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    Math 9 2nd Quarter

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    jewel.xalia

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    Math 9 2nd Quarter

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    Math 9 2nd Quarter (2)

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    Math 9 2nd Quarter

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    of 5

    Grade 9 Math: Second Quarter Class Notes

    1. QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
    A quadratic equation is an equation of the form:

    ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0

    where aaa, bbb, and ccc are constants, and xxx is the variable.

     Standard Form: ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0


     Solutions (Roots) can be found using:
    o Factoring
    o Completing the square
    o Quadratic formula:

    x=−b±b2−4ac2ax = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}x=2a−b±b2−4ac

    o Graphing: The solutions are the points where the parabola intersects the x-axis.

    2. Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring


    To solve a quadratic equation by factoring:

    1. Write the equation in standard form.


    2. Factor the quadratic expression.
    3. Set each factor equal to zero and solve for xxx.

    Example: Solve x2+5x+6=0x^2 + 5x + 6 = 0x2+5x+6=0.

    1. Factor: (x+2)(x+3)=0(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0(x+2)(x+3)=0


    2. Solve: x+2=0x + 2 = 0x+2=0 or x+3=0x + 3 = 0x+3=0 x=−2orx=−3x = -2 \quad \text{or}
    \quad x = -3x=−2orx=−3

    3. Completing the Square


    This method involves creating a perfect square trinomial from the quadratic equation.

    Steps:

    1. Move the constant term to the other side.


    2. Add the square of half the coefficient of xxx to both sides.
    3. Write the left side as a square.
    4. Solve for xxx by taking the square root of both sides.

    Example: Solve x2+6x−7=0x^2 + 6x - 7 = 0x2+6x−7=0 by completing the square.

    1. Move −7-7−7 to the other side: x2+6x=7x^2 + 6x = 7x2+6x=7


    2. Add (62)2=9\left(\frac{6}{2}\right)^2 = 9(26)2=9: x2+6x+9=7+9x^2 + 6x + 9 = 7 +
    9x2+6x+9=7+9
    3. Write as a square: (x+3)2=16(x + 3)^2 = 16(x+3)2=16
    4. Take square roots: x+3=±4x + 3 = \pm 4x+3=±4
    5. Solve: x=−3±4x = -3 \pm 4x=−3±4
    x=1orx=−7x = 1 \quad \text{or} \quad x = -7x=1orx=−7

    Example: Solve x2+6x−7=0x^2 + 6x - 7 = 0x2+6x−7=0 by completing the square.

    1. Move −7-7−7 to the other side: x2+6x=7x^2 + 6x = 7x2+6x=7


    2. Add (62)2=9\left(\frac{6}{2}\right)^2 = 9(26)2=9: x2+6x+9=7+9x^2 + 6x + 9 = 7 +
    9x2+6x+9=7+9
    3. Write as a square: (x+3)2=16(x + 3)^2 = 16(x+3)2=16
    4. Take square roots: x+3=±4x + 3 = \pm 4x+3=±4

    Solve: x=−3±4x = -3 \pm 4x=−3±4


    x=1orx=−7x = 1 \quad \text{or} \quad x = -7x=1orx=−7

    4. Quadratic Formula
    When factoring and completing the square are not efficient, you can use the quadratic formula.

    The quadratic formula is:

    x=−b±b2−4ac2ax = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}x=2a−b±b2−4ac


     The expression under the square root, b2−4acb^2 - 4acb2−4ac, is called the
    discriminant.
    o If the discriminant is positive, there are 2 real solutions.
    o If the discriminant is zero, there is 1 real solution.
    o If the discriminant is negative, there are no real solutions (only complex
    solutions).

    Example: Solve 2x2+3x−5=02x^2 + 3x - 5 = 02x2+3x−5=0.

     a=2a = 2a=2, b=3b = 3b=3, c=−5c = -5c=−5


     Discriminant: b2−4ac=32−4(2)(−5)=9+40=49b^2 - 4ac = 3^2 - 4(2)(-5) = 9 + 40 =
    49b2−4ac=32−4(2)(−5)=9+40=49
     Use the quadratic formula: x=−3±492(2)=−3±74x = \frac{-3 \pm \sqrt{49}}{2(2)} =
    \frac{-3 \pm 7}{4}x=2(2)−3±49=4−3±7 x=−3+74=1orx=−3−74=−2.5x = \frac{-3 +
    7}{4} = 1 \quad \text{or} \quad x = \frac{-3 - 7}{4} = -2.5x=4−3+7=1orx=4−3−7=−2.5

    5. Graphing Quadratic Functions A quadratic function can be written as y=ax2+bx+cy =


    ax^2 + bx + cy=ax2+bx+c, and its graph is a parabola.

     Vertex: The highest or lowest point of the parabola, depending on the direction it opens.
    o If a>0a > 0a>0, the parabola opens upward (minimum point).
    o If a<0a < 0a<0, the parabola opens downward (maximum point).
     Axis of Symmetry: The line that passes through the vertex, given by: x=−b2ax = \frac{-
    b}{2a}x=2a−b
     Y-intercept: The point where the parabola crosses the y-axis, found by setting x=0x = 0x=0.
     X-intercepts: The points where the parabola crosses the x-axis, found by solving the equation
    ax2+bx+c=0ax^2 + bx + c = 0ax2+bx+c=0.

