Calculus II

Tutorial #1 27 Feb - 03 Mar 2023

 Topics:

• Functions of several variables

• Level curve, level surface

• Limit

In Problems 1–3, find and sketch the domain for each function.
√
Problem 1. f (x, y) = y − x − 2.

(x − 1)(y + 2)
Problem 2. f (x, y) = .
(y − x)(y − x3 )
p
Problem 3. f (x, y) = (x2 − 4)(y 2 − 9).

In Problems 4–5, display the values of the functions in two ways:

(a) by sketching the surface z = f (x, y)
(b) by drawing an assortment of level curves in the function’s domain. Label each level
curve with its function value.

Problem 4. f (x, y) = 1 − |y|.

p
Problem 5. f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + 4.

In Problems 6–7, sketch a typical level surface for the function.

Problem 6. f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

Problem 7. f (x, y, z) = z − x2 − y 2 .

In Problems 8–13, find the limits of functions of two variables.

3x2 − y 2 + 5
Problem 8. lim .
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 + 2

p
Problem 9. lim x2 + y 2 − 1.
(x,y)→(3,4)

Problem 10. lim sec x tan y.

(x,y)→(0,π/4)

1
Problem 11. lim ex−y .
(x,y)→(0,ln 2)

ey sin x
Problem 12. lim .
(x,y)→(0,0) x
x sin y
Problem 13. lim .
(x,y)→(1,π/6) x2 + 1

In Problems 14–18, find the limits by rewriting the fractions first.

x2 − 2xy + y 2
Problem 14. lim .
(x,y)→(1,1) x−y
xy − y − 2x + 2
Problem 15. lim .
(x,y)→(1,1) x−1
√ √
x−y+2 x−2 y
Problem 16. lim √ √ .
(x,y)→(0,0) x− y
√
2x − y − 2
Problem 17. lim .
(x,y)→(2,0) 2x − y − 4
2x−y6=4

sin(x2 + y 2 )
Problem 18. lim .
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2

In Problems 19–21, find the limits of functions of three variables.

 
1 1 1
Problem 19. lim + + .
P →(1,3,4) x y z

Problem 20. lim (sin2 x + cos2 y + sec2 z).

P →(π,π,0)

Problem 21. lim ze−2y cos 2x.

P →(π,0,3)

2
 Calculus II

Tutorial #2 06–10 Mar 2023

 Topics:

• Limits (continued)

• Limit along paths

• Continuity

In Problems 1–3, by considering different paths of approach, show that the functions
have no limit as (x, y) → (0, 0).

Problem 1.
x
f (x, y) = − p .
x2 + y 2

Problem 2.
x4
f (x, y) = .
x4 + y 2

Problem 3.
xy
f (x, y) = .
|xy|

Problem 4. Continuous Extension. Define f (0, 0) in a way that extends

x2 − y 2
f (x, y) = xy
x2 + y 2
to be continuous at the origin.

In Problems 5–6, define f (0, 0) in a way that extends f to be continuous at the origin.

Problem 5.
3x2 − x2 y 2 + 3y 2
 
f (x, y) = ln .
x2 + y 2

Problem 6.
3x2 y
f (x, y) = .
x2 + y 2

In Problems 7–8, using the limit definition show that

1
Problem 7. the function
f (x, y, z) = x + y − z
is continuous at every point (x0 , y0 , z0 ).

Problem 8. the function

f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2
is continuous at the origin.

At what points (x, y) in the plane are the functions in Problems 9–10 continuous?

Problem 9.

(a)
f (x, y) = sin(x + y)

(b)
f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 )

Problem 10.

(a)
1
g(x, y) = sin
xy
(b)
x+y
g(x, y) =
2 + cos x

At what points (x, y, z) in space are the functions in Problem 11–13 continuous?

Problem 11.

(a)
f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − 2z 2

(b) p
f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − 1

Problem 12.

(a)
1
h(x, y, z) = xy sin
z

2
 (b)
1
h(x, y, z) =
x2 + z2 − 1

Problem 13.

(a)
h(x, y, z) = ln(z − x2 − y 2 − 1)

(b)
1
h(x, y, z) = p
z − x2 + y 2

Problem 14. Let 

1,
 y ≥ x4
f (x, y) = 1, y≤0

0, otherwise.


