II.5.

Drinks
II.5.1. Traditional drinks
II.5.1.1. Historical significance
The United Kingdom has a rich and diverse history of traditional drinks that reflects its
cultural evolution, social fabric, and influences from around the world. From hearty ales to
fine teas, these beverages are more than just thirst-quenchers; they tell a story of the nation’s
history, economic growth, colonial expansion, and social customs. Below is an exploration
of some of the most historically significant traditional drinks in Britain.
Ale and Bee
Beer, particularly ale, is one of the oldest and most culturally significant beverages in
Britain. Ale was already being brewed by the Anglo-Saxons, long before the arrival of hops
in the 15th century, which transformed the brewing industry. For centuries, ale was a staple
of the British diet, consumed by all social classes due to its relative safety compared to
water, which was often contaminated.
The “pub culture that developed around ale in medieval England became a cornerstone of
British social life. Taverns, inns, and alehouses served as gathering places for local
communities, and beer was central to these communal spaces. The introduction of hops,
which preserved beer and allowed it to last longer, expanded the British beer industry,
contributing to the rise of famous brewing centres like Burton-upon-Trent.
Mead
Mead, an ancient drink made from fermented honey, has roots that reach back to the early
Celtic and Anglo-Saxon periods. It was often associated with feasting and was considered a
drink of the gods and royalty. While it lost popularity with the rise of beer and wine, mead
holds a nostalgic place in British history, tied to medieval myths and stories of Viking
invaders. Mead's resurgence in recent years taps into a growing interest in historical
traditions and ancient British practices.
Gin
Gin's history in Britain is a dramatic tale of rise, fall, and resurgence. Originating from
Dutch genever, gin became hugely popular in Britain in the late 17th and early 18th
centuries. Known as the "Gin Craze", this period saw gin consumption spiral out of control,
particularly in London, where cheap and often toxic versions were produced in vast
quantities.
The drink’s association with poverty, crime, and social decay prompted the government to
pass a series of "Gin Acts" in an attempt to curb its consumption. The iconic image of the
time is William Hogarth’s famous engraving, Gin Lane, which depicted the destruction
caused by gin addiction. Over time, gin shed its negative image and became refined into a
more sophisticated spirit, epitomized by the gin and tonic a drink that gained favour in the
British Empire, particularly in India, where the quinine in tonic water helped combat
malaria.
Tea
Perhaps no drink is more associated with British culture than tea. Its history is closely tied
to Britain's imperial ambitions and trade routes, particularly with China and India. Tea was
introduced to Britain in the mid-17th century and quickly became a symbol of sophistication
and social status. By the 18th century, it had transitioned from an elite beverage to a
household staple.
The “British East India Company” played a significant role in making tea more accessible
by controlling much of the tea trade. The rise of tea rooms and afternoon tea customs in the
19th century further cemented tea as a quintessential part of British daily life. The cultural
ritual of afternoon tea, a custom introduced by Anna, Duchess of Bedford, in the 1840s,
continues today as a symbol of British refinement and leisure.
Whisky
While whisky is more commonly associated with Scotland, its significance in British
culture as a whole is undeniable. Whisky production in Scotland dates back to at least the
15th century, with Scottish monks believed to have distilled the first versions of the spirit.
By the late 18th and 19th centuries, whisky had become a major export product for Britain.
Scottish whisky, or "Scotch," is renowned globally, and different regions in Scotland
developed their own distinct flavours. Scotch whisky became a symbol of craftsmanship
and regional pride, and its connection to British identity, particularly in Scotland, remains
strong.

Cider
Cider, made from fermented apples, has deep roots in the rural areas of England,
particularly in the West Country (Somerset, Herefordshire, and Devon). Its history dates
back to Roman times, but it gained prominence in the medieval period when orchards were
planted throughout the countryside.
Cider was an important drink for farmers and labourers, particularly in agricultural
regions, and it remains a symbol of British rural life. Traditionally, cider was often
consumed as a daily beverage, much like ale, because it was safer to drink than water in pre-
modern times. Today, cider has seen a resurgence in popularity, with craft cider producers
and festivals celebrating its heritage.
The historical significance of traditional British drinks reflects the nation’s broader social,
economic, and cultural history. Ale and beer, gin, whisky, tea, and cider each tell a part of
the story of Britain’s evolution—from its agrarian roots and medieval communities to its
industrial and colonial expansion. These drinks remain deeply embedded in the cultural
identity of the British Isles, continuing to shape traditions, customs, and social interactions
in modern Britain.Each drink, whether it be a pint of ale in a cozy pub, a cup of tea during
the afternoon, or a glass of whisky after a long day, carries with it centuries of history,
reflecting the complex tapestry of British life and tradition.
II.5.1.2. Regional variations
Traditional British drinks vary significantly across regions, each offering its own distinct
flavors and cultural significance. Below are some key regional variations that highlight the
diversity of traditional drinks in Britain:

Yorkshire Bitter (Northern Englan)

Yorkshire, in Northern England, is known for its iconic bitter ales. These beers have a
strong malt character with a well-balanced bitterness from hops. Yorkshire bitters are
traditionally served in pubs across the region and are famous for their smooth, full-bodied
flavor.

Cornish Scrumpy (Southwest England)

Cornwall, in the southwest, is renowned for its traditional cider called "scrumpy." This
rustic cider is made from locally grown apples and typically has a higher alcohol content
with a bold, unrefined flavor. Cornish scrumpy is often cloudy and can range from sweet to
very dry.

