TRAINING FOR

CONSUMER SERVICE

DEPARTMENT

CONDUCTED BY :- VERSOVA TECHNICAL TRAINING CENTER

Faculty : J.H.Mehta
 CABLE
UNDERGROUND CABLE NETWORK:

 U.C.N is important element in the power delivery chain from 33 KV sub

transmission to the doorstep of the consumer.

 Efficient management of U.C.N is important for achieving highest reliability

of
 (i)power (ii) quality of power (iii) quality of service and quality of safety.

 Efficiency can be achieved through (i) continuous development (ii)

improvement (iii) up gradation and (iv) alteration of the system

 Reduced technical loses.

 REL having 100% L.T. U.C.N. and nearly 100% 11KV U.C.N.

 Cables are main equipment of distribution system.

 Operating voltages of the system decides the type of cables.

 Voltages : 33/22 KV, 11 KV, 433 V and 250 V.

TYPE AND SPECIFICATION OF CABLES:-

 33 kV x 3/c x 400 mm2 x AL x XLPE x armoured cable.

 22 kV x 3/c x 300 mm2 x AL x PILC x armoured cable.

 11kV x 3/c x 150 mm2/ 300 mm2 x AL x XLPE x armoured cable.

 11kV x 3/c x 120 mm2/ 240 mm2 x AL x PILC x armoured cable.

 1.1kV x 3.5/c x 150 mm2/ 300 mm2 x AL x XLPE x armoured cable.

 1.1kV x 4/c x 50 mm2 x AL x XLPE x armoured cable.

 1.1kV x {4/c x 25 mm2 x AL x XLPE x armoured cable.

{2/c
  Cables are used in towns and cities.

DEFINITION OF CABLE:

 A cable is an insulated conductor carrying current. Insulation of conductor

isolate it from surroundings.
 Insulation should have – High resistance - High dielectric strength – High
temperature withstanding capacity – good mechanical strength.

INSULATING MATERIAL OF CABLE: (In REL)

 Paper
 Plastic ---PVC and XLPE

CABLE CONSTRUCTION:

L.T. cable.

CONDUCTOR:
  Stranded aluminum – high degree of purity. Stranded for flexibility –sector
shape.
 XLPE insulation extruded over the conductor.

 XLPE insulated cable.

 Superior high temperature withstanding capacity.
(i) COT 900 C. (ii) Emergency overload temperature withstanding
capacity: 1300 C. (iii) Short circuit temperature withstanding capacity:
2500 C

 very low dielectric loss factor – XLPE cable upto 400 kV.

 Construction of L.T. PVC and XLPE is same.

 Conductor with insulation is called ‘core’.

 All the cores are laid up and an extruded PVC cover is provided over the
cores – called Inner sheath.

 Armour: Flat G.I. wires for L.T. cables provides mechanical protection to
the cable and return path for short circuit current.

Outer sheath:
 For corrosion protection of armour.
Figure 1
 JOINTING:

 Reliability of U.C.N. depends on the skill which jointer uses to make joints.
 Joint must be as reliable as the bulk of cable.
 Cable jointing means making cable with hand at site.
 Careless and defective jointing may fail a very healthy cable.
 The quality of joint depend on skill and workmanship of the jointer.
 The quality of the joint is such that it does not add any resistance to the
circuit.
 TYPE OF JOINTS:

STRINGENT JOINT:-

 A stringent joint is an accessory for joining two cables in the run of cable
circuit.

TERMINATION:

 A termination is an accessory installed at the end of cable, where a cable

gets connected to an equipment.

TYPE OF JOINTING:

 Polyurethane epoxy joint.

CONDUCTOR JOINTING:

 By compression method.

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT OF STRINGENT JOINT:

 Electrical continuity of conductor.

 Reinstatement of insulation over conductor.
 Electrical continuity of armour.
 Mechanical protection.

