switch allows you to restart the microcontroller, effectively
resetting the program running on the Arduino board. This can be useful for debugging
or restarting the program without physically disconnecting power.
• Power Port: Arduino boards typically have a power port where you can connect an
external power source. This could be a DC barrel jack for plugging in a wall adapter
or a terminal block for connecting other power sources. It provides a convenient way
to power the Arduino board and attached components.
• Crystal Oscillator: Arduino boards include a crystal oscillator or resonator to provide
precise timing for the microcontroller. This ensures that the microcontroller operates
at the correct frequency, enabling accurate timing of program execution and
communication.
 • Digital Pins: These pins can be configured as digital inputs or outputs. They operate
at 5V and can be set HIGH (5V) or LOW (0V) using digitalWrite() function in
Arduino IDE. They are used to connect LEDs, buttons, and other digital devices.
• Analog Input Pins: These pins can read analog voltages from sensors and other
analog devices. They can convert analog voltage levels into digital values using
analogRead() function in Arduino IDE. Analog input pins typically operate at 5V and
can read voltages between 0 to 5V.

Installation of Arduino

Step 1: Go to the Arduino.cc Website

Go to the website www.arduino.cc in order to download the software.

Hover over the 'Software' tab and click on 'Downloads'.

Step 2: Click on the Download Link

Scroll down until you see the link that says 'Windows installer' and click on it.

Step 3: Begin the Download

After clicking on the download link you'll be redirected to the donation page, here you can
donate or skip it if you like by clicking on the 'Just download' link.
Step 4: Begin the Installation Process

Open the downloaded file.

A new window will open asking you to agree to the license agreement.
Click on 'I agree' to continue.

Step 5: Select What to Install

Now you'll see all the available options to install the software with.
If you don't know what you need, it is best to keep everything checked as you can change it
later when the installation has finished.
Click on 'Next' to continue.

Step 7: Finish the Installation

Wait until the installation is finished, it shouldn't take very long.

When the installation is finished you may click on 'close' to end the setup wizard.
Step 8: Launch the Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE has now been successfully installed.

Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi, developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom, is a

series of small single-board computers and perhaps the most inspiring computer available
today.
From the moment you see the shiny green circuit board of Raspberry Pi, it invites you to
tinker with it, play with it, start programming, and create your own software with it. Earlier,
the Raspberry Pi was used to teach basic computer science in schools but later, because of its
low cost and open design, the model became far more popular than anticipated.
It is widely used to make gaming devices, fitness gadgets, weather stations, and much more.
But apart from that, it is used by thousands of people of all ages who want to take their first
step in computer science.
It is one of the best-selling British computers and most of the boards are made in the Sony
factory in Pencoed, Wales.

Components of Raspberry Pi
• ARM CPU/GPU – This is the processor of the computer, which handles the main
data as well as graphics. The first is the main processor, which is a Broadcom
BCM2835 System on a Chip (SoC). The GPU or Graphics Processing Unit, on the
other hand, comprises all the necessary graphic operations, such as those required for
general display, or to a certain extent, even gameplay.
• RAM – The RAM or Random Access Memory is a temporary memory present on the
Raspberry Pi. It is a volatile memory, allowing for temporary storage, just like it
would be in the case of a regular computer. As for the size of the RAM, the memory
varies and currently comes in three options, namely, 2GB, 4 GB, and 8 GB.
• GPIO – This is an input and output connection port, which is meant for connecting
external hardware, depending on the nature of its purpose.
• RCA – An RCA is a cable, also referred to as a phone connector, used for connecting
two different devices and carrying video or audio signals. In the case of the Raspberry
Pi, it can be used to connect the device to analog televisions and other related devices.
• LEDs – LEDs or Light Emitting Diodes, present in the chip, provide an indication the
computer is active and running.
• This is a port that can be used to connect to an external audio device, which ranges
from headphones to speakers. It is a standard 3.55 mm jack, which only allows for
output, meaning that there is currently no option for audio input.
• USB – The USB or Universal Serial Bus is a standard USB port that can be used to
connect with any other device that is compatible and USB-ready. The presence of a
USB allows for the Raspberry Pi to be connected to a wide range of devices, such as
keyboards, mice, flash drives, external hard drives, joysticks, and computers of all
kinds, including desktops, tablets, laptops, netbooks, etc.
• Power – This is the main power connector, which connects a 5v Micro USB slot to a
compatible power source.
• HDMI – The HDMI cable is a connector that allows you to connect the Raspberry
Pi to high-definition monitors, televisions, and other such devices, through the use of
a suitable HDMI port.
• Ethernet – This is a port that allows one to connect the computer to the internet
through wired network access. At the same time, however, this feature is currently
limited to Model B, while other variants lack the same.
• SD Card Slot – A full-sized card slot, it permits one to use standard memory cards on
the device. In addition to this, it also serves another important function, which is the
installation of an OS, given that one needs a bootable memory card to install an
operating system on it.
Installation of Raspberry Pi:
1. Download the Raspberry Pi Imager from the Official Page.

2. Use the Raspberry Pi Operating System.

3. Select the SD Card & click Write.

4. Add the Raspberry Pi to the Monitor.

5. Skip the Update for the time being

6. Click Restart to complete the process.
Comparison between Arduino and Raspberry Pi

Feature Arduino Raspberry Pi

Processor 8-bit microcontroller (e.g., 32-bit/64-bit ARM
ATmega328) processor (e.g., Broadcom
BCM2837)
Clock Speed 16 MHz (for ATmega328) 1.2 GHz - 1.5 GHz
(depending on model)
RAM 2 KB (ATmega328) 512 MB - 8 GB (depending
on model)
Storage None (uses onboard flash for SD card slot for external
firmware) storage
Operating None (runs a single program Linux-based OS (e.g.,
System at a time) Raspbian)
Programming Arduino C/C++ (Arduino Python, C, C++, Java, etc.
Language IDE)
Connectivity Limited (requires shields for Built-in Ethernet, Wi-Fi,
networking) Bluetooth (depending on
model)
GPIO Pins Typically 14 digital I/O, 6 26-40 GPIO pins
analog inputs (Uno model) (depending on model)
Power Low Higher (depends on
Consumption peripherals and usage)
Use Case Simple, real-time control More complex tasks,
tasks, sensor interfacing running full OS,
multimedia
Price Range $10 - $30 $35 - $75 (depending on
model)
Expansion Shields (add-on boards) HATs (Hardware Attached
Options on Top)
USB Ports 1 (for programming and 1-4 (depending on model)
communication)
HDMI Output No Yes
Analog Input Yes (6 on Uno) No (requires ADC)