Welsh Whisky (Wales)

While Scotland is famous for whisky, Wales also has a growing whisky industry. Welsh
whisky is often lighter and softer in character, with delicate notes of fruit, honey, and
sometimes vanilla. It reflects the local landscape and ingredients, offering a gentler
alternative to the robust Scotch whiskies.
Scottish Ale (Scotland)
Scotland has a long tradition of brewing, producing ales with a distinct malty richness.
Scottish ales, such as “Strong Scotch Ale” and “Scottish Light”, are known for their sweet,
caramel, and toffee-like flavors. These beers typically have a low hop bitterness, focusing
on the depth of the malt.

Kentish Ale (Southeast England)

Kent, often called the "Garden of England," is known for its hop fields and production of
Kentish ale. This style of beer is marked by its earthy, herbal hop flavors, with a crisp, clean
finish. Kentish ales showcase the local hops, giving them a unique regional character.
Irish Stout (Northern Ireland and Ireland)
 Though Ireland is separate from Britain, Irish stouts, especially Guinness, have strong
historical ties to the British Isles. These dark, creamy stouts are characterized by roasted
malt flavors with notes of coffee, chocolate, and sometimes a hint of bitterness. They are a
significant part of the pub culture in both Northern Ireland and Britain.

London Gin (London)

London has a rich history of gin production, particularly the famous “London Dry Gin”.
This style of gin is known for its clean, crisp, and juniper-forward flavor. It became a key
part of British drinking culture, with gin and tonic becoming a quintessential British
cocktail, especially during the British Empire's expansion.

West Country Cider (Southwest England)

Besides Cornish scrumpy, the broader West Country region, including Somerset and
Devon, is famous for its traditional ciders. These ciders are made from local apple varieties
and are known for their fruity, often dry flavors. Cider has been a staple drink in this region
for centuries due to the abundance of apple orchards.

Newcastle Brown Ale (Northeast England)

Newcastle, in the northeast, is famous for its “Newcastle Brown Ale”. This beer is a
medium-bodied ale with a nutty, slightly sweet flavor and a reddish-brown color. It became
popular in the 20th century and remains one of the most iconic British ales.

Highland Single Malt Whisky (Scotland)

Scotland’s Highlands are renowned for producing “single malt Scotch whisky”, which is
celebrated worldwide for its complex flavours. These whiskies often have smoky, peaty
notes, along with hints of heather, honey, and fruit. Each distillery within the Highlands
offers its unique take on this cherished drink, contributing to the region’s reputation as a
whisky powerhouse.
The regional diversity of traditional British drinks is a testament to the country’s varied
landscapes, local ingredients, and brewing traditions. Whether it’s a pint of bitter in a
Yorkshire pub, a glass of Welsh whisky, or a bottle of Cornish scrumpy, these regional
variations offer a fascinating insight into Britain's rich drinking culture. Each region brings
its own unique flavors and heritage, ensuring that traditional British drinks continue to be
celebrated both at home and abroad.
II.5.1.3. Origins and growth
II.5.3.1 Origins
 The origins of traditional British drinks are deeply intertwined with the country's history,
agriculture, and interactions with other cultures. Each drink has its own unique story of
development, influenced by local ingredients, climate, and foreign influences. Here’s a look
at the origins of some of Britain’s most iconic traditional drinks:

Ale and Beer

Ale is one of Britain’s oldest beverages, dating back to pre-Roman times. The ancient
Britons and later the Anglo-Saxons brewed ale from water, malted barley, and yeast. These
early ales were unhopped, making them distinct from modern beers. The brewing of ale
was a domestic activity in medieval England, often done by women (known as “alewives”).
The introduction of hops in the 15th century, likely from the Netherlands or Germany,
transformed ale into beer, as hops acted as a preservative and gave beer its characteristic
bitterness. Hopped beer quickly became popular and set the stage for Britain's flourishing
beer industry.

Mead
Mead, made from fermented honey, is believed to be one of the earliest alcoholic
beverages in Britain, dating back to the early Celts and Anglo-Saxons. Honey was a readily
available resource, and mead became an important drink for feasting and ceremonial
occasions.Mead was often associated with nobility and mythology. It is mentioned in
Anglo-Saxon poems like “Beowulf” and was consumed by warriors and kings during feasts.
Though mead fell out of favour with the rise of beer and wine, it has enjoyed a recent
revival, especially in historical reenactments and artisanal brewing.

Cider
Cider has been made in Britain since the Roman occupation in the first century AD,
although it likely existed in some form before that. The Romans introduced cultivated apple
varieties, which helped improve cider production. By the medieval period, cider was firmly
established in southern and western England, particularly in regions like Somerset, Devon,
and Herefordshire.Cider production thrived in rural Britain due to the abundance of apple
orchards. Over time, regional variations emerged, with traditional "scrumpy" becoming
popular in places like Cornwall. The term scrumpy refers to rough, unfiltered ciders made
using traditional methods.