ELECTRICAL CONTINUITY OF CONDUCTOR:

 Functional requirement:
 Maintain 100% conductivity of conductor.
 Leave a reasonable smooth finish and profile on the conductor joint as to
avoid stress concentration.
 Maintain near 100% tensile strength of the conductor.

COMPRESSION METHOD:

 Conductor continuity is provided by means of tubular connector, which is

compressed on to the conductor using a mechanical/hydraulic
compression tool.
 This makes jointing easy and fast.
 The high pressure exerted by the dies presses the connector into the
conductor to correct depth and give better electric contact and higher
tensile strength than soldering method.
 Toggle action in these tools help to avoid over/under crimping.
  The ferrule must be specific to the conductor size to avoid over heating of
conductor. Hexagonal shape provides the best compressed connection.
 Crimping done starting from the center and proceeding towards the end.
 As ferrule expand in length with each crimp, care should be taken to hold
the crimping tool at right angles to the conductor.

CRIMPING PROCEDURE:

 Remove the insulation of core = ½ ferrule length + 10mm with all

precaution not to damage any strands.
 Conductor to be cleaned if there is oxidation.
 Ferrule should be filled with corrosion inhibiting compound.
 It prevents the ingress of moisture and possibility of re oxidation after
crimping.
 Bottom most conductor should be crimped first and topmost last.
 Keep equal gap between two adjacent crimps.
 Ferrule shall completely enclose all the air of conductor.
 If two conductors of unequal sizes to be joined by ferrule, the smaller
conductor shall be built up by bits of Al. conductor to fill the gap
completely.
 Cable core shall be set neatly in their final position before a joint is made.
 Sector shape conductor should be rounded before inserting in ferrule/lugs.
 Clearance between phases – 8 min.

Cable Termination

Procedure

 Expose core of the cable after taking measurement depending upon where
termination is required to be done.
 Insert cable into the gland of appropriate size.
 Bend the armour of cable around the periphery.
 Twist the copper binding wire of 14 gauge above the armour tightly and fasten
the other end of binding wire to earthing of lt pillar or service cupboard.
 Fix gland over the cable so as to fit tightly on the armour and copper binding
wire.
 Gland is to be supported at the gland plate provided in lt pillars or cupboards.
 Strip off proper length of insulation from cable ends with every precaution not
to severe or damage any strands. All insulation paper, PVC, XLPE must be
 removed from the stripped portion of the conductor and should be clean and
bare.
 Insert conductor into the lug and fix suitable crimping die around the lug on
proper place.
 Open the handle fully. Enclose the lug in the opened jaw of the tool and start
crimping from the flat end portion of the lug. Repeat the same procedure for
other cores.
 Corrosion inhibiting compound should be applied over the palm surface of the
lug, while tightening with nut and bolt.
 Connect lugs to the contacts of the l.t. pillar/fuse unit.

Note:
1) In some cases, the conductor may be slightly loose in their respective socket
or ferrule.
In such case, there may be some air pockets left out and that should be covered
by filling the gaps with small bits of conductor strands, before crimping.
2) Sector shaped aluminium conductors should be rounded before inserting in
ferrules/lugs.

Causes of failure of Joints and Terminations

In joints and terminations

1. Bad quality of material used in jointing.

2. Bad workmanship.
A) Bad ferruling, loose connections at terminations
B) Improper application of insulating tapes and insulating material
C) Bad handling of jointing materials
D) Usage of defective jointing tools
E) Defective technique
F) Improper continuity of earth in earthed system
G) Improper leveling of joint
H) Lack of control on temperature of pouring compound
I) Improper topping of compound

3. Miscellaneous

A) Usage of improper size of jointing kits

B) Improper positioning of joints
C) Situating joint on a cable bend
D) Situating joint in traffic ways-failure due to vibrations
E) Movement of soils
F) Improper handling of joints by external agencies
G) Ingress of moisture
H) Improper safeguarding

JOINTER- SCOPE OF WORK:

Definition
A cable jointer means an employee who is engaged in joining cables or doing
terminations in connection with installing and maintenance of underground or
overhead distributing system.