Find each of the following limits, or explain that the limit does not exist.

(a)
lim f (x, y).
(x,y)→(0,1)

(b)
lim f (x, y).
(x,y)→(2,3)

(c)
lim f (x, y).
(x,y)→(0,0)

Problem 15. Let (

x2 , x≥0
f (x, y) =
x3 , x < 0.
Find the following limits.

(a)
lim f (x, y).
(x,y)→(3,−2)

(b)
lim f (x, y).
(x,y)→(−2,1)

(c)
lim f (x, y).
(x,y)→(0,0)

3
 Calculus II

Tutorial #3 13–17 Mar 2023

Topics:

• Partial derivatives

• Chain rule

• Implicit differentiation

In Problems 1–4, find fx , fy and fz .

Problem 1.
f (x, y, z) = 1 + xy 2 − 2z 2 .

Problem 2. p
f (x, y, z) = x − y2 + z2.

Problem 3.
f (x, y, z) = ln(x + 2y + 3z).

Problem 4.
2 +y 2 +z 2 )
f (x, y, z) = e−(x .

In Problems 5–6, use the limit definition of partial derivative to compute the partial
derivatives of the functions at the specified points.

Problem 5.
∂f ∂f
f (x, y) = 1 − x + y − 3x2 y, and at (1, 2).
∂x ∂y

Problem 6.
p ∂f ∂f
f (x, y) = 2x + 3y − 1, and at (−2, 3).
∂x ∂y

In Problems 7–8, given functions are of three variables.

Problem 7 Let w = f (x, y, z) be a function of three independent variables and write

the formal definition of the partial derivative ∂f /∂z at (x0 , y0 , z0 ). Use this definition
to find ∂f /∂z at (1, 2, 3) for f (x, y, z) = x2 yz 2 .

1
Problem 8. Let w = f (x, y, z) be a function of three independent variables and write
the formal definition of the partial derivative ∂f /∂y at (x0 , y0 , z0 ). Use this definition
to find ∂f /∂y at (−1, 0, 3) for f (x, y, z) = −2xy 2 + yz 2 .

In Problem 9–10:

(a) First express dw/dt as a function of t, both by using the Chain Rule and by
expressing w in terms of t and differentiating directly with respect to t.

(b) Then evaluate dw/dt at the given value of t.

Problem 9.
x y
w= + , x = cos2 t, y = sin2 t, z = 1/t; t = 3.
z z

Problem 10.

w = 2yex − ln z, x = ln(t2 + 1), y = tan−1 t, z = et ; t = 1.

In Problems 11–13, find partial derivatives at specified points.

Problem 11. Find ∂w/∂r when r = 1, s = −1 if w = (x + y + z)2 , x = r − s, y =

cos(r + s), z = sin(r + s).

Problem 12. Find ∂w/∂v when u = 0, v = 0 if w = x2 + (y/x), x = u − 2v + 1, y =

2u + v − 2.

Problem 13. Find ∂z/∂u and ∂z/∂v when u = ln 2, v = 1 if z = 5 tan−1 x and

x = eu + ln v.

Assuming that the equations in Problems 14–15 define y as a differentiable function of

x, find the value of dy/dx at the given point.

Problem 14.
x3 − 2y 2 + xy = 0, (1, 1).

Problem 15.
x2 + xy + y 2 − 7 = 0, (1, 2).

2
 Calculus II

Tutorial #4 20 - 24 Mar 2023

Topics:

• Gradient vectors
• Tangent planes and differentials
• Linear approximations
• Directional derivatives

In Problems 1–2, find the gradient of the function at the given point. Then sketch the
gradient together with the level curve that passes through the point.

Problem 1.
g(x, y) = xy 2 , (2, −1).

Problem 2. p
f (x, y) = 2x + 3y, (−1, 2).

In Problems 3–4, find ∇f at the given point

Problem 3.
f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − 2z 2 + z ln x, (1, 1, 1).

Problem 4.

f (x, y, z) = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )−1/2 + ln(xyz), (−1, 2, −2).

In Problems 5–6, find the derivative of the function at P0 in the direction of u.

Problem 5.
x−y
g(x, y) = , P0 (1, −1), u = 12i + 5j.
xy + 2

Problem 6.

f (x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx, P0 (1, −1, 2), u = 3i + 6j − 2k.