Whisky
Whisky (or whiskey) is believed to have been brought to Scotland and Ireland by Christian
monks in the early Middle Ages. The earliest records of whisky distillation in Scotland date
to the 15th century, but the practice may have begun much earlier. It was initially distilled
for medicinal purposes, with the name "whisky" derived from the Gaelic term “uisge
beatha”, meaning "water of life."
Scottish Whisky: Over the centuries, whisky became a staple in Scottish and Irish
communities, with regional variations emerging. The Scottish Highlands and islands, in
particular, became famous for their distinct styles, including peaty single malts.
Welsh Whisky: While less prominent, Welsh whisky also has a long history. The revival
of the Welsh whisky industry in the 21st century taps into ancient distilling traditions, with
new distilleries producing whisky that reflects local ingredients and methods.
Gin
Gin's origins can be traced back to the Dutch spirit genever, which was introduced to
England in the late 17th century by soldiers returning from the Netherlands. The English
adapted genever into what we now know as gin, adding more juniper and making the spirit
drier.The Gin Craze Gin quickly gained popularity, especially in London, where the "Gin
Craze" of the early 18th century led to widespread, often unregulated, production. Cheap,
low-quality gin was consumed in vast quantities, leading to social problems. The
government introduced the **Gin Acts** to curb excessive drinking, but by the 19th
century, gin had evolved into a more refined drink, with London Dry Gin becoming a
standard.
Tea
Tea was introduced to Britain in the mid-17th century, likely by Portuguese or Dutch
traders. It was initially a luxury item, consumed by the elite, but its popularity grew quickly.
The marriage of King Charles II to Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese princess and tea
enthusiast, helped elevate tea's status in British society.The British East India Company
played a significant role in making tea a common household beverage by importing vast
quantities from China and later establishing tea plantations in India. Tea became so integral
to British culture that by the 18th century, it was a daily ritual, giving rise to customs like
afternoon tea and tea rooms.

Porter and Stout

Porter, a dark beer, was developed in London in the early 18th century and quickly became
popular with the city's working-class population, particularly porters, from whom the beer
got its name. Porter was a robust, long-lasting beer, ideal for urban consumption.Stout
originally referred to a stronger version of porter, hence the term “stout porter.” Over time,
stout developed into its own distinct style. Irish stouts, like Guinness, became world-
renowned, with their creamy texture and roasted malt flavors.
Cider and Perry
Cider has ancient roots in Britain, dating back to Roman times. Perry, a similar drink made
from fermented pears, has its origins in the West Midlands. Both drinks became widespread
in rural England, especially in regions like Herefordshire, Somerset, and Gloucestershire,
where apple and pear orchards thrived.By the Middle Ages, cider had become a common
beverage for English farmworkers, as it was safer to drink than water. Cider production
expanded as the country’s agricultural practices developed, and it became a staple of rural
life.

Liqueurs and Fruit Wines

In addition to more common beverages like beer, wine, and spirits, various liqueurs and
fruit wines have long been produced in Britain, often made from locally sourced berries and
fruits. Sloe gin, for example, is a traditional British liqueur made by steeping sloe berries in
gin. The origins of these drinks lie in rural traditions, where families would make
homemade liqueurs and wines using seasonal fruits.Sloe gin has been made for centuries,
often as a wintertime drink. Elderflower wine, blackberry wine, and other fruit-based
beverages also have their origins in British countryside traditions.

The origins of Britain’s traditional drinks reflect its historical development, agricultural
practices, and interactions with other cultures. Whether it’s ale brewed in medieval
monasteries, gin imported from the Netherlands, or tea from China, these drinks have
become central to British identity. Each one carries with it a rich heritage, deeply rooted in
the landscape and culture of Britain.
II.5.3.2.Growths:
The growth of traditional British drinks is closely tied to the country’s history, culture, and
economic development. Over centuries, these beverages have grown from local,
community-based production to national and global prominence. Here's a look at the major
factors that have contributed to this growth:

Historical Roots and Agricultural Foundations

Many of Britain’s traditional drinks originated in agricultural communities, where local
resources such as grains, fruits, and herbs were used to produce beverages. Early
innovations in fermentation and brewing were often tied to farming practices, with many
drinks consumed as part of daily life. The abundance of apples, barley, and other key
ingredients enabled regional traditions to flourish, creating the foundation for the country's
drink-making heritage.
 Monastic Influence
During the medieval period, monasteries played a significant role in advancing the
production techniques for many traditional British drinks. Monks were often skilled in
fermentation and brewing, using their knowledge to improve the quality and consistency of
beverages. Their monasteries became centers for production, helping to refine and spread
drink-making practices across the country.

Industrial Revolution and Mass Production

The Industrial Revolution dramatically changed the production landscape in Britain. The
shift from small, local producers to large-scale industrial manufacturing meant that
traditional drinks could be made in greater quantities and distributed more widely. New
technologies in brewing, distillation, and fermentation, as well as advances in transportation
such as railways and canals, allowed drinks to reach markets far beyond their regions of
origin. This marked the beginning of a national and eventually international expansion.

Urbanization and the Rise of Public Houses

As Britain urbanized in the 18th and 19th centuries, public houses (pubs) became central
to social life in cities and towns. Pubs provided a crucial platform for the consumption and
promotion of traditional drinks. They also helped cement these beverages as a core part of
British culture, creating a social atmosphere where drinks were enjoyed and celebrated. The
growing popularity of pubs helped standardize the production and sale of drinks across
regions, leading to the rise of national brands.

Global Expansion and Colonial Influence

The British Empire played a pivotal role in the global expansion of British drinks. As the
empire spread across continents, so did the popularity of British beverages. Trade routes
established by the British East India Company helped transport drinks, while colonialism
introduced new markets to British products. This period also saw the introduction of new
ingredients and influences from overseas, which further contributed to the development and
refinement of traditional drinks back in Britain.

Government Regulation and Quality Control

In response to growing demand and the challenges posed by unregulated production, the
British government introduced various laws to regulate the quality and safety of traditional
drinks. For example, acts were passed in the 18th and 19th centuries to improve production
standards and control the sale of alcohol. These regulations helped ensure consistency and
quality, contributing to the growth of drinks that became recognized for their high
standards. Quality control also played a role in maintaining the international reputation of
British drinks.

Marketing and Branding

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern marketing, which greatly
influenced the growth of traditional drinks. Companies began to develop distinctive brands,
using advertising to promote their beverages both domestically and internationally. Iconic
labels and packaging helped certain drinks become household names, while marketing
campaigns emphasized the heritage and craftsmanship behind their production.