Role of
Electric cable jointer
Tasks and duties

 Join live or disconnected power cables

 Place insulating material around the joints

 Cover the insulated joints

 Test and measure the performance of the cables and insulation

 Make sure the cables are connected properly

 Provide advice on keeping location diagrams up to date

 Read and understand diagrams, plans and maps

 May liaise with other contractors.

Skills
Electric cable jointers need good technical, practical and problem-solving skills.
They also need to have excellent communication skills including good reading,
listening and report-writing skills. The ability to read and interpret maps and
plans, and follow instructions is important.

Knowledge
Electric cable jointers need to know about:
 Types of distribution cables
 Methods of joining, insulating and testing cables
 Basic electrical theory and circuit diagrams
 The use and care of personal test and measuring equipment
 Safe working practices
 Basic first aid
Personal qualities

Electric cable jointers need to

be reliable, accurate and able
to make good judgments. They
should be responsible, alert
and safety-conscious, and
able to work well
independently or as part of a
team. It is important that they
have an eye for detail.
"you have to be a responsible person because
you can be working in hazardous situations."
Jeffrey steel, electric cable jointer

Physical requirements

Electric cable jointers need to be fit and healthy. They need to have good hearing
and eyesight (with or without glasses), and should have normal colour vision.
Much of their work involves bending and flexing, and they may work in confined
spaces. Some climbing may be involved, so they need to be comfortable working
at heights.

Workplaces and travel

electric cable jointers work mostly outdoors, but they also work indoors in power
stations and substation buildings. They often travel to different worksites.
Equipment
Equipment electric cable jointers use includes:
 Protective clothing such as overalls, rubber insulating gloves and boots
 Specialist cable joining tools
 Cutting, welding and soldering equipment
 Hand tools such as spanners and screwdrivers
 Test equipment such as multi-meters or voltage detector test lamps for
seeing whether a cable is live
 A vehicle.

Workplace Conditions
Electric cable jointers work in all weather conditions, especially if there are major
electrical cable faults that need to be fixed. They need to follow strict safety
procedures because of the risks associated with working with live equipment.

Contact with people

electric cable jointers work in pairs or small teams, and have contact with other
contractors, the public, quantity surveyors and electrical distribution network project
managers.
 INSTALLATION OF CABLE:

Direct laying:-

 The cables are laid directly in the trenches below ground level.
 Direct laying system is to avoid damage to the cable, both during the
laying operations and subsequently from the presence of stones or often
obstructions in the trench.
 This involves digging of a trench directly in the ground.
 The route of the trench is decided before the digging commences.
 Information regarding other services such as water mains, sewage pipes,
telephone cables is made available.
  Permit from concerned municipal authority to carry out the trench work is
obtained.
 Statutory requirement such as road excavation boards, barricades with
flashers are to be provided at site before start of the excavation.
 Cross trenches are excavated along the proposed line of trench, checking
exactly what obstructions will be encountered.
 Marking lines to be drawn with chalk powder.
 Exposed pipes and other services must be supposed temporarily with
ropes or wires.
 There must be no unevenness, no rocks or stones to damage the cable.
 Leveling is difficult in wet trenches where water is present.
 Following depths over the top of the cable are recommended for cables
buried under ground.
 1.1 kV 0.9m (3’)
 11 kV 1.08m (3.5’)
 22 kV & 33kV 1.20m (4’)

WIDTH OF CABLE TRENCH:

 For single cable --- 0.45m

 For double cables ---0.60m
 For three cables --- 0.70m

 Soft bedding is provided before laying the cable.

PULLING OF CABLE:

 Cable laying equipments such as two jacks, spindle, wooden blocks, cable
rollers, rope, cable pulling socks are to be kept ready at site.
 Cable should be meggered before cabling and after completion of cabling
with 500 V megger. Value 200 – 500mV
 Drum should be rolled in the direction marked on it by an arrow.
 The cable should be taken from top of the drum. The drum being braked to
avoid over running.
 All mazdoors should apply push and pull simultaneously.
 The bending radius should be as large as possible.
 1.1kV------15 D
 11 kV -------15 D
 22 & 33 kV ------20 D
 D is the outer diameter of the cable.

