Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of CALABARZON Region

The CALABARZON Region is located in the south western part of the island of Luzon and has a total

land area of 16,560 square kilometers. CALABARZON is the second most densely populated region in the

country, principally because it is the closest region to Metro Manila. Because of its close proximity to Manila

and the industrial and economic opportunities that exist there, CALABARZON is experiencing rapid

urbanization. As of the year 2000, 67% of its population lives in urban areas. The region is also one of the

country’s leading regions for economic investment and growth. With the influx of people and rapid industrial

growth, environmental issues such as pollution, solid waste management, conservation, and natural resource

management will increasingly become major concerns. Additionally, the rapid growth in population will require

increased investments in infrastructure and services in order to maintain the relatively high living standards

that residents of CALABARZON currently enjoy. [1]

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The study is based on substantial research within the Region 4-A CALABARZON. It evaluates all the

gathered data, and assessed the information into statistical figures. Thru quantitative research, to figure out

the energy demand and supply in the region and to distinguish whether the nonrenewable source can be

decrease rather than increase and replaced by the renewable ones.

Furthermore, the supplies capacity from 2010 to 2040 will be evaluated and lastly, distinguishing which

sources are copious that can meet the demand up to 30years.

1
1.3 Scope and Delimitations

This study will consider the probable energy source within the CALABARZON area with a focus on

energy development. The data was limited since we’re not able to make an actual consultation of different

energy agencies. We only relied from internet and we make sure that the references we’re all based from

reliable sources to have more accurate and realistic results. Similarly, the implementation of policies and

regulations was not examined.

1.4 Significance of the study:

Fighting the global warming is one of the main properties of our country energy and environmental

policies. Development and utilization of renewable sources not only provide a sustainable solution to energy

crises.

This project also important to train and increase the student capability to get know, research, data

gathering, analysis making and then solve a problem by research or scientific research.

1.5 Definition of Terms

Energy Transformations - an energy transformation is the change of energy from one form to another.

Energy transformations occur everywhere every second of the day. There are many different forms of energy

such as electrical, thermal, nuclear, mechanical, electromagnetic, sound, and chemical. Because the law of

conservation of energy states that energy is always conserved in the universe and simply changes from one

form to another, many energy transformations are taking place constantly.

Electricity generation - the process of producing electric energy or the amount of electric energy

produced by transforming other forms of energy into electrical energy; commonly expressed in kilowatt-hours

(kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh).

2
 Electric power distribution system - the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity

from the transmission system to individual consumers.

KWh - The kilowatt hour is a derived unit of energy equal to 3.6 mega joules. If the energy is being

transmitted or used at a constant rate (power) over a period of time, the total energy in kilowatt-hours is the

product of the power in kilowatts and the time in hours.

Efficiency - producing power, heat, etc., at a rate considered optimal with regard to the amount of

fuel consumed.

3
Chapter 2
DEMAND AND TRANSFORMATION IN
CALABARZON

2.1 Demand

2.1.1 Definition

Demand is an economic principle that describes a consumer's desire and willingness to pay a price for

a specific good or service. Holding all other factors constant, the price of a good or service increases as its

demand increases and vice versa. The requirement for energy as an input to provide products and/or

services.

2.1.2 Resources

2.1.2.1 Household

A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share at meals

or living accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people. The household

is the basic unit of analysis in many social, microeconomic and government models, and is important to the

fields of economics and inheritance. [2]

In the year 2010, CALABARZON’s 12.6 million people are living in

about 2.8 million households. 59.8% of these are in Urban Areas. The

population has increased more than seven times with an annual average

growth rate of 3.07%. [3]

4
 Urban

 All Urban residents are connected to the electric grid and use electricity for lighting, cooking and for other

devices.

 Annually, the average urban household consumes 456.25 kWh in lighting, 515.38 kWh in refrigeration,

13,140 kWh in air-conditioning, 5,256 kWh for cooking and 12,291.374 kWh for other devices. [4]

 The 3.24% of the Urban households use energy for lighting, 16.40% for refrigeration, 28.43% for air-

conditioning, 8.63% for cooking and 43.31% for Other devices. [5]

 The Other devices are personal computers, electric fan, televisions,

iron, mobile cellphone chargers and washing machines. [5]

5
 Rural

 64.79% of rural households have access to grid-

connected electricity.

 36.5% of the electrified rural households have

lighting, 8.5% have refrigerator, 14.7% in air-

conditioning, 17.8% in cooking and 22.4% for

other devices. [5]

 The non-electrified rural

households of CALABARZON

used 67.2% in lighting and

32.8% for cooking. [6] [7]

 24.8% of the residence used

LPG for cooking which

consumes 214,843 metric tons annually. 20.65% uses kerosene (122 cubic meters), 32.63% uses fuel

wood (774,132 metric tons) and 21.91 uses charcoal (124,636 metric tons).

 The energy intensity of LPG is expected to increase 14.34% each year, kerosene (5.69%). But wood and

charcoal will be expected to decrease of about 9.98% and 11.3% respectively. [8]

6
 Projection

The table and graphs shows

that 18.2 TWh demand of

household in 2010 will increase up

to 45.1 TWh in 2040.