Post-War Changes and Globalization

After World War II, Britain saw significant cultural and economic changes, which
influenced the growth of its traditional drinks. Increasing globalization allowed British
products to reach new markets, and the rise of multinational companies helped elevate
certain British drinks to iconic status worldwide. The development of mass media, including
television and later the internet, further fueled their global presence. At the same time,
traditional drinks began to evolve in response to changing consumer tastes, with some
products adapting to appeal to more international audiences.

Craft Revival and Modern Trends

In recent decades, there has been a revival of interest in traditional methods of producing
drinks. The craft movement, which emphasizes small-scale, artisanal production, has seen a
resurgence of heritage and locally produced beverages. Consumers are increasingly
interested in authenticity, natural ingredients, and the stories behind the drinks they
consume. This trend has spurred a renaissance of traditional drinks, as people seek out
products that connect them to British culture and history.

Tourism and Cultural Heritage

The growth of tourism in Britain, particularly in relation to its cultural heritage, has played
an important role in the modern expansion of traditional drinks. Visitors to Britain often
seek out local and traditional beverages as part of their experience, leading to the growth of
industries centered around drink tourism. Distillery tours, brewery experiences, and regional
festivals have all contributed to the continued popularity and growth of these drinks. This
cultural exchange has also encouraged the global appreciation of British drink-making
traditions.
 The growth of traditional British drinks has been shaped by a rich history of innovation,
cultural significance, and adaptation to changing economic and social conditions. From their
agricultural roots and monastic refinement to their global expansion through the British
Empire and modern craft revival, these drinks have become deeply embedded in both
national identity and global culture.

II.5.2. Most popular drinks

II.5.2.1 British alcoholic drinks
Alcohol consumption in Britain was significantly higher during the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries than in the twentieth century, although recent years have seen an uptick
from the historical lows of 1930-1960. In earlier times, beer, spirits, and wine contributed an
average of at least 2 MJ (nearly 500 kcal) per person per day, compared to just 0.67 MJ (160
kcal) in 1975, in line with the average energy requirements of the population, which remains
relatively consistent today. Traditionally, beer has been the primary contributor to the
alcohol, energy, and nutrient content of the diet, although its relative importance compared
to spirits and wine has diminished over time.
II.5.2.1.1. Ale and beer
Beer brewing has a long history in England, recognized for its top-fermented cask beer,
often referred to as real ale. This beer matures in the pub’s cellar rather than the brewery
and is served with natural carbonation.
Popular English beer styles include bitter, mild, brown ale, and old ale, with stout, porter,
and India pale ale originating in London. Since the mid-20th century, the popularity of lager
has surged. Recent trends also include the consolidation of large brewing companies into
multinational corporations, a rise in beer consumerism, and the growth of microbreweries
alongside an increased interest in bottle-conditioned beers.

In contemporary usage, ale and beer are often used interchangeably; however, historically,
ale was brewed from malted barley flavored with herbs and spices, without hops, while beer
included hops for a refreshing bitterness typical in continental Europe. The first record of
hopped beer in England dates back to around 1362, when it was imported from Amsterdam.
The earliest evidence of English-brewed beer using imported hops comes from 1412,
attributed to a German alewife in Colchester. Hops cultivation began around 1520 in Kent.
Despite this, traditional ale continued to be brewed, and it is unclear when unhopped ale fell
out of favor in favor of hopped beer, which eventually became the dominant beverage.
The expansion of the British Empire from the 17th century and the vast trading network
increased the global demand for beer, leading to its introduction in regions previously
unfamiliar with it. Ships transported beer not only for the crew's rations but also as ballast
and trade commodities, with significant historical milestones including the founding of the
East India Company in 1600 and the first English settlement in Virginia in 1607.

In recent years, beer consumption has undergone a transformation, gaining cultural prestige
as a result of advocacy from consumer groups like the Campaign for Real Ale, founded in
1971. This article explores the evolving practice of Real Ale consumption, which now
reflects a more intellectualized appreciation of beer, influenced by the cultural practices
associated with wine and gourmet food. This shift has resulted in beer being perceived as a
status symbol, yet it has also led to some social divisions based on taste and status.
Many beer styles first brewed in Britain are now produced worldwide, including India Pale
Ale, Pale Ale, Porter, Stout, Imperial Russian Stout, Mild, Bitter, Barley Wine, Brown Ale,
and Scotch Ale.
Bitter is a classic British ale known for its strong flavor and often harsh aftertaste, typically
served at room temperature. Light ales or mild beers, which are less alcoholic and contain
fewer hops, are popular in central and northern England. Robust ales have a high alcoholic
content and bold flavors. Real ale is a traditional beer made with natural ingredients (hops,
malted barley, yeast, and clean water) and served from a wooden cask.
Stout is a dark, nearly black beer with a bitter taste, with Guinness being a well-known
example. When ordering, patrons might need to wait longer for a stout as bartenders often
prioritize other drinks.
Lager is a lighter, chilled beer, with examples like Fosters Ice, Stella Artois, and Becks.
When ordering, it’s important to specify the type of beer—bitter, stout, or lager—and
whether you want a specific brand, along with the size (pint or half-pint), as a pint is
roughly half a liter. Consumers may choose between bottled and draught options.

II.5.2.1.2. Whisky
Whisky is a strong spirit originating from Scotland and Ireland, served neat or on the rocks.
In England and Wales, a shot of whisky is referred to as a shot, while in Scotland, it’s called
a dram (US measurements like jiggers or gills are not used). The amount served can vary
and is usually specified on bar signs.