Problem 7. Find the directions in which the functions increase and decrease most
rapidly at P0 . Then find the derivatives of the functions in these directions.

f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 , P0 (−1, 1).

1
In Problems 8–9, sketch the curve f (x, y) = c together with ∇f and the tangent line
at the given point. Then write an equation for the tangent line.

Problem 8. √ √
x2 + y 2 = 4, ( 2, 2).

Problem 9.
xy = −4, (2, −2).

(x−y)
Find the directions u and the values of Du f − 12 , 32


Problem 10. Let f (x, y) = (x+y)
.
for which

a. Du f − 21 , 32 is largest.

b. Du f − 12 , 32 is smallest.

c. Du f − 12 , 32 = 0.

d. Du f − 12 , 32 = −2.

e. Du f − 12 , 32 = 1.

Problem 11. In what direction is the derivative of f (x, y) = xy + y 2 at P (3, 2) equal

to zero?

Problem 12. Is there a direction u in which the rate of change of f (x, y) = x2 − 3xy +
4y 2 at P (1, 2) equals to 14? Justify your answer.

In Problems 13–15, find parametric equations for the line tangent to the curve of
intersection of the surfaces at the given point.

Problem 13. Surfaces: x + y 2 + 2z = 4, x = 1.

Point: (1, 1, 1).

Problem 14. Surfaces: x2 + 2y + 2z = 4, y = 1.

Point: (1, 1, 1/2).

Problem 15. Surfaces:

x3 + 3x2 y 2 + y 3 + 4xy − z 2 = 0,
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 11

Point: (1, 1, 3).

Problem 16. By about how much will

p
f (x, y, z) = ln x2 + y 2 + z 2

2
change if the point P (x, y, z) moves from P0 (3, 4, 12) a distance of ds = 0.1 unit in the
direction of 3i + 6j − 2k.

Problem 17. By about how much will

g(x, y, z) = x + x cos z − y sin z + y

change if the point P (x, y, z) moves from P0 (2, −1, 0) a distance of ds = 0.2 unit toward
the point P1 (0, 1, 2).

In Problems 18–20, find the linearization L(x, y) of the function at each point.

Problem 18. f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + 1 at a. (0, 0), b. (1, 1).

Problem 19. f (x, y) = 3x − 4y + 5 at a. (0, 0), b. (1, 1).

Problem 20. f (x, y) = ex cos y at a. (0, 0), b. (0, π/2).

3
 Calculus II

Tutorial #5 27 – 31 Mar 2023

Topics:

• Extreme values and saddle points

• Optimization problems

In Problems 1–5 find all the local maxima, local minima, and saddle points of the
functions.

Problem 1. f (x, y) = 2xy − x2 − 2y 2 + 3x + 4.

Problem 2. f (x, y) = x2 − y 2 − 2x + 4y + 6.
p
Problem 3. f (x, y) = 56x2 − 8y 2 − 16x − 31 + 1 − 8x.
1
Problem 4. f (x, y) = x2 +y 2 −1
.

Problem 5. f (x, y) = e−y (x2 + y 2 ).

In Problems 6–9, find the absolute maxima and minima of the functions on the given
domains.

Problem 6. f (x, y) = 2x2 − 4x + y 2 − 4y + 1 on the closed triangular plate bounded

by the lines x = 0, y = 2, y = 2x in the first quadrant.

Problem 7. T (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 − 6x + 2 on the rectangular plate 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, −3 ≤

y ≤ 0.

Problem 8. f (x, y) = (4x − x2 ) cos y on the rectangular plate 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, −π/4 ≤ y ≤

π/4 (see accompanying figure) .

1
Problem 9. Temperatures A flat circular plate has the shape of the region x2 +y 2 ≤ 1.
The plate, including the boundary where x2 +y 2 = 1, is heated so that the temperature
at the point (x, y) is
T (x, y) = x2 + 2y 2 − x.
Find the temperatures at the hottest and coldest points on the plate.

Problem 10. Find the point on the plane 3x + 2y + z = 6 that is nearest the origin.
p
Problem 11. Find the minimum distance from the cone z = x2 + y 2 to the point
(−6, 4, 0).

