UNIT-1

Question 1. Explain any ten applications of computer graphics.

Answer:

1. Education and Training: Computer-generated model of the physical, financial and economic
system is often used as educational aids. Model of physical systems, physiological system,
population trends or equipment can help trainees to understand the operation of the system. For
some training applications, particular systems are designed. For example Flight Simulator.

Flight Simulator: It helps in giving training to the pilots of airplanes. These pilots spend much of
their training not in a real aircraft but on the ground at the controls of a Flight Simulator.

Advantages:
1. Fuel Saving
2. Safety
3. Ability to familiarize the training with a large number of the world's airports.

2. Use in Biology: Molecular biologist can display a picture of molecules and gain insight into
their structure with the help of computer graphics.

3. Computer-Generated Maps: Town planners and transportation engineers can use computer-
generated maps which display data useful to them in their planning work.

4. Architect: Architect can explore an alternative solution to design problems at an interactive

graphics terminal. In this way, they can test many more solutions that would not be possible
without the computer.

5. Presentation Graphics: Example of presentation Graphics are bar charts, line graphs, pie charts
and other displays showing relationships between multiple parameters. Presentation Graphics is
commonly used to summarize
o Financial Reports
o Statistical Reports
o Mathematical Reports
o Scientific Reports
o Economic Data for research reports
 o Managerial Reports
o Consumer Information Bulletins
o And other types of reports

6. Computer Art: Computer Graphics are also used in the field of commercial arts. It is used to
generate television and advertising commercial.

7. Entertainment: Computer Graphics are now commonly used in making motion pictures, music
videos and television shows.

8. Visualization: It is used for visualization of scientists, engineers, medical personnel, business

analysts for the study of a large amount of information.

9. Educational Software: Computer Graphics is used in the development of educational software

for making computer-aided instruction.

10. Printing Technology: Computer Graphics is used for printing technology and textile design.

Question 2. Give some example of computer graphics package.

Answer:
1. LOGO
2. COREL DRAW
3. AUTO CAD
4. 3D STUDIO
5. CORE
6. GKS (Graphics Kernel System)
7. PHIGS
8. CAM (Computer Graphics Metafile)
9. CGI (Computer Graphics Interface)

Question 3. Differentiate between interactive and non-interactive computer graphics.

Answer:

(a) Non-Interactive or Passive Computer Graphics:

In non-interactive computer graphics, the picture is produced on the monitor, and the user does not
have any controlled over the image, i.e., the user cannot make any change in the rendered image.
One example of its Titles shown on T.V.
Non-interactive Graphics involves only one-way communication between the computer and the
user, User can see the produced image, and he cannot make any change in the image.
(b) Interactive Computer Graphics:

In interactive Computer Graphics user have some controls over the picture, i.e., the user can make
any change in the produced image. One example of it is the ping-pong game.

Question 4. List out five display devices in computer graphics.

Answer:

The most commonly used display device is a video monitor. The operation of most video monitors
based on CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). The following display devices are used:
1. Refresh Cathode Ray Tube
2. Random Scan and Raster Scan
3. Color CRT Monitors
4. Direct View Storage Tubes
5. Flat Panel Display
6. Lookup Table

Question 5. Explain the display processor with its diagram.

Answer:

It is interpreter or piece of hardware that converts display processor code into pictures. It is one of
the four main parts of the display processor

Parts of Display Processor

1. Display File Memory
2. Display Processor
3. Display Generator
4. Display Console
Display File Memory: It is used for generation of the picture. It is used for identification of
graphic entities.

Display Controller:
1. It handles interrupt
2. It maintains timings
3. It is used for interpretation of instruction.

Display Generator:
1. It is used for the generation of character.
2. It is used for the generation of curves.

Display Console: It contains CRT, Light Pen, and Keyboard and deflection system.

Question 6. Explain the block diagram of CRT with its functional components.

Answer:

CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in traditional computer monitors
and televisions. The image on CRT display is created by firing electrons from the back of the tube
of phosphorus located towards the front of the screen.

Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are projected on a screen. The color
you view on the screen is produced by a blend of red, blue and green light.
Components of CRT:

Main Components of CRT are:

1. Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a heating filament
(heater) and a cathode. The electron gun creates a source of electrons which are focused into a
narrow beam directed at the face of the CRT.

2. Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and off.

3. Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the electrons into a narrow
beam.

4. Deflection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the electron beam. It creates an electric
or magnetic field which will bend the electron beam as it passes through the area. In a conventional
CRT, the yoke is linked to a sweep or scan generator. The deflection yoke which is connected to
the sweep generator creates a fluctuating electric or magnetic potential.

5. Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every CRT is coated with phosphors.
Phosphors glow when a high-energy electron beam hits them. Phosphorescence is the term used
to characterize the light given off by a phosphor after it has been exposed to an electron beam.