Whisky is made from fermented grains like corn, rye, wheat, and barley, and is always aged
in oak barrels. The origins of whisky are debated, with both the Irish and Scots claiming to
have invented it. The introduction of distillation to the British Isles by Christian monks is
believed to have marked the beginning of whisky production. Early whiskies bore little
resemblance to modern varieties until aging in oak casks became a crucial element, leading
to the development of complex flavors.

In the latter half of the 19th century, whisky production began to expand, with exports
primarily to the British Empire and the United States. By the 20th century, various regional
styles emerged, with American bourbon being a notable example. Today, whisky enjoys
international popularity and has seen a revival, with production in numerous countries
resulting in a diverse array of spirits that vary by base ingredients, distillation methods, and
aging processes. It is typically enjoyed at room temperature, either neat, on the rocks, or
with a splash of water.

II.5.2.1.3. Scotch, Irish, and Welsh variations

The variations of Scotch, Irish, and Welsh alcoholic drinks highlight the distinct
characteristics and cultural significance of each region. Each has unique traditions and
production methods, resulting in diverse flavors and styles.
Scotch whisky, renowned worldwide, is primarily made from malted barley and aged in
oak casks for at least three years. Its distinct smoky flavor derives from peat used during
malting, creating a robust character with earthy notes and hints of iodine. Scotch is
categorized into types such as single malt (from a single distillery) and blended (a mix of
malt and grain whiskies).
Irish whiskey boasts a rich history, often triple-distilled using both malted and unmalted
barley, resulting in a smoother taste compared to Scotch. Irish whiskey typically features
fruity notes with sweetness from bourbon or sherry casks.
While Welsh alcoholic beverages may not have the same global recognition as Scotch or
Irish drinks, they offer unique charm. Welsh distilleries produce a range of spirits, including
gin, vodka, rum, liqueurs, and single malt whiskies like Penderyn Whisky, Wales' first
commercial distillery since 1894.
Exploring these variations provides insight into the diversity within British drinking
traditions. Whether enjoying the smoky complexity of Scotch, the smoothness of Irish
whiskey, or discovering lesser-known Welsh spirits, each offers a delightful journey into
British alcoholic beverages.
Data from the Scottish Health Survey (Bromley et al., 2005) indicates trends in drinking
patterns from 1995 to 2003. Among men, non-drinkers slightly increased from 13% to 14%,
while in women, the percentage decreased from 27% to 25%. In men aged 25 to 34, 35 to
44, and 55 to 64, the proportion of non-drinkers rose, whereas, in younger age groups, the
figures remained stable or showed a slight decline. Insufficient data exists for older age
groups. In contrast, women saw a decrease in non-drinkers in several age brackets.
 The SHS also tracked weekly alcohol consumption trends from 1995 to 2003. Men's
average weekly intake fell from 20.1 to 18.2 units; however, using revised calculation
methods, this increased to 20.3 units. For women, the average rose from 6.3 to 7.6 or 9.1
units depending on the calculation method. Consumption patterns among men varied by
age, with declines noted in younger adults, while increases were observed in women across
all age groups.
In Northern Ireland, the prevalence of alcohol consumption increased significantly from
1986 to 2007, rising from 72% to 80% among men and from 58% to 72% among women.
The most substantial increases were found in the 18 to 24 and 45 to 64 age groups.
The Welsh Health Survey (Dolman et al., 2007, 2008) indicated little change in men's
consumption levels from 2003 to 2007, but a reduction in women exceeding recommended
limits. From 1988 to 2006, overall alcohol consumption above recommended levels
increased, particularly among women. Young men aged 16 to 24 initially showed increases
in excessive consumption from 1992 to 2000.

II.5.2.2 British Cocktails

II.5.2.2.1. Role in cocktails and culture
Cocktails have a rich history and play several key roles in British culture, reflecting societal
trends, traditions, and social dynamics. Here are some of the significant roles that cocktails
occupy in British culture:

Social Interaction and Networking

Cocktails serve as a social lubricant in various settings, from bars and restaurants to parties and
formal events. They create opportunities for people to gather, converse, and forge
connections, making them a staple in social and business networking.

Culinary Craftsmanship
The art of cocktail making is often seen as a culinary discipline. Bartenders and mixologists in
Britain take pride in their craft, experimenting with flavors, techniques, and presentations.
This emphasis on craftsmanship elevates the cocktail experience to that of fine dining, with
seasonal and local ingredients often incorporated.

Cultural Identity
Cocktails can reflect regional identities and cultural influences. British cocktail culture has
evolved, drawing inspiration from both traditional British flavors and international
influences. Classic cocktails like the Pimm's Cup, Bramble, and Gin and Tonic showcase
British tastes and ingredients, while modern interpretations often incorporate global trends.
Historical Significance
Many classic cocktails have historical roots in Britain, with some dating back to the 19th
century. Cocktails like the Martini and the Negroni have significant cultural histories, often
associated with British aristocracy and the “gentleman’s” lifestyle. Their enduring
popularity speaks to the cocktail's place in British heritage.

Festivities and Celebrations

Cocktails are often featured in celebratory contexts, including weddings, birthdays, and
holidays. They can be customized to reflect the theme of an event, adding to the festive
atmosphere. Special cocktails are often created for occasions like Christmas, Halloween, or
other cultural celebrations.

Trend Setting and Innovation

Britain has been at the forefront of cocktail trends, with a vibrant scene that embraces both
classic and innovative drinks. The rise of craft cocktail bars and the popularity of unique
flavor combinations reflect a culture that values creativity and experimentation in its
drinking habits.

Lifestyle and Status

Cocktails can serve as symbols of sophistication and social status. The choice of a particular
cocktail can reflect a person's taste, lifestyle, and even aspirations. As a result, cocktails
often play a role in defining social identities and status.