Problem 12. Extrema on an ellipse Find the points on the ellipse x2 + 2y 2 = 1 where
f (x, y) = xy has its extreme values.

Problem 13. Constrained minimum Find the points on the curve xy 2 = 54 nearest
the origin.

Problem 14. Minimum surface area with fixed volume Find the dimensions of the
closed right circular cylindrical can of smallest surface area whose volume is 16π cm3 .

Problem 15. Rectangle of greatest area in an ellipse Use the method of Lagrange
multipliers to find the dimensions of the rectangle of greatest area that can be inscribed
in the ellipse x2 /16 + y 2 /9 = 1 with sides parallel to the coordinate axes.

Problem 16. Extrema on a circle Find the maximum and minimum values of x2 + y 2
subject to the constraint x2 − 2x + y 2 − 4y = 0.

Problem 17. Ant on a metal plate The temperature at a point (x, y) on a metal plate
is T (x, y) = 4x2 − 4xy + y 2 . An ant on the plate walks around the circle of radius 5
centered at the origin. What are the highest and lowest temperatures encountered by
the ant?

Problem 18. Minimum distance to a point Find the point on the plane x+2y+3z = 13
closest to the point (1, 1, 1).

Problem 19. Minimum distance to the origin Find the minimum distance from the
surface x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 1 to the origin.

Problem 20. Minimizing a sum of squares Find three real numbers whose sum is 9
and the sum of whose squares is as small as possible.

Problem 21. Rectangular box of largest volume in a sphere Find the dimensions of
the closed rectangular box with maximum volume that can be inscribed in the unit
sphere.

2
 Calculus II

Tutorial #6 03–07 Apr 2023

Topics:

• Evaluating iterated integrals

• Evaluating double integrals over rectangles

• Evaluating double integrals over non-rectangles

• Area by double integrals

In Problems 1–2, evaluate the iterated integral.

Problem 1. Z 4 Z e
ln x
dx dy.
1 1 xy

Problem 2. Z 2 Z 2
x ln y dy dx.
−1 1

In Problems 3–6, evaluate the double integral over the given region R.

Problem 3. ZZ √ 
x
2
dA, R: 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2.
R y

Problem 4. ZZ
xy cos y dA, R: −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ π.
R

Problem 5.
xy 3
ZZ
dA, R: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.
R x2 + 1

Problem 6. ZZ
y
dA, R: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
R x2 y 2 +1

In Problems 7–8, integrate f over the given region.

Problem 7. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the paraboloid z = x2 +y 2
and below by the square R : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 1.

1
Problem 8. Find the volume of the region bounded above by the plane z = 2 − x − y
and below by the square R : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.

Problem 9. Maximizing a double integral. What region R in the xy− plane maximizes
the value of ZZ
(4 − x2 − 2y 2 ) dA?
R
Justify your answer.

Problem 10. Minimizing a double integral. What region R in the xy−plane minimizes
the value of ZZ
(x2 + y 2 − 9) dA?
R
Justify your answer.

In Problems 11–13, sketch the region bounded by the given lines and curves. Then
express the region’s area as an iterated double integral and evaluate the integral.

Problem 11. The parabola x = −y 2 and the line y = x + 2.

Problem 12. The parabolas x = y 2 and x = 2y − y 2 .

Problem 13. The lines y = 2x, y = x/2, and y = 3 − x.

The integrals and sums of integrals in Problems 14–16 give the areas of regions in the
xy−plane. Sketch each region, label each bounding curve with its equation, and give
the coordinates of the points where the curves intersect. Then find the area of the
region.

Problem 14. Z 6 Z 2y
dx dy.
0 y 2 /3

Problem 15. Z π/4 Z cos x

dy dx.
0 sin x

Problem 16. Z 0 Z 1−x Z 2 Z 1−x

dy dx + dy dx.
−1 −2x 0 −x/2

Problem 17. Find the average height of the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 over the square
0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.

Problem 18. Find the average value of f (x, y) = 1/(xy) over the square ln 2 ≤ x ≤
2 ln 2, ln 2 ≤ y ≤ 2 ln 2.

2
 MAT1.003 Calculus II

Tutorial #7 18–22 Apr 2022

Topics:

• Solutions to differential equations; Initial-value problems

• True-False Review. Decide if the given statement is True or False, and justify
your answer.