Question 7. Explain Random scan display with its advantages and disadvantages.

Answer:
Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create a line image on
the CRT screen. The picture is constructed out of a sequence of straight-line segments. Each line
segment is drawn on the screen by directing the beam to move from one point on the screen to the
next, where its x & y coordinates define each point. After drawing the picture. The system cycles
back to the first line and design all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second. The process
is shown in fig:

Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays or calligraphic
displays.
Advantages:
1. A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image is to
be drawn.
2. Produce smooth line drawings.
3. High Resolution
Disadvantages:
1. Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.

Question 8. Explain Raster scan display with its advantages and disadvantages.

Answer:

A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the form of a rectangular box called
Raster on the screen. Information of on and off pixels is stored in refresh buffer or Frame buffer.
Televisions in our house are based on Raster Scan Method. The raster scan system can store
information of each pixel position, so it is suitable for realistic display of objects. Raster Scan
provides a refresh rate of 60 to 80 frames per second. Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit
map. In Frame Buffer the positions are called picture elements or pixels. Beam refreshing is of two
types. First is horizontal retracing and second is vertical retracing. When the beam starts from the
top left corner and reaches the bottom right scale, it will again return to the top left side called at
vertical retrace. Then it will again more horizontally from top to bottom call as horizontal retracing
shown in fig:
Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan
1. Interlaced Scanning
2. Non-Interlaced Scanning

In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to bottom. Due to
which fading of display of object may occur. This problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced
scanning. In this first of all odd numbered lines are traced or visited by an electron beam, then in
the next circle, even number of lines are located.

For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives flickers. For
interlaced display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is used.

Advantages:
1. Realistic image
2. Million Different colors to be generated
3. Shadow Scenes are possible.

Disadvantages:
1. Low Resolution
2. Expensive

Question 9. Differentiate between Random and Raster Scan Display.

Answer:

Random Scan Raster Scan

 1. It has high Resolution 1. Its resolution is low.

2. It is more expensive 2. It is less expensive

3. Any modification if needed is easy 3.Modification is tough

4. Solid pattern is tough to fill 4.Solid pattern is easy to fill

5. Refresh rate depends or resolution 5. Refresh rate does not depend on the
picture.

6. Only screen with view on an area is 6. Whole screen is scanned.

displayed.

7. Beam Penetration technology come 7. Shadow mark technology came under

under it. this.

8. It does not use interlacing method. 8. It uses interlacing

9. It is restricted to line drawing 9. It is suitable for realistic display.

applications

Question 10. Explain Beam Penetration method to produce the color display with CRT.

The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors. The phosphors are different
colors. There are two popular approaches for producing color displays with a CRT are:
1. Beam Penetration Method
2. Shadow-Mask Method
1. Beam Penetration Method:

The Beam-Penetration method has been used with random-scan monitors. In this method, the CRT
screen is coated with two layers of phosphor, red and green and the displayed color depends on
how far the electron beam penetrates the phosphor layers. This method produces four colors only,
red, green, orange and yellow. A beam of slow electrons excites the outer red layer only; hence
screen shows red color only. A beam of high-speed electrons excites the inner green layer. Thus
screen shows a green color.
Advantages:
1. Inexpensive

Disadvantages:
1. Only four colors are possible
2. Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.

Question 11. Explain Shadow-Mask method to produce the color display with CRT.

Answer:
o Shadow Mask Method is commonly used in Raster-Scan System because they produce a
much wider range of colors than the beam-penetration method.
o It is used in the majority of color TV sets and monitors.

Construction: A shadow mask CRT has 3 phosphor color dots at each pixel position.
o ne phosphor dot emits: red light
o Another emits: green light
o Third emits: blue light

This type of CRT has 3 electron guns, one for each color dot and a shadow mask grid just behind
the phosphor coated screen.

Shadow mask grid is pierced with small round holes in a triangular pattern.

Figure shows the delta-delta shadow mask method commonly used in color CRT system.
Working: Triad arrangement of red, green, and blue guns.

The deflection system of the CRT operates on all 3 electron beams simultaneously; the 3 electron
beams are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow mask, which contains a sequence of
holes aligned with the phosphor- dot patterns.
When the three beams pass through a hole in the shadow mask, they activate a dotted triangle,
which occurs as a small color spot on the screen.

The phosphor dots in the triangles are organized so that each electron beam can activate only its
corresponding color dot when it passes through the shadow mask.

Inline arrangement: Another configuration for the 3 electron guns is an Inline arrangement in
which the 3 electron guns and the corresponding red-green-blue color dots on the screen, are
aligned along one scan line rather of in a triangular pattern.

This inline arrangement of electron guns in easier to keep in alignment and is commonly used in
high-resolution color CRT's.