Cultural Events and Festivals

Various cocktail festivals and events are held throughout the UK, celebrating the craft and
culture of cocktails. These events often feature tastings, masterclasses, and competitions,
drawing enthusiasts and professionals alike and fostering a sense of community around
cocktail culture.

Health and Wellness Trends

Recent trends in the UK have seen a rise in low-alcohol and non-alcoholic cocktails,
responding to a growing interest in health and wellness. This shift reflects changing
attitudes toward drinking and offers alternatives that cater to a more health-conscious public
while still enjoying the cocktail experience.
 Overall, cocktails in British culture embody a blend of tradition, creativity, and social
interaction, making them an integral part of social life and culinary exploration in the UK.
Their evolution reflects broader cultural changes and societal values, ensuring their
continued relevance in contemporary British society.
II.5.2.2.2. Pub regulations
In the UK, pubs are subject to various regulations to ensure the safety and well-being of
customers. Some key regulations include:
- Licensing: Pubs must obtain a license from the local authority to sell alcohol and operate as
a pub. This includes adhering to specific opening hours and ensuring responsible alcohol
service.
- Age restrictions: It is illegal for anyone under 18 years old to purchase or consume alcohol
in a pub. Staff must check identification if there is any doubt about a customer's age.
- Time open: Pubs will be allowed to open as early as 6 am on ‘Super Saturday’, despite the
new lockdown rules coming into effect at midnight. Opening times will vary, as each pub
will have different licensing regulations. It will also depend on whether your local is part of
a chain or an independent facility.

For example, Wetherspoons plans on opening most of its sites between 8 a.m.-10 a.m. on
reopening day.
In terms of closing times, this will also vary between pubs, so it is advised you check with
your local boozer to be safe.
Before the coronavirus lockdown began, pubs would typically close anywhere between 11
p.m. and 2 a.m., depending on the day of the week and their license.
If you are thinking of making a day of it, it is worth noting that some pubs will impose a
two-hour time limit on how long you can stay.
Some pubs will also ask you to pre-book your spot, meaning you will not be able to walk in
and sit at an available table.

- Health and safety: Pubs must comply with health and safety regulations, including
maintaining clean premises, providing adequate ventilation, ensuring fire safety measures
are in place, and conducting regular risk assessments.

- Food hygiene: If a pub serves food, it must meet food hygiene standards set by the Food
Standards Agency (FSA). This includes proper storage of ingredients, safe food handling
practices, cleanliness of kitchen areas, and appropriate staff training.
- Smoking ban: Since 2007, smoking has been banned in all enclosed public places in the
UK, including pubs. Designated outdoor smoking areas may be provided if they meet
certain criteria.

- Noise control: Pubs need to manage noise levels both inside and outside their premises to
avoid causing disturbance or nuisance to nearby residents.

- Accessibility: Pubs should strive to provide accessible facilities for people with disabilities
as per the Equality Act 2010 requirements.

These are just some of the regulations that apply specifically to pubs in the UK; however,
there may be additional local or regional requirements that establishments need to follow
depending on their location within the country.

In Viet Nam, it is not allowed to operate from 02:00 am to 08:00 am and does not
provide disco services to persons under 18 years of age. Where there is an art
performance program, it must comply with the law on art performances.

II.5.2.2.3. Classic British cocktails

Classic British cocktails reflect the country's rich history and diverse influences in the realm of
spirits and mixology. Here are some notable classic British cocktails:

Pimm's Cup
A refreshing summer drink made from Pimm's No. 1 (a gin-based liqueur), lemonade or
ginger ale, and a mix of fruits and herbs (cucumber, strawberries, mint, and oranges) often
associated with outdoor events like Wimbledon. It’s served in a tall glass filled with ice and
garnished with fresh fruit.

Brandy Alexander
A creamy, indulgent cocktail made from Brandy, crème de cacao, and cream typically served
in a cocktail glass and garnished with a sprinkle of nutmeg. It gained popularity in the early
20th century and is often associated with festive occasions.

English Garden
 This cocktail blends floral and fruity flavors because it is made from, Gin, elderflower
liqueur, apple juice, and lemon juice making it a light and refreshing option for spring and
summer gatherings.

Black Velvet
A unique combination of rich stout and bubbly, creating a layered drink with the dark beer
on the bottom and the sparkling wine on top. It's a classic choice for toasting special
occasions.

Corpse Reviver
A revitalizing cocktail that made from Gin, Cointreau, Lillet Blanc, lemon juice, and a dash of
absinthe was originally intended as a hangover cure. Served in a chilled glass, it's a well-
balanced mix of herbal and citrus notes.

Bramble
Including Gin, fresh lemon juice, simple syrup, and blackberry liqueur (like crème de
mûre).
Created in the 1980s, it including Gin, fresh lemon juice, simple syrup, and blackberry
liqueur (like crème de mûre). this cocktail has a tart and fruity profile, garnished with fresh
blackberries and mint.

Espresso Martini
A modern classic, the Espresso Martini combines the richness of coffee with the smoothness
of vodka. It’s often served as a post-dinner drink.

Gin and Tonic

Though it is the simple blending of Gin and tonic water garnished with a lime wedge or
cucumber, this quintessential British cocktail showcases the versatility of gin, often enjoyed
in warm weather or as a refreshing drink at any time.

Bellini
While originating in Italy, Bellini the special drink made from Prosecco and peach
puréehas become popular in British cocktail culture, particularly for brunches and
celebrations.

The Vesper Martini

Made from Gin, vodka, and Lillet Blanc, garnished with a lemon twist. Popularized by James
Bond in Ian Fleming's “Casino Royale”, this cocktail is a sophisticated twist on the classic
martini.

