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    Section One:-Sound Waves Section Two:-Sound Intensity and Resonance

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    Section One:-Sound Waves Section Two:-Sound Intensity and Resonance

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    abdallah.civilengineering
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    1025908763

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    5 views12 pages

    Section One:-Sound Waves Section Two:-Sound Intensity and Resonance

    Uploaded by

    abdallah.civilengineering

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 12

    Sound

    Chapter 12

    Section one :-Sound Waves


    Section two :- Sound Intensity and Resonance
    Section one
    Sound Waves
    WHAT IS SOUND WAVES?
     sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave, through a transmission
    medium such as a gas, liquid or solid.
     Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal
    waves and also as a transverse wave in solids .
    • In air, the vibrations of air molecules are parallel to the direction of wave motion ,region
    of high molecular density and high air pressure is called a compression.
    • the molecules to the right spread apart, and the density and air pressure in this region
    become lower than normal. This region is called a rarefaction.
    • The speed of sound depend on the kind of medium, also depends on the temperature
    of the medium. As temperature rises, the particles of a gas collide more frequently.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND WAVES
     sound waves that the average human ear can hear, called audible sound
    waves, have frequencies between 20 and 20 000 Hz. (An individual’s hearing
    depends on a variety of factors, including age and experiences with loud noises.)
    Sound waves with frequencies less than 20 Hz are called infrasonic waves,
    and those above 20 000 Hz are called ultrasonic waves.
    Frequency determines pitch, where pitch a measure of how high or low a sound is
    perceived to be, depending on the frequency of the sound wave.
    As the frequency of a sound wave increases, the pitch rises.
    SOUND WAVES PROPAGATE
     the sound waves spread out in all directions. The wave fronts of sound waves spreading in
    three dimensions are approximately spherical. The circles represent the centers of
    compressions, called wave fronts, the distance between adjacent wave fronts is equal to one
    wavelength, λ.
     The radial lines perpendicular to the wave fronts are called rays. The sine curve corresponds
    to a single ray. Because crests of the sine curve represent compressions.
    DOPPLER EFFECT
    Doppler effect an observed change in frequency when there is relative motion between
    the source of waves and an observer.
    the frequency of the source remains constant, the wave fronts reach an observer in front of
    the ambulance (Observer A) more often than they would if the ambulance were stationary.
    the wave fronts reach an observer behind the ambulance
    (Observer B) less often than they would if the ambulance were stationary.
    As a result, the frequency heard by Observer B is less than the source
    frequency
    Section two
    Sound Intensity
    and Resonance
    SOUND INTENSITY
    Intensity the rate at which energy flows through a unit area perpendicular to the direction
    of wave motion.
     As the sound waves travel outward from the source, energy is transferred from
    one air molecule to the next. The rate at which this energy is transferred
    through a unit area of the plane wave is called the intensity of wave.
    the power emitted by the source (P) is
    distributed over a spherical surface (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 )
    HOMEWORK
    PAGE 415
    INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY DETERMINE WHICH SOUNDS
    ARE AUDIBLE
    .Intensity is also a factor in determining which sound waves are audible. sounds at
    low frequencies (those below 50 Hz) or high frequencies (those above 12 000 Hz)
    must be relatively intense to be heard, whereas sounds in the middle of the
    spectrum are audible at lower intensities. The softest sounds that can be heard by
    the average human ear occur at a frequency of about 1000 Hz and an intensity of
    10x10−12 W/m2.
    The loudest sounds that the human ear can tolerate have an intensity of about 1.0
    W/m2. This is known as the threshold of pain because sounds with
    greater intensities can produce pain in addition to hearing

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