2.1.2.2 Industry

Assuming that the power consumption in the

CALABARZON is the same as the consumption of

the whole country. Industrial sector in the

Philippines consumes about 29.4% of energy,

Commercial sector (33.6%), Households (34.1%)

and the remaining 2.9% was for Transportation

sector. [9]

7
 The industrial sectors such as; energy-producing industries, energy-intensive industries and other

energy-consuming industries were all used Petroleum Products, Coal, Natural Gas, Fuel Wood, Charcoal

and other biomass.

 13.6% of the industry sector uses petroleum products which consumes 11,479,809.7 kWh per year and

it will be expected to increase in 14.3% annually. Other fuels such as coal (46.5%), natural gas (2.2%),

wood (1.4%), charcoal (0.1%) and other biomass (36.2%) were also used by the industries as some

other information were listed on the table. [10]

 Projection

The table and graphs shows

that 0.9 TWh demand of industrial

sector in 2010 will increase up to

20.5 TWh in 2040.

8
2.1.2.3 Transport

In 2010, there were 922,337

vehicles registered in Region 4A

CALABARZON. Of the total

number, 484,227 or 52.5

percent were motorcycles and

tricycles. Also registered were

236,118 jeepneys (25.6%);

112,525 cars (12.2%); 44,272 trucks (4.8%); 4,612 buses (0.5%); 3,689 trailers (0.4%); and 36,893 sports

utility vehicles (3.9%). There was an increase by 8.9 percent in registered motor vehicles and tricycles in

2010, 5.8 percent increase in buses, 3.5 percent in jeepneys, 3.6 percent in cars, 2.0 percent in trucks, and

1.9 percent in trailers. The biggest increase of 17.8 percent in utility vehicles. [11]

9
 The average annual vehicle miles traveled of major vehicle categories; motor and tricycle (2,500),

jeepney (11,500), cars (11,000), trucks (13,000), buses (12,000, trailers (25,000) and utility vehicles (15,000.

[12]

Assuming that selected vehicles uses gasoline and diesel which

has the following properties; a gasoline has an energy content of

29.14 MJ/L and can travel 29.14 km/L, while the diesel can travel up

to 38.46 km/L and has an energy content of 34.8 MJ/L. [13] [14]

10
 Projection

The table and graphs shows

that 2.4 TWh demand of transport

sector in 2010 will increase up to

31.3 TWh in 2040.

2.1.2.4 Commercial

11
 The Commercial sector in the Philippines used 14,756 GWh electricity demand on 2009 and 16,260

GWh on 2010. [8] The growth rate is 1.10% every year (based on the 2009-2010 electricity demand).

Assuming that the demand for CALABARZON is 14.27% of the Philippines total demand, which is based on

the total population of the Region. [15]

 Projection

The table and graphs shows that 0.8 TWh

demand of commercial sector in 2010 will increase

up to 1.1 TWh in 2040

12
2.1.3 Gathered Data Analysis

Demand in CALABARZON is constantly increasing, the households sector has the highest energy

demand in the region with 18.2 terawatt in 2010 while commercial has the least demand of energy with

only 0.8 terawatt. This projected that the growth in this demand will increased up to 98.0 terawatt by

2040.

2.2 Transformation

2.2.1 Definition

Energy Transformations is the change of energy from one form to another. It’s occur everywhere

every second of the day. There are many different forms of energy such as electrical, thermal, nuclear,

mechanical, electromagnetic, sound, and chemical. Because the law of conservation of energy states that

13
energy is always conserved in the universe and simply changes from one form to another, many energy

transformations are taking place constantly.

2.2.2 Resources

14
 These are the complete lists of existing power plants in

Region 4A CALABARZON, Philippines. The Region has a total

installed capacity of almost 7,500 MW. [16] The largest electric

generation was came from the Natural gas with (38.8%), Coal

(32.9%), Hydro (10.7%), Oil 8.9%, Geothermal (6.3%) and Biomass

(0.18%). Another new installed capacity were came from the

renewable energy sources such as Solar (1.4%) and Wind (0.7%).

2.2.2.1 Electricity Generation

The table and graphs shows that power

plants in CALABARZON’s generates 18.4 TWh of

electricity in 2010 and can increase up to 45.1

TWh in 2040.

15
Chapter 3
ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN CALABARZON

3.1 Graphs, Statistics and Analysis

DEMAND SUPPLY

2010 22.3 18.4

2040 98.0 45.1

It only shows that the Region 4A CALABARZON has a very large energy demand compare to its

energy supply. Luzon grid was also on red alert because of insufficient power supply from the generating

plant. [17] If the growth rate of energy supply of the region doesn’t change, the number of demand will be more

intensified and can cause a massive power outage not only for the CALABARZON but also for other regions.

Installing new energy capacity bounded these coming years. Wind and solar resources have the

greatest energy contribution. It implies that if there is greater energy demand, the varibale of energy supplies

should also multiply

16
Sankey Diagram

A specific type of flow diagram, in which the width of the arrows is shown proportionally to the flow

quantity.

Graphs show the comparison of energy supplies to its power demand from 2010 up to 2040.

17
Chapter 4
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Conclusion

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………..

18