These cocktails not only highlight the flavors and ingredients commonly found in British
culture but also showcase the evolution of mixology over time. Whether enjoyed at a
traditional pub or a modern cocktail bar, these drinks are celebrated staples of British
drinking culture.
II.5.2.3 British hot beverages and non-alcoholic drinks
II.5.2.3.1. Historical significance
British hot beverages and non-alcoholic drinks have deep historical roots, shaped by cultural
traditions, societal changes, and global influences. Here’s a look at some key beverages and
their historical significance:
Tea
Introduced to Britain in the 17th century, tea quickly became a popular drink among the
upper classes. The East India Company played a significant role in importing tea from
China, leading to its widespread adoption.The tradition of afternoon tea emerged in the
early 19th century, popularized by Anna Russell, the Duchess of Bedford, as a way to
bridge the long gap between lunch and dinner. This custom evolved into a social event and
is still celebrated today.Tea-drinking rituals fostered social interactions and formed the basis
for various customs, such as tea parties and the serving of tea with scones and sandwiches.
Coffee
Coffee was introduced to Britain in the 17th century, and coffeehouses quickly became
popular social hubs for discussion and exchange of ideas, especially among the intellectual
and political elite.The first coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650, followed by others in
London. These establishments were often referred to as "penny universities" because for the
price of a cup of coffee, one could engage in conversations about various topics.Coffee
culture influenced the development of modern social interactions and laid the groundwork
for the coffeehouse culture we see today.
Hot Chocolate
Hot chocolate originated in Mesoamerica and was introduced to Europe in the 16th century.
In Britain, it became a fashionable drink among the elite in the 17th century.Initially
consumed as a savory drink, hot chocolate evolved into a sweetened beverage by the 18th
century. It was often served in luxury establishments, contributing to its association with
wealth and refinement.The drink is still popular in the UK, often associated with comfort
and indulgence, especially during colder months.
Non-alcoholic drinks like lemonade and ginger beer have also left their mark on British
culture. Lemonade stands were common sights during summer fairs and events, while
ginger beer was enjoyed by both children and adults alike.
These hot beverages and non-alcoholic drinks not only provided comfort but also served as
social lubricants for gatherings among friends or family members throughout history. They
continue to be an integral part of British culture today, reflecting traditions passed down
through generations.
Overall, these beverages have contributed significantly to shaping British identity while
leaving an indelible mark on global culinary heritage through their historical significance.

II.5.2.3.2. Tea culture and afternoon tea tradition

Tea culture and the tradition of afternoon tea hold a significant place in British society. The
British have long embraced tea as an integral part of their daily lives, and it has become
deeply ingrained in their cultural fabric. This analysis delves into the history, customs, and
significance of tea culture and afternoon tea in Britain.

The origins of tea culture in Britain can be traced back to the 17th century when Catherine
of Braganza, a Portuguese princess who married King Charles II, introduced the beverage to
the British court. Initially considered a luxury item due to its high cost, tea quickly gained
popularity among the upper classes. By the 18th century, increased trade with China and
India made it more accessible to all social classes.

During this time, tea became synonymous with British identity. It was seen as a symbol of
refinement and sophistication, reflecting Britain's growing empire and global influence. The
ritualistic preparation and consumption of tea became an important social activity for both
men and women. Another notable aspect is High Tea or "Meat Tea," which originated
among working-class communities during the Industrial Revolution. Unlike Afternoon Tea,
which is elegant and served on low tables with dainty china cups and saucers, High Tea was
traditionally served at higher tables after work hours as a substantial meal, consisting of
meat dishes alongside breads or pies, along with strong black teas.

In terms of preferences for types of teas consumed in Britain, black teas such as Assam and
Darjeeling are popular choices due to their robust flavors that pair well with milk or sugar.
However, herbal and fruit infusions have also gained popularity in recent years, catering to a
more diverse range of tastes.
Tea plays a significant role in British social interactions. Offering someone a cup of tea is
seen as an act of hospitality and is often the first thing offered to guests upon arrival. It
serves as a catalyst for conversation and provides comfort during times of distress or
celebration.

One notable aspect of British tea culture is afternoon tea or "low tea." Introduced by Anna
Russell, Duchess of Bedford, in the early 1840s, this tradition aimed to bridge the gap
between lunchtime meals served early in the day and the late dinners common among
aristocrats. Afternoon tea typically takes place between 3 p.m. and 5 p.m. This cherished
tradition consists of a light meal accompanied by a pot of freshly brewed tea.

The origins of afternoon tea can be traced back to Anna, the Duchess of Bedford, who found
herself feeling hungry during the long gap between lunch and dinner. To satisfy her
cravings, she began requesting a tray of tea, bread, butter, and cake to be brought to her
room in the late afternoon. This simple act soon caught on among her social circle and
eventually became an established custom.

Traditionally served in elegant tearooms or grand hotels across Britain, afternoon tea
consists of three main components: finger sandwiches, scones with clotted cream and jam,
and an assortment of pastries or cakes. The sandwiches are typically made with thinly sliced
bread filled with classic fillings such as cucumber and cream cheese or smoked salmon.

Scones are an essential part of any proper afternoon tea experience. These small baked
goods are often served warm alongside pots of clotted cream (a thick cream made from
unpasteurized cow's milk) and strawberry jam. The ritualistic act of spreading cream
followed by jam onto a split scone has become synonymous with this beloved tradition.

To complete the indulgent affair, an array of delicate pastries like éclairs, macarons, tarts, or
cakes are offered on tiered stands for guests to choose from. These sweet treats add a touch
of decadence to the overall experience.