CLEARANCES:
  Cable should be laid at least 1.0m away from the foundation of the
buildings and bridges.
 At least 0.5m away from the communication cables.
 1.0m from pipe line.
 Whenever cable is laid across road or under railway tracks, it is passed
through pipes.
 Pipes may be of R.C.C., plastic, G.I. or cast iron.
 For L.T. cable: size of R.C.C. pipes – 100mm D or 150mm D
 Additional pipes may also be laid across the road or under railway tracks.
 The mouth of pipes shall be effectively blocked with caps to prevent pipes
from being choked.
 R.C.C. pipes are of 2 m length.
 All road crossings, gate crossing should be carried out with pipes before
the excavation of open trench.
 Most of the road crossing is carried out at night.
 All safety precaution such as flasher light, additional lighting, extra
barricading on the road, traffic control should be taken before starting
crossing.
 R.C.C. pipes should be jointed with collars and cement.
 R.C.C. pipes should be perfectly leveled.
 After laying cable, the trench should be cleaned.
 Cable is to be dressed up in the trench.

REFILLING THE TRENCH:

 After laying the cable, layer of soft earth or sand is provided on it.
 Excavated earth can be sieved to obtain soft earth.
 Thickness of this layer should be around 15 cm.
 L.T. tiles as protective cover is to be provided on the cable. R .C. C. tiles
helps in identification of the cable.
 First, the trench should be filled up with earth.
 All the stones should be filled as the top layer. (i.e. meccadam)
 All excess earth, rubbles and asphalt mix is to be removed from the road
immediately.
 If two or three cables are to follow the same route, they may be put in the
same trench, but they must be separated as far apart as possible to
minimize the mutual heating effect.
 They should not be allowed to cross each other.

EARTHING:

 In power distribution, earthing of electrical system is most important safety

aspect.
 The connection of non current carrying parts to ground is called
EARTHING.
  The connection of current carrying parts to ground (Earth) is called
grounding.
 Earthing is done for human and equipment safety.
 Resistance of electrode to earth is only influenced by depth of spike.
 Distance between two earthing spike should be min. 8 ft.
 At service point, Neutral and Earth conductor should not touch each other.
 Unbalanced load current shall return through the neutral back to the
source.
 Grounding conductor shall carry only fault current and not unbalanced
current.

Importance of Earthing in L.T. joints:-

 In the cables, the armour provides the function of earth continuity.

 In the L.T. cable joint portion, the armour continuity is through the earthing
conductor and clamps.
 In case of cable fault, the short circuit current flows towards its source
through armour.
 It clamps are not fitted properly to armour and earth conductor to the
clamps, heavy fault current may accumulate at clamps resulting in burn
out of joint.
 Neutral conductor and cable armour should be connected properly to the
neutral bus bar at the termination of cable in LTP and mini pillar.

EARTHING OF LTP/MINI PILLAR:

 Two standard earthing spikes of 4’ length are used as earthing electrodes.

 An earth pit of 3 ft. depth is to be dug up near pillar.
 An earthing spike with G.I. nut bolts in position is to be driven in the
ground with the help of sledge hammer.
 Second earthing pit should be dug up by keeping at least 8 ft. distance
between two earthing pits.
 A mixture of charcoal dust and common salt can be spread around the
earthing spikes.