1. If room temperature is 70◦ F, then an object whose temperature is 100◦ F at a

particular time cools faster at that time than an object whose temperature at
that time is 90◦ F.

2. According to Newton’s law of cooling, the temperature of an object eventually

becomes the same as the temperature of the surrounding medium.

3. A hot cup of coffee that is put into a cold room cools more in the first hour than
the second hour.

• Problems.

1. Verify that
y(t) = C1 cos ωt + C2 sin ωt
is a solution to the differential equation

d2 y
+ ω 2 y = 0.
dt2
(this is a differential equation for some motion). Write the solution in a form
y(t) = A cos(ωt + φ), where A is some constant (which is called the amplitude
of the motion).
1 x et
Z
2. Show that y = dt is a solution to the differential equation
x 1 t

x2 y 0 + xy = ex .

3. (a) Show that the given relation defines an implicit solution to the differential
equation, where C is an arbitrary constant:
1 − yexy
exy − x = C, y 0 = .
xexy

1
 (b) Find the general solution to the following differential equations and the
maximum interval on which the solution is valid:
y 00 = xn ,
where n ∈ Z = {0, ±1, ±2, . . .}.
x
4. Verify that y = is a solution of the initial-value problem (IVP):
ln x
x2 y 0 = xy − y 2 , y(e) = e, x > 1.

5. Solve the following IVP:

√
(a) y 0 = e2x + x + cos(3x), y(0) = 2
00
(b) y = xex , y(0) = 3, y 0 (0) = 4
(c) y 0 = y 2 + 1, y(0) = 1
6. (a) Verify that the IVP
y 0 = x sin(x + y), y(0) = 1
has a unique solution.
(b) Do you think that the IVP
y 0 = xy 1/2 , y(0) = 0
has a unique solution? Justify your answer.
7. Even simple-looking differential equations can have complicated solution curves.
Let’s study solution curves of the differential equation
y 0 = −2xy 2 . (∗)
(a) Verify that the hypotheses of the existence and uniqueness theorem are
satisfied for the IVP
y 0 = −2xy 2 , y(x0 ) = y0
for every (x0 , y0 ). This shows that the IVP always has a unique solution on
some interval containing x0 .
1
(b) Verify that for all values of the constant C, y(x) = 2 is a solution to
x +C
(∗).
(c) Use the solution in (b) to solve the following IVPs. For each case, determine
the maximum interval on which your solution is valid.
(i) y 0 = −2xy 2 , y(0) = 1.
(ii) y 0 = −2xy 2 , y(1) = 1.
(iii) y 0 = −2xy 2 , y(0) = −1.
(d) What is the unique solution to the following IVP?
y 0 = −2xy 2 , y(0) = 0.

END

2
 MAT1.003 Calculus II

Tutorial #8 25–29 Apr 2022

Topics:

• Separable differential equations

• The Malthusian population model

• First-order linear differential equations

• True-False Review. Decide if the given statement is True or False, and justify
your answer.

1. The general solution to a separable differential equation contains one constant

whose value can be determined from an initial condition for the differential equa-
tion.

2. The differential equation

dy
= x sin(xy)
dx
is separable.

3. There is a unique integrating factor for a differential equation of the form

y 0 + p(x)y = q(x).

• Problems.

1. Solve the following differential equations.

(a) ydx − (x − 2)dy = 0

dy x(y 2 − 1)
(b) =
dx 2(x − 2)(x − 1)
2. Solve the following differential equations:
dy
(a) y 2 = 3x2 y 3 − 6x2
dx
dy
(b) sec x = ey+sin x
dx
dy √ √
(c) = y cos2 y
dx