The artistry involved in preparing afternoon tea extends beyond food; it also includes the
presentation. Fine china teacups adorned with intricate patterns are used alongside
silverware for serving both food and beverages. The table setting often features fresh
flowers or floral arrangements, adding an elegant touch to the ambiance.
Afternoon tea is not just about the food and drink; it is also a social occasion. It provides an
opportunity for friends, family, or colleagues to come together and enjoy each other's
company in a relaxed setting. Conversations flow as people sip their tea and savor the
delectable treats before them.

In modern times, afternoon tea has evolved beyond tearooms and hotels. Many
establishments now offer themed variations of this tradition, such as champagne afternoon
teas or seasonal menus featuring unique flavors. Afternoon tea has also become popular for
special occasions like birthdays or bridal showers.

The British tradition of afternoon tea continues to be cherished by locals and visitors alike.
Its timeless appeal lies in its ability to transport people back to a bygone era of elegance and
refinement while providing a delightful respite from the hustle and bustle of daily life. So,
the next time you find yourself in Britain, make sure to indulge in this quintessentially
British experience—an afternoon filled with delicious treats and warm conversation over a
steaming cup of tea.

Afternoon tea is characterized by its elegant presentation on tiered cake stands featuring
delicate finger sandwiches with various fillings such as cucumber or smoked salmon.
Scones with clotted cream and jam are also served alongside pastries to complete this
indulgent affair.

The etiquette surrounding afternoon tea is steeped in tradition. Tea should be brewed
properly using loose leaves rather than teabags for optimal flavor extraction. Milk is added
after pouring hot water into the cup, and stirring is done gently to avoid clinking sounds.
The correct order of consumption is sandwiches first, followed by scones and pastries.

Beyond its culinary delights, afternoon tea serves as a social occasion for friends and family
to gather and enjoy each other's company. It provides an opportunity for relaxation,
conversation, and appreciation of the finer things in life.

Today, tea remains a beloved beverage in Britain. While coffee has gained popularity in
recent years, tea continues to hold a special place in British hearts. Tea shops can be found
on almost every street corner across the country, offering an array of teas from traditional
blends like Earl Grey or English Breakfast to more exotic flavors.
In summary, tea culture and the afternoon tea tradition are deeply rooted in British society.
From its humble beginnings as a luxury item enjoyed by the elite to becoming an integral
part of everyday life for people from all walks of life, tea has become synonymous with
British identity. Afternoon tea exemplifies this cultural phenomenon with its refined rituals
and indulgent treats. So, the next time you find yourself in Britain, don't miss out on
experiencing this cherished tradition firsthand.

II.5.3. Imported Drinks

When it comes to beverages, Britain boasts a wide array of imported drinks that cater to
diverse tastes and preferences. These imported beverages have gained popularity among the
British population due to their unique flavors and cultural significance. Let’s explore some
of the most sought-after imported drinks in Britain.

Wine:
The British have developed a strong appreciation for wines from around the globe. French,
Italian, Spanish, Australian, and New Zealand wines are particularly favored. From full-
bodied reds to crisp whites and sparkling varieties, wine enthusiasts can find an extensive
selection at local supermarkets and specialty wine shops. Notably, the top exporters of wine
to the UK closely align with the common selections found in supermarket wine aisles, with
France, Australia, Italy, the USA, and New Zealand dominating the list. Surprisingly,
France’s contribution of £321,044,794 worth of wine was nearly double that of Australia’s
£175,604,889.

Beer: While Britain is renowned for its traditional ales and beers, there is also a growing
demand for imported beers from countries like Belgium, Germany, the Czech Republic, and
the United States. These imported beers offer distinct flavors, including wheat beer
(Weissbier), lagers (Pilsners), Trappist ales brewed by monks, and hoppy American craft
beers. Despite the thriving local beer industry, which features breweries across the country
and several national manufacturers, a significant portion of beer consumed in the UK comes
from abroad. Surprisingly, Mexican beer tops the import list, with £51,934,573 worth
making its way to the UK in the first half of 2018, closely followed by Irish beer at
£45,072,115.

Spirits: Imported spirits have gained popularity among British consumers, who enjoy
exploring different tastes in their cocktails or sipping them neat. Whiskies from Scotland
(Scotch), Ireland (Irish whiskey), Japan (Japanese whisky), and bourbon from the United
States are highly regarded by connoisseurs.
Tea:Although tea is deeply rooted in British culture, there is still a demand for specialty
teas from other countries, such as China, India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon tea), Japan (green tea),
Morocco (mint tea), and South Africa (rooibos). These teas offer unique aromas and flavors
that appeal to those seeking new taste experiences.

Coffee: With the rise of coffee culture worldwide in recent decades, there has been
increased interest in high-quality coffee beans sourced globally. Britons now enjoy
exploring different coffee origins, including Colombia, Ethiopia, Brazil, Costa Rica, and
Vietnam. Specialty coffee shops and cafes offer a variety of imported beans and brewing
methods to satisfy discerning coffee lovers.

Soft Drinks: Imported soft drinks have also carved out a niche in the British market.
Popular choices include American sodas like Coca-Cola and Pepsi, Mexican beverages such
as Jarritos or Mexican Coke (made with cane sugar), and various fruit-flavored drinks from
countries like Thailand and Japan.

In conclusion, Britain's enthusiasm for imported drinks has enriched its beverage landscape,
offering a diverse range of flavors and cultural experiences. Whether it's wine from France,
beer from Belgium, spirits from around the world, specialty teas and coffees sourced
globally, or unique soft drinks from different countries—there is something to suit every
taste preference in Britain's vibrant imported drink scene.