CONNECTION BETWEEN EARTH ELECTRODE AND EQUIPMENTS:-

 A core of 150mm2 or G.I. flat of 50mm x 6mm can be used as earth

conductor between pillar and electrodes.
 A core should not have joint in between.
 Same size of lug is to be crimped by taking all core of crimping process at
both ends.
 The barrel of the lug should be covered with insulating material.
 The crimped lug is to be fitted to earthing spike with hot dip galvanized nut
bolt and H.D.G. washers.
 Other end of earth conductor should be connected to the neutral bus bar
of pillar.
 Complete second earth the same way.
 Interconnect two earthing electrodes.
 Built a masonary of 1 ft x 1 ft. around the earth electrode and provide a
funnel on the G.I. spike for watering. Provide R.C.C. cover on the chamber
for identification.

EARTHING AT SERVICE END:

 One standard earthing spike of 2 ½ ft. long is to be used as earth

electrode.
 Two cores of 25 mm2 can be used as connector between electrode and
earthing strip/cable armour in meter cupboard.
 Same size of Al. lug is to be crimped by taking all core of crimping process
at both ends.
 The barrel of the lug should be covered with cut cable insulation and apply
color tape/black tape over it to prevent corrosion in ground.
 One end of both cores are to be fitted to earthing spike with H.D.G. nut
bolts and washers.
 Other end of one core is to be connected to the armour of the service
cable and second core (conductor) is to be connected to Al. earthing strip.
 Build a masonary chamber of 1ft x 1 ft around the earth electrode and
provide a funnel on pipe for watering and R.C.C. cover on chamber for
identification.
 Measure earth resistance of earthing electrodes with Earth resistance
megger.
 This earthing electrodes should provide a least resistance path to the fault
current of high magnitude to clear the fault in the shortest possible time.
 Earth resistance: >4 ohms (SERVICE)
 This helps to achieve highest quality of safety and improves the reliability
factor.
MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE: -
 INSTALLATION OF METER CABIN:

Consumer service:-
The norms for determining the size of the consumer service.

Cable size permissible connected load ( KW)

Sq. mm. Light/domestic motive power

 2/c x 25 20 -
 4/c x 25 90 45
 4/c x 50 160 80
 4/c x 120/150 280 140
 4/c x 240/300 465 205

SIZE OF CUPBOARD:

 1 single phase meter - 1 sq. ft. (approx.)

 1 three phase meter - 3 sq. ft. ( “ )
 Fuse unit/main cutouts - 4 sq. ft. ( “ )

MATERIAL OF CUPBOARD:

 Meter cabin should be of teak wood/ FRP.

 Meter cabin should be fixed on base plank of marine ply of 25mm thick on
the wall.
 Bottom of the cupboard should be 3 ft. above ground level or floor level.
 There should be partition between the space for meters and consumer
main switches.
 Check it weatherproof shade is needed.
 After above checks – board wiring with copper wires of 4 mm2 and 10 sq.
mm. is to be carried out.
 30A, 60A and 100A size cutouts are to be used for load requirements.
 Earthing is to be provided by using 3/16 aluminum wire, brass lugs and
earthing strip.

TERMINATION:

 Service cable should enter the meter cabin in straight upward position.
 Cable gland should be fitted atleast 1 ft. below the main cut out.
 If SFU is provided with wooden cover- the cable gland should be clamped
at least 1 ft. below the center of SFU.
 The cable should be saddled with marine ply or wall.
 The wooden cover should have 3 holes for the entry of cable core.
 Accurate size of lugs are to be crimped properly to the conductor.
 Core lugs should be properly connected and tightened to the SFU
contacts.
 After connecting lugs to SFU the half of the wooden cover is to be fitted
with suitable material to make it vermian proof.
 If SFU is provided with metallic cable box then the cable gland is to be
fitted on the plate only.
 For termination of cable conductor on cut out the proper size of pin type
lug is to be crimped and connected to cut out.
 Out going copper wires should be crimped with proper pin type lug and
connected to the outgoing side of the cut out.
 Insulating bushings should be retained in position at the entry of cut out.
 Service cable should be laid properly in the meter cabin room. It should be
addled on the wall and should be laid on the tray.
 In case of wooden cupboard, the flange type gland should be fitted to the
bottom type of cupboard.
 Cable should be stringent up to cupboard.
 Cable bend is to be buried in the ground.
 Cables on the tray and on riser are to be dressed up straight and clamped.
 Metal equipments i.e. cut outs and SFU should be provided with earthing
on two sides.
 Earth wire of 3/16 size from earth strip should be connected to
SFU/cutouts with lugs.
 The twisting connection of earthing wire to SFU/cutouts is to be avoided.
 Correct size of HRC fuses should be used for SFU and T C wire for cut
outs.
 Meter cabin under stair case, have lockable doors with wire mesh that can
provide ventilation.
ENTRY OF CABLE ROUTE, EARTHING ROUTE AND LOCATION OF
EARTHING PITS IN GIS:

Progress department:-

 Proposed cable route along with location of pillar and meter cabin/SFU in
blue color.
 Entry of proposed earthing route along with location of earth pits in light
green color.

Service department:-

 After execution of job, change the color to red and deviations like change
in route, increase/decrease in cable length.
 Change color to dark green with deviations for earthing.

LT cable faults
In the run of the cable, faults may develop due to any of the following reasons.
 1. Damaged by external agency.
2. Manufacturer’s defect.
3. Overloading. (Normally 120 sq.mm. Is loaded up to 180 A / ph and 240
sq.mm. Cable up to 270 A / ph).
4. Transients
5. Miscellaneous.

Introduction
LT cable fault is an abnormality, disturbing the normal supply conditions in
the system. Due to this other LT cable network is affected. Therefore it is
necessary to normalize the fault after attending to it. It is necessary to locate the
fault quickly with the help of fault finding/locating instruments.

Cable fault- definition

An abnormality induced in the cable disturbing the normality of supply by

the cable is a cable fault.

Types of faults

► Short circuit faults

► Phase to phase
► Phase to neutral
► Phase to earth
► Open circuit faults
► Phase open
► Neutral open
► All phases and neutral open
► Phase or neutral not fully open
 Under many of the above cases testing for the location of the fault can be
done by the testing equipment provided by the company.

Testing of fault

Testing and locating of lt cable fault is done

 To reduce the time of interruption

 To reduce the excavation
 To reduce abnormal loading of other cable
 To increase profits of company
 To reduce indirect expenses

For the purpose of above all points testing and locating equipment is used.

At present we are having only one type of testing set from APLAB ltd. Consisting
of Pre-locater and Thumper accompanied by acoustic and magnetic recorder and
sensor for audio purpose along with the headphone.

The thumper requires single-phase 220 volts a. c. Supply. The portable pre-
locater works on chargeable battery. The only difficulty is in transporting the
thumper. As it is bulky this is the only negative point, as it requires transport.

The Methods Of Fault Testing

Trial And Error Method

This is a method, which is used for short distance cables and where excavation is
easy. This is also adopted where the likelihood of locating the fault bright. This
method is adopted many a times for open circuit faults.

Testing With “CHOKTA”

This one of the methods adopted in our company since many years. The safe
modified version to this is done by inserting a higher size of original fuse in the
faulty circuit.

Visual Inspection Method

In this case the entire length of the cable route is inspected and the excavation is
done at abnormal place with an anticipation of locating the fault.

Testing With Testing Set

For testing of LT Cable faults we have fault testing and locating set from APLAB
Company with the help of this testing set we can find many faults in precision.

Types of Faults Tested By Testing Set

Open Circuit Faults
 Phase Open
 Neutral Open
 All three phase and Neutral open

Short Circuit Faults

 Phase to Neutral
 Phase to Phase
 With this set it is difficult

 To find intermit ant or fluctuating faults

 Partial or dim supply faults
 Fault with unknown number of “T” joints

Parts of Testing Set

The testing set (presently in use) consists of Prelocator, Thumper and Acoustic
set.