    6. Discriminant and Nature of Roots

    The discriminant D=b2−4acD = b^2 - 4acD=b2−4ac helps determine the nature of the roots of a
    quadratic equation:

     D>0D > 0D>0: Two distinct real roots.


     D=0D = 0D=0: One real root (repeated root).
     D<0D < 0D<0: No real roots, but two complex roots.

    Example: For x2+4x+4=0x^2 + 4x + 4 = 0x2+4x+4=0, the discriminant is:

    D=42−4(1)(4)=16−16=0D = 4^2 - 4(1)(4) = 16 - 16 = 0D=42−4(1)(4)=16−16=0

    Since D=0D = 0D=0, the equation has one real root.

    7. Word Problems Involving Quadratic Equations

    Word problems often involve situations that can be modeled using quadratic equations, such as:

     Projectile motion
     Area problems
     Revenue and profit maximization

    Example: A ball is thrown upward, and its height is given by the equation h=−5t2+20t+30h = -
    5t^2 + 20t + 30h=−5t2+20t+30, where hhh is the height in meters and ttt is the time in seconds.
    To find when the ball reaches its maximum height, use the vertex formula.

     The time to reach maximum height is given by: t=−b2a=−202(−5)=2 secondst = \frac{-b}{2a} =
    \frac{-20}{2(-5)} = 2 \text{ seconds}t=2a−b=2(−5)−20=2 seconds
     Substituting t=2t = 2t=2 into the equation for height: h=−5(2)2+20(2)+30=40 metersh = -5(2)^2 +
    20(2) + 30 = 40 \text{ meters}h=−5(2)2+20(2)+30=40 meters
    Rational Algebraic Expressions A rational expression is a fraction where the numerator
    and/or the denominator is a polynomial.

    Simplifying Rational Expressions:

    1. Factor both the numerator and the denominator.


    2. Cancel out any common factors.
    3. Example:
    4. x2−9x2−6x+9=(x−3)(x+3)(x−3)(x−3)=x+3x−3\frac{x^2 - 9}{x^2 - 6x + 9} = \frac{(x -
    3)(x + 3)}{(x - 3)(x - 3)} = \frac{x + 3}{x - 3}x2−6x+9x2−9=(x−3)(x−3)(x−3)(x+3)
    =x−3x+3
    5. (Valid as long as x≠3x \neq 3x 3)
    6. Operations with Rational Expressions:

    1. Addition and Subtraction:


    o Find a common denominator.
    o Example:

    2x+3x2=2x+3x2\frac{2}{x} + \frac{3}{x^2} = \frac{2x + 3}{x^2}x2+x23=x22x+3

    2. Multiplication and Division:


    o Multiply/divide the numerators and denominators.
    o Example:

    3x2×4x=122x=6x\frac{3x}{2} \times \frac{4}{x} = \frac{12}{2x} = \frac{6}{x}23x×x4=2x12=x6

    5. Rational Equations

    A rational equation contains one or more rational expressions.

    Solving Rational Equations:

    1. Find a common denominator.


    2. Multiply through by the common denominator to eliminate the fractions.
    3. Solve the resulting equation.

    Example: Solve 2x+3x+1=1\frac{2}{x} + \frac{3}{x + 1} = 1x2+x+13=1.

     Multiply through by x(x+1)x(x + 1)x(x+1) to eliminate the denominators: 2(x+1)+3x=x(x+1)2(x +


    1) + 3x = x(x + 1)2(x+1)+3x=x(x+1) 2x+2+3x=x2+x2x + 2 + 3x = x^2 + x2x+2+3x=x2+x 5x+2=x2+x5x
    + 2 = x^2 + x5x+2=x2+x 0=x2−4x−20 = x^2 - 4x - 20=x2−4x−2
     Solve the quadratic equation.
    6. Variation

    Variation describes how one variable changes in relation to another.

    1. Direct Variation: As one variable increases, the other also increases.


    o Formula: y=kxy = kxy=kx, where kkk is the constant of variation.
    o Example: If y=3xy = 3xy=3x, then yyy varies directly with xxx.
    2. Inverse Variation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
    o Formula: y=kxy = \frac{k}{x}y=xk.
    o Example: If y=6xy = \frac{6}{x}y=x6, then yyy varies inversely with xxx.
    3. Joint Variation: A variable varies directly as the product of two or more other variables.
    o Formula: y=kxzy = kxzy=kxz.
    o Example: If y=2xzy = 2xzy=2xz, then yyy varies jointly with xxx and zzz.
    4. Combined Variation: Involves both direct and inverse variation.
    o Example: y=kxzy = \frac{kx}{z}y=zkx.

    7. Solving Problems Involving Variation

    1. Identify the type of variation (direct, inverse, joint, or combined).


    2. Write the equation representing the variation.
    3. Substitute known values to find the constant kkk.
    4. Solve for the unknown variable using the variation equation.

    Example: If yyy varies directly as xxx and y=10y = 10y=10 when x=2x = 2x=2, find yyy when
    x=5x = 5x=5.

     Direct variation: y=kxy = kxy=kx


     Find kkk: 10=k(2)⇒k=510 = k(2) \Rightarrow k = 510=k(2)⇒k=5
     Substitute kkk and x=5x = 5x=5 into the equation: y=5(5)=25y = 5(5) = 25y=5(5)=25

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