Advantage:
1. Realistic image
2. Million different colors to be generated
3. Shadow scenes are possible

Disadvantage:
1. Relatively expensive compared with the monochrome CRT.
2. Relatively poor resolution
3. Convergence Problem

Question 12. Explain any five input devices in detail.

Answer:

The Input Devices are the hardware that is used to transfer transfers input to the computer. The
data can be in the form of text, graphics, sound, and text. Output device display data from the
memory of the computer. Output can be text, numeric data, line, polygon, and other objects.

These Devices include:

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Trackball
4. Trackball
5. Joystick
 6. Light Pen
7. Digitizer
8. Touch Panels

Keyboard:

The most commonly used input device is a keyboard. The data is entered by pressing the set of
keys. All keys are labeled. A keyboard with 101 keys is called a QWERTY keyboard.

The keyboard has alphabetic as well as numeric keys. Some special keys are also available.
1. Numeric Keys: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
2. Alphabetic keys: a to z (lower case), A to Z (upper case)
3. Special Control keys: Ctrl, Shift, Alt
4. Special Symbol Keys: ; , " ? @ ~ ? :
5. Cursor Control Keys: ↑ → ← ↓
6. Function Keys: F1 F2 F3....F9.
7. Numeric Keyboard: It is on the right-hand side of the keyboard and used for fast entry of
numeric data.

Function of Keyboard:
1. Alphanumeric Keyboards are used in CAD. (Computer Aided Drafting)
2. Keyboards are available with special features line screen co-ordinates entry, Menu
selection or graphics functions, etc.
3. Special purpose keyboards are available having buttons, dials, and switches. Dials are used
to enter scalar values. Dials also enter real numbers. Buttons and switches are used to enter
predefined function values.

Advantage:
1. Suitable for entering numeric data.
2. Function keys are a fast and effective method of using commands, with fewer errors.

Disadvantage:
1. Keyboard is not suitable for graphics input.

Mouse:

A Mouse is a pointing device and used to position the pointer on the screen. It is a small palm size
box. There are two or three depression switches on the top. The movement of the mouse along the
x-axis helps in the horizontal movement of the cursor and the movement along the y-axis helps in
the vertical movement of the cursor on the screen. The mouse cannot be used to enter text.
Therefore, they are used in conjunction with a keyboard.

Advantage:
1. Easy to use
2. Not very expensive

Trackball

It is a pointing device. It is similar to a mouse. This is mainly used in notebook or laptop computer,
instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted, and by changing fingers on the ball, the
pointer can be moved.

Advantage:
1. Trackball is stationary, so it does not require much space to use it.
2. Compact Size
Spaceball:

It is similar to trackball, but it can move in six directions where trackball can move in two
directions only. The movement is recorded by the strain gauge. Strain gauge is applied with
pressure. It can be pushed and pulled in various directions. The ball has a diameter around 7.5 cm.
The ball is mounted in the base using rollers. One-third of the ball is an inside box, the rest is
outside.

Applications:
1. It is used for three-dimensional positioning of the object.
2. It is used to select various functions in the field of virtual reality.
3. It is applicable in CAD applications.
4. Animation is also done using spaceball.
5. It is used in the area of simulation and modeling.

Joystick:

A Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to change cursor position on a monitor screen.
Joystick is a stick having a spherical ball as its both lower and upper ends as shown in fig. The
lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be changed in all four directions. The
function of a joystick is similar to that of the mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided
Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.
Light Pen

Light Pen (similar to the pen) is a pointing device which is used to select a displayed menu item
or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a
small tube. When its tip is moved over the monitor screen, and pen button is pressed, its photocell
sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signals to the CPU.

Uses:
1. Light Pens can be used as input coordinate positions by providing necessary arrangements.
2. If background color or intensity, a light pen can be used as a locator.
3. It is used as a standard pick device with many graphics system.
4. It can be used as stroke input devices.
5. It can be used as valuators

Digitizers:

The digitizer is an operator input device, which contains a large, smooth board (the appearance is
similar to the mechanical drawing board) & an electronic tracking device, which can be changed
over the surface to follow existing lines. The electronic tracking device contains a switch for the
user to record the desire x & y coordinate positions. The coordinates can be entered into the
computer memory or stored or an off-line storage medium such as magnetic tape.

Advantages:
1. Drawing can easily be changed.
2. It provides the capability of interactive graphics.

Disadvantages:
1. Costly
2. Suitable only for applications which required high-resolution graphics.

Touch Panels:

Touch Panels is a type of display screen that has a touch-sensitive transparent panel covering the
screen. A touch screen registers input when a finger or other object comes in contact with the
screen.
When the wave signals are interrupted by some contact with the screen, that located is recorded.
Touch screens have long been used in military applications.