1
3. The number of bacteria in a culture grows at a rate proportional to the number
present. After 10 hours, there were 5, 000 bacteria present, and after 12 hours,
6, 000 bacteria. Determine the initial size of the culture and the doubling time
of the population.
4. According to data from the US Bureau of the Census, the population (measured
in millions of people) of the United States in 1950, 1960, and 1970 was 151.3,
179.4, and 203.3 respectively.
(a) Using data of 1950 and 1960, solve the corresponding Malthusian population
model.
(b) Plot the solution curve obtained in (a). From your plot, determine the
values which the model would have predicted for the population in 1980
and 1990, and compare these predictions to the actual values of 226.54 and
248.71 respectively.
5. Solve the following differential equations.
(a)
dy 2
+ xy = xex /2
dx
(b)
dx
(t − 1) −x−t=0
dt
(c)
y 0 + αy = eβx ,
where α and β are constants
6. Consider the initial value problem
dy
x2 = x2 + xy + y 2 , where x > 0, y(1) = 0.
dx
(a) Use the substitution y = vx, where v is a function of x, to transform the
dy
differential equation x2 = x2 + xy + y 2 into the following differential
dx
equation relating v and x,
1 dv 1
2
= , x > 0.
1 + v dx x
(b) Use part (a) to solve the initial value problem, that is find y in terms of x.
7. Between 8 a.m. and 12 p.m. on a hot summer day, the temperature rose at a rate
of 10◦ F per hour from an initial temperature of 65◦ F. At 9 a.m. the temperature
of an object was measured to be 35◦ F and was, at that time, increasing at a rate
of 5◦ F per hour. Determine the temperature T (m) of the object at time t, with
0 ≤ t ≤ 4.

END

2
 MAT1.003 Calculus II

Tutorial #9 02–06 May 2022

Topics:

• Homogeneous first-order linear differential equations

• Bernoulli’s equations

• Exact differential equations

• True-False Review. Decide if the given statement is True or False, and justify
your answer.

1. The change of variables y = xV (x) always turns a first-order homogeneous dif-

ferential equation into a separable differential equation for V as a function of
x.

2. The differential equation

dy √ √
= xy + xy
dx
is a Bernoulli differential equation.

3. The differential equation

dy √
− exy y = 5x y
dx
is a Bernoulli differential equation.

• Problems.

1. Determine whether the given function is homogeneous of degree zero. Rewrite

y
those that are as functions of the single variable V = .
x
x2 − y 2
(a) f (x, y) =
xy
y
(b) f (x, y) =
x−1
p
x2 + y 2
(c) f (x, y) = , x>0
x−y
2. Solve the following differential equations.
dy
(a) (3x − 2y) = 3y
dx
1
 y y
0
(b) sin (xy − y) = x cos
x x
3. Consider the differential equation
dy x + 2y − 1
= .
dx 2x − y + 3

(a) By the change of variables

x = u − 1, y = v + 1,

transform the given equation into the homogeneous equation.

(b) Find the general solution to the homogeneous equation, and hence solve the
given equation.

4. Identify the following differential equations are Bernoulli equations and solve
them.

(a) y 0 − x−1 y = 4x2 y −1 cos x, x > 0.

dy 3 1
(b) − y = 6y 3 x2 ln x.
dx 2x
5. Solve the given IVP
dy 2x
+ y = xy 2 , y(0) = 1.
dx 1 + x2

6. Use the substitution u = y 2 to solve the differential equation:

dy dy
2xy − 2y = y 2 − x, x > 1.
dx dx

7. Verify that the following differential equations are exact

(a) [sin(xy) + xy cos(xy) + 2x] dx + [x2 cos(xy) + 2y] dy = 0.

(b) (y 2 + cos x) dx + (2xy + sin y) dy = 0.

END

2
 Calculus II
Tutorial #10 02-05 May 2023

Topics:

• Solutions to exact differential equations

• Numerical solutions to differential equations

• True-False Review. Decide if the given statement is True or False, and justify
your answer.

1. There is a unique potential function for an exact differential equation

M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0.

2. The solution to an exact differential equation is called a potential function.

3. Be able to apply Euler’s method to approximate the solution to an IVP at a
point near the initial value x0 .

• Problems.

For Problems 1-3, solve the given differential equation.

(1) 2xy dx + (x2 + 1) dy = 0.

(2) (y 2 + cos x) dx + (2xy + sin y) dy = 0.
(3) (y 2 − 2x) dx + 2xy dy = 0.

For Problems 4–5, solve the given initial-value problem.

(4) (3x2 ln x + x2 − y) dx − x dy = 0, y(1) = 5.

(5) 2x2 y 0 + 4xy = 3 sin x, y(2π) = 0.

