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C - Programming Notes Unit 2

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29 views

C - Programming Notes Unit 2

Uploaded by

jiya.malhotra1005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit- 2

1. C program Structure

pre-processor directives
global declarations

main()
{
local variable deceleration
statement sequences
function invoking
}

2. C Keywords
Keywords are the words whose meaning has already been explained to the C
compiler. There are only 32 keywords available in C. The keywords are also called
‘Reserved words’.

auto double int struct


break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
3. C Character Set
A character denotes any alphabet, digit or special symbol used to represent
information. Following are the valid alphabets, numbers and special symbols
allowed in C.

 Alphabets - A, B, ….., Y, Z a, b, ……, y, z


 Digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Special symbols - ~ ‘ ! @ # % ^ & * ( ) _ - + = | \ { } [ ] : ; " ' < > , . ? /

4. Rules for Writing, Compiling and Executing the C program

 C is case sensitive means variable named "COUNTER" is different from


a variable named "counter".
 All keywords are lowercased.
 Keywords cannot be used for any other purpose (like variable names).
 Every C statement must end with a ;. Thus ;acts as a statement terminator.
 First character must be an alphabet or underscore, no special symbol other
than an underscore, no commas or blank spaces are allowed with in a
variable, constant or keyword.
 Blank spaces may be inserted between two words to improve the
readability of the statement. However, no blank spaces are allowed within
a variable, constant or keyword.
 Variable must be declared before it is used in the program.
 File should be have the extension .c
 Program need to be compiled before execution.

5. Data types & Placeholders ( format specifiers)


 C has 5 basic built-in data types.
 Data type defines a set of values that a variable can store along with a set
of operations that can be performed on it.
 A variable takes different values at different times.
 General form for declaring a variable is:
type name;
 An example for using variables comes below:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int sum;
sum=12;
sum=sum+5;
printf("Sum is %d",sum);
}

printf function will print the following:


Sum is 17
In fact %d is the placeholder for integer variable value that its name
comes after double quotes.

 Common data types are:


o int - integer
o char - character
o long - long integer
o float - float number
o double - long float
 Other placeholders are:
Placeholders Format
%c Character
%d Signed decimal integer
%i Signed decimal integer
%e Scientific notation[e]
%E Scientific notation[E]
%f Decimal floating point
%o unsigned octal
%s String of character
%u unsigned decimal integer
%x unsigned Hexadecimal (lower)
%X unsigned Hexadecimal (upper)
%p dispaly a pointer
%% print a %

6. Backslash character constants (Escape sequences)


Certain non printing characters as well as the backslash () and the apostrophe('), can
be expressed in terms of escape sequence.

 \a - Bell
 \n - New line
 \r - Carriage return
 \b - Backspace
 \f - Formfeed
 \t - Horizontal tab
 \" - Quotation mark
 \v - Vertical tab
 \' - Apostrophe
 \\ - Backslash
 \? - Question mark
 \0 – Null
7. Receiving input values from keyboard

scanf function used to receiving input from keyboard.

General form of scanf function is :

scanf("Format string", &variable, &variable,...);

Format string contains placeholders for variables that we intend to receive from
keyboard. A & sign comes before each variable name that comes in variable listing.
Character strings are exceptions from this rule. They will not come with this sign
before them.

Note: You are not allowed to insert any additional characters in format string other
than placeholders and some special characters. Entering even a space or other
undesired character will cause your program to work incorrectly and the results will
be unexpected. So make sure you just insert placeholder characters in scanf format
string. The following example receives multiple variables from keyboard.

float a;
int n;
scanf("%d%f",&n,&a);

Pay attention that scanf function has no error checking capabilities built in it.
Programmer is responsible for validating input data (type, range etc.) and preventing
errors

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