7 - State of Matter

Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences
Al Baha University
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Course No. BMS1002
Lecture-8
States of Matter
Matter is any thing that has mass and
‫املادة هي أي شيء له كتلة و‬
takes up space.
‫يأخذ مساحة‬
Properties of Matter
Matter can change or be made to change from one
‫يمكن أن تتغير املادة أو يمكن تغييرها من واحدة‬
form to another
‫شكل آلخر‬
These changes may be:-
-:‫قد تكون هذه التغييرات‬
Chemical changes. .‫تغيرات كيميائية‬
Physical changes. ‫التغيرات املادية‬

Chemical Changes ‫التغيرات الكيميائية‬
§ Chemical changes, most commonly called chemical

reactions, substances are used (disappear) and others
‫ األكثر شيوعا تسمى الكيميائية‬،‫التغيرات الكيميائية‬
are formed to take their place.
،‫ردود الفعل‬
Example:- -:‫مثال‬
Burning of propane. When chemical change take place,
‫ عندما يحدث‬.‫حرق البروبان‬
،‫التغيير الكيميائي‬
propane and oxygen from the air are converted to carbon
‫يتم تحويل البروبان واألكسجني من‬
dioxide and water. ‫الهواء إلى كربون‬
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O .‫ثاني أكسيد الكربون واملاء‬

Characteristics of Chemical Changes
• Reaction with acids • Ability to act as reducing
• Reaction with bases agent
(alkalis) • Reaction with other
• Reaction with oxygen elements
(combustion) • Decomposition into
• Ability to act as oxidizing simpler substances
agent • Corrosion
‫التغيرات الكيميائية في املادة‬
Chemical Changes in matter
New Matter is formed.

.‫يتم تشكيل مادة جديدة‬
– Burning ‫ حرق‬-
‫ صدأ‬-
– Rusting
‫ الطبخ‬-
– Cooking
Physical Changes
§ Is conversion of matter from one state to another without
causing change in its composition or identity.
‫التغيرات الجسدية‬
§ Could be observed or measured. ‫§ هو تحويل املادة من دولة إلى أخرى بدون‬
.‫التسبب في تغيير في تكوينه أو هويته‬

Example:-
‫§ يمكن مالحظته أو قياسه‬
Water remains water whether in the liquid state or in the

form of ice or stream. Conversion from one state to another
state is a physical and not a chemical change.
‫خصائص التغيرات الجسدية‬
Characteristics of Physical Changes
• Melting point • Density
• Boiling point • Electrical conductivity
• Vapor pressure • Solubility
• State of matter • Hardness

Matter has ‫املادة لديها‬
§ Chemical properties:- -:‫§ الخصائص الكيميائية‬
‫هذه تتعامل مع التفاعالت الكيميائية التي‬

‫تكون‬
These deals with the chemical reactions that substance
.‫يخضع‬
undergo.
-:‫§ الخصائص الفيزيائية‬
§ Physical properties:- ‫هي الخصائص التي ال تنطوي على تفاعل‬

‫كيميائي؛‬
Are the properties that do not involve chemical reaction;

‫واللون ونقطة‬ ‫على سبيل املثال الكثافة‬
،‫االنصهار والحاالت الفيزيائية )السائل‬
e.g. density, color, melting point, and physical states (liquid,

(‫صلب وغاز‬
solid and gas).

Physical Properties‫الخصائص الفيزيائية‬
1- Mass (m):-
-:(‫ الكتلة )م‬-1
• Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.

.‫• الكتلة هي كمية املادة في الجسم‬
‫• الكتلة ثابتة ومستقلة في املوقع لذا فهي كذلك‬

• Mass is constant and independent on location so it is
‫ الجاذبية والضغط‬-: ‫مستقل عن‬
independent on :- Gravity & Pressure
Example:
Mass of stone is the same whether we measure it at sea

level (on top of mountain) or in the depths of a mine.
Physical Properties
2- Weight:-
• Is the force of attraction exerted on a body by gravity.
Weight = mass x gravity
• Weight is not constant and dependent on location so it
depends on:- gravity & pressure.
Example:-
Weight of an objects on the moon is lighter than on the
earth, where the moon has a weaker gravity pull.
Physical Properties
3- Density:- (d)
• Density of any substance is defined as its mass per
unit volume.
mass
Density = ---------- g/cm3
volume
Physical Properties
4- Specific gravity:-
• Specific gravity of any substance is defined as a
comparison of the density of a substance with that of
water, which is taken as a standard (density of water at
20 oC is 1.0 g/ml).
(Specific gravity has no units)
Example:-
Density of copper is 8.92 g/ml at 20 oC,
Specific gravity of copper at 20 oC is 8.92 /1.00 = 8.92
Gaseous Liquid Solid
state state state
§ Gases have no definite shape or volume.
§ Gases expand to fill whatever container they

are put into.
§ Gases are highly compressible and can be

forced into small containers.
§ Liquids have no definite shape but they do have
a definite volume.
§ Liquids are only slightly compressible

§ Solids have definite shapes and definite volume.
§ Solids are essentially incompressible.

Law of Conservation of Energy
“Energy can be converted from one form to

another but can’t be created or destroyed”
• Potential energy:
Stored, energy of position, bond energy.
• Kinetic energy:
Energy in motion.
Law of Conservation of Mass
• There is never a loss of mass in a chemical

reaction.
• 30g of reactants will produce 30g of products if

combined in the correct ratio.

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Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences

Chemical changes. .‫تغيرات كيميائية‬

Physical changes. ‫التغيرات املادية‬

§ Chemical changes, most commonly called chemical

C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O .‫ثاني أكسيد الكربون واملاء‬

• Reaction with bases agent

(alkalis) • Reaction with other

• Reaction with oxygen elements

(combustion) • Decomposition into

• Ability to act as oxidizing simpler substances

Chemical Changes in matter

New Matter is formed.

§ Could be observed or measured. ‫§ هو تحويل املادة من دولة إلى أخرى بدون‬

.‫التسبب في تغيير في تكوينه أو هويته‬

Water remains water whether in the liquid state or in the

Characteristics of Physical Changes

• Melting point • Density

• Boiling point • Electrical conductivity

• Vapor pressure • Solubility

• State of matter • Hardness

§ Chemical properties:- -:‫§ الخصائص الكيميائية‬

‫هذه تتعامل مع التفاعالت الكيميائية التي‬

§ Physical properties:- ‫هي الخصائص التي ال تنطوي على تفاعل‬

Are the properties that do not involve chemical reaction;

e.g. density, color, melting point, and physical states (liquid,

solid and gas).

• Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.

‫• الكتلة ثابتة ومستقلة في املوقع لذا فهي كذلك‬

Mass of stone is the same whether we measure it at sea

§ Gases expand to fill whatever container they

§ Gases are highly compressible and can be

§ Liquids are only slightly compressible

§ Solids are essentially incompressible.

“Energy can be converted from one form to

• There is never a loss of mass in a chemical

• 30g of reactants will produce 30g of products if

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