For Problems 6–7, use Euler’s method with the specified step size to determine the
solution to the given IVP at the specific point.

(6)
y 0 = −x2 y, y(0) = 1, h = 0.2, y(1).
(7)
y 0 = 4y − 1, y(0) = 1, h = 0.05, y(0.5).

END

1
 MAT1.003 Calculus II

Tutorial #11 16-20 May 2022

Topics:

• Some simple forms of second-order differential equations

• Wronskian

• Homogeneous linear differential equations with constant-coefficients

• The method of undetermined coefficients

• True-False Review. Decide if the given statement is True or False, and justify
your answer.

1. Let’s consider a second-order differential equation

d2 y
 
dy
= F x, y, ,
dx2 dx

for which there are two cases: (1) the dependent variable y is missing, and (2)
the independent variable x is missing.
dy
a) If case (1) happens, then a change of variables z = reduces the equation
dx
to a first-order differential equation w.r.t. z and x.
dy
b) If case (2) happens, then a change of variables z = reduces the equation
dx
to a first-order differential equation w.r.t. z and y.
c) In both cases (1) and (2), a chain rule of differentiation is applied.

2. The functions f1 (x) = x, f2 (x) = x + x2 , and f3 (x) = 2x − x2 are linearly

dependent.

3. If the Wronskian of a set of functions is identically zero at every point of an

interval I, then the set of functions is linearly dependent.

• Problems.

1. Solve the following differential equations:

(a) y 00 = 2x−1 y 0 + 4x2

00
(b) (x − 1)(x − 2)y = y 0 − 1

1
 2. Solve the following differential equations:

(a) y 00 + 2y −1 (y 0 )2 = y 0
00
(b) y = (y 0 )2 tan y .

3. For all constants a and b, prove that the set of functions

{eax cos bx, eax sin bx, xeax cos bx, xeax sin bx}

is linearly independent on (−∞, ∞).

4. Find the general solution to the following homogeneous differential equation.

(a) y 00 − 5y 0 + 6y = 0.
(b) y 00 + 10y 0 + 25y = 0.
(c) y 00 + 8y 0 + 20y = 0.

In Problems 5–7, using the method of undetermined coefficients, find the general solu-
tion to the given differential equation.

5. (a) y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = e−x cos x.

(b) y 00 + 4y 0 + 4y = 5xe−2x .

6. (a) y 00 + y = 6ex .
(b) y 00 − 5y 0 = −5x2 + 2x.

7. (a) y 00 − y 0 − 2y = 5e2x .
(b) y 00 + 16y = 4 cos x.

END

2
 MAT1.003 Calculus II

Tutorial #11 23-27 May 2022

Topics:

• The method of variation of-parameters

• Series solutions to differential equations

• True-False Review. Decide if the given statement is True or False, and justify
your answer.

1. If p(x) and q(x) are polynomials, then the differential equation

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0

has no singular points.

2. The radius of convergence of a power series solution to the differential equation

1 1
y 00 + y 0 + y=0
x x+1
centered at x = −3 is at most 2.
∞
X
3. If an xn is a poser series solution to the differential equation
n=0

y 00 + p(x)y 0 + q(x)y = 0,
∞
X
then so is an xn+1 .
n=0

• Problems.

In Problems 1–3, using the method of variation-of-parameters, find the general solution
to the given differential equation.

00 0 2e−3x
1. (a) y + 6y + 9y = 2
x +1
8
(b) y 00 − 4y = 2x
e +1

1
 2. (a) y 00 − 4y 0 + 5y = e2x tan x, 0 < x < π/2
(b) y 00 − 6y 0 + 9y = 4e3x log x, x>0
π
3. (a) y 00 + y = sec x + 4ex , |x| < .
2
(b) y 00 + y = csc x + 2x2 + 5x + 1, 0 < x < π

4. Find the series solutions to the given linear differential equation.

(a) y 0 − y = 0.
(b) (1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 0.
(c) y 00 + y 0 + x2 y = 0.

For Problems 5–7, determine terms up to and including x5 in two linearly independent
power series solution of the given differential equation. State the radius of convergence
of the series solutions.

5. y 00 + xy 0 + (2 + x)y = 0.

6. y 00 + 2y 0 + 4xy = 0.

7. y 00 − ex y = 0.

END