International A Level Chemistry Edexcel: 1.3 Atomic Structure

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YOUR NOTES
International A Level Chemistry Edexcel 
1.3 Atomic Structure
CONTENTS
1.3.1 Sub-Atomic Particles
1.3.2 Isotopes & Mass Spectra
Page 1 of 14
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1.3.1 Sub-Atomic Particles YOUR NOTES


Sub-Atomic Particles
All matter is composed of atoms, which are the smallest parts of an element that can take
place in chemical reactions
Atoms are mostly made up of empty space around a very small, dense nucleus that
contains protons and neutrons
The nucleus has an overall positive charge
The protons have a positive charge and the neutrons have a neutral charge
Negatively charged electrons are found in orbitals in the empty space around the nucleus
The basic structure of an atom (not to scale)

Subatomic particles are the particles an element is made up of and include protons,
neutrons and electrons
These subatomic particles are so small that it is not possible to measure their masses and
charges using conventional units (such as grams and coulombs)
Instead, their masses and charges are compared to each other using ‘relative atomic
masses’ and ‘relative atomic charges’
These are not actual charges and masses but they are charges and masses of particles
relative to each other
Protons and neutrons have a very similar mass so each is assigned a relative mass of 1
whereas electrons are 1836 times smaller than a proton and neutron
Protons are positively charged, electrons negatively charged and neutrons are
neutral
The relative mass and charge of the subatomic particles are:
Relative Mass & Charge of Subatomic Particles Table
Page 2 of 14
YOUR NOTES

 Exam Tip
The relative mass of an electron is almost negligible.
The charge of a single electron is -1.602 x 10-19 coulombs whereas the charge of a
proton is +1.602 x 10-19 coulombs, however, relative to each other, their charges are
-1 and +1 respectively.
Page 3 of 14
Chemical Elements YOUR NOTES

The atomic number (or proton number) is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom 
and has symbol Z
The atomic number is equal to the number of electrons present in a neutral atom of an
element
E.g. the atomic number of lithium is 3 which indicates that the neutral lithium atom has
3 protons and 3 electrons
The mass number (or nucleon number) is the total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom and has symbol A
The number of neutrons can be calculated by:
Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number
Protons and neutrons are also called nucleons
 Exam Tip
The mass (nucleon) and atomic (proton) number are given for each element in the
Periodic Table
An atom is neutral and has no overall charge

Ions on the other hand are formed when atoms either gain or lose electrons, causing them
to become charged
The number of subatomic particles in atoms and ions can be determined given their
atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and charge
Protons
The atomic number of an atom and ion determines which element it is
Therefore, all atoms and ions of the same element have the same number of protons
(atomic number) in the nucleus
Page 4 of 14
E.g. lithium has an atomic number of 3 (three protons) whereas beryllium has atomic YOUR NOTES
number of 4 (4 protons) 
The number of protons equals the atomic (proton) number
The number of protons of an unknown element can be calculated by using its mass number
and number of neutrons:
Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
Number of protons = mass number - number of neutrons
Electrons
An atom is neutral and therefore has the same number of protons and electrons
Ions have a different number of electrons to their atomic number depending on their charge
A positively charged ion has lost electrons and therefore has fewer electrons than
protons
A negatively charged ion has gained electrons and therefore has more electrons than
protons
Neutrons
The mass and atomic numbers can be used to find the number of neutrons in ions and
atoms:
Number of neutrons = mass number (A) - number of protons (Z)
 Worked Example
Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons for the following ions and
atoms:
1. Mg2+ ion
2. Carbon atom
3. An unknown atom of element X with mass number 63 and 34 neutrons
Answer 1:
The atomic number of a magnesium atom is 12
Therefore, the number of protons in a Mg2+ ion is also 12
However, the 2+ charge in Mg2+ ion suggests it has lost two electrons
Therefore, the Mg2+ ion only has 10 electrons left now
The atomic number of a magnesium atom is 12 and its mass number is 24
Number of neutrons = 24 - 12 = 12
The Mg2+ ion has 12 neutrons in its nucleus
Answer 2:
Page 5 of 14
The atomic number of a carbon atom is 6 YOUR NOTES

Therefore, the number of protons in a carbon atom is also 6 
The atom has no overall charge so the number of protons = the number of electrons
Therefore, the carbon atom has 6 electrons
The atomic number of a carbon atom is 6 and its mass number is 12
Number of neutrons = 12 - 6 = 6
The carbon atom has 6 neutrons in its nucleus
Answer 3:
Use the formula to calculate the number of protons
Number of protons = mass number - number of neutrons
Number of protons = 63 - 34
Number of protons = 29
(Element X is therefore copper)
The atom is not charged so the number of protons = the number of electrons
Therefore, the atom of element X has 29 electrons
The number of neutrons is 34 (given in the question)
Isotopes
The symbol for an isotope is the chemical symbol (or word) followed by a dash and then
the mass number
E.g. carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon containing 6 and 8 neutrons
respectively
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons and
electrons but a different number of neutrons
Page 6 of 14
YOUR NOTES

The atomic structure and symbols of the three isotopes of hydrogen

Properties of Isotopes
Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties
Chemical properties
Isotopes of the same element display the same chemical characteristics
This is because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shells
Electrons take part in chemical reactions and therefore determine the chemistry of an
atom
Physical properties
The only difference between isotopes is the number of neutrons
Since these are neutral subatomic particles, they only add mass to the atom
As a result of this, isotopes have different physical properties such as small differences in
their mass, density, melting point and boiling point
Page 7 of 14
1.3.2 Isotopes & Mass Spectra YOUR NOTES


The Mass Spectrometer
The mass spectrometer is an instrument used to determine the relative isotopic mass and
the relative abundance of each isotope
Relative isotopic mass is the mass of an individual isotope relative to the mass of carbon-12
Apart from finding the masses of isotopes, mass spectrometry is a