Pre-Locater

This set is used to identify the distance of the fault from the place you are testing
to do this testing. One must ensure that the cable is dead and totally isolated from
1) Supply,
2) Service Cupboards (If there are “T” Joints),
3) Additional cables in the same circuit. (Back to back cables at both ends)

Procedure for Pre-Location

 Adjust the set after finding the “O” ERROR.

 Ensure again that the cable that is to be tested is faulty and totally isolated
from supply.
 Plug the test lead “L1” AND “L2” into the sockets provided at the bottom
right side of the pre-locater.
 Connect the green cord of the testing lead to earth point. Black or blue to
neutral and red to core of the cable to be tested.
 Connect the cores of the other test lead in the same manner except the
red core of the test lead, which is to be connected to the healthy core.
  Keep velocity of the set ‘80’ for PVC and ‘74’ for PILC cables. (Normally
the velocity/2 for PVC assumed to be ‘80’ and for PILC cable as ‘74’. This
is to be confirmed).
 ‘SWITCH ON THE’ set by pressing the red button provided on the bottom
left side of the set.
 With in few seconds you see a curve on the screen.
 Bring the cursor to the place of abnormality.
 Confirm the abnormality is a fault or not by pressing the switch ‘L1”.
 The distance in meters between the point of testing and the place of fault
is directly displayed on the LCD meter provided on the top right side of set.
 Manually measure the distance by the measuring instruments and confirm
the result by testing from other end of the faulty cable.
This is the procedure for pre locating the fault.

Thumper
Thumper is a part of the fault testing unit. The size of this unit is bulky. This unit
requires transport preferably a Jeep.

This is a device designed to induce high voltage capacitance discharge in the

faulty core of the cable. At the point of fault a notice/Thunder/Shake of ground is
observed if cable is deep additional device called ACOUSTIC SET is required to
pinpoint the spot. The thumper requires 220 volts single-phase A. C. supply. The
supply cord is provided for the purpose. The low voltage is stepped up and varied
to required voltage.

To send a high voltage into the faulty core of cable. HV cord is provided. This is
red in Colour .One side of HV cord has a plug to fit to thumper and other side has
two separated leads with clamps, so that connecting to L.T.Panel, contact or
neutral strip becomes easy.
Long green wire provided is to earth the set for safety. Thumper has a Dimerstat,
a voltmeter, voltage selector and 4 nos. of operational push button switches. A
timer for automatic/Non-automatic thumping is controlled by positioning switch,
which rotates partially.

Acoustic/Magnetic Sensor Unit

This unit consists of three parts.

 Acoustic/Magnetic Display Box
 Head Phone
 Sensor

Combination of all 3 units give testing person the exact point of discharge from
the faulty cable till the thumper is in action.

Acoustic/Magnetic Display Box

This box has L.C.D. combination display meter for acoustic and magnetic
distortion in the cable. As this set is operated on pencil battery. There is a tester.
There is push button switch provided to stop out side. Acoustic Interference
ON/OFF switch is also provided plugs for HEAD Phone Jack and for sensor are
on sides.

Totally this is a supporting unit for thumper. The method to use this unit is to be
ascertained by practice. But this unit plays a key role in pinpointing fault. As this
unit is very delicate. A special box is provided.

Pin-Pointing of Fault

Pinpointing of fault is done with the help of Thumper. The procedure is as follows:

 Check the regulators are at the correct position.

 Keep the voltage selector switch as required.
 Plug one end of high voltage cable to thumper.
 Connect the black core of the same cord to neutral in case of open circuit
fault.
 The main red core of the high voltage cord is to be connected to the faulty
open circuit core of the cable.
 Connect the supply using supply cord.
 Switch on the thumper by pressing 2nd press button provided at the left
bottom o f the thumper.
 Press the HV Button to make the set operational.
 Adjust the voltage of the impulse by rotating clockwise and vice versa.
 Adjust the required voltage so that
1) The ECHO of discharge is clearly distinguished on the acoustic.
2) The magnetic impulse is seen on the magnetic meter.
 Since the pre-location of the fault is done with the help of the sensor the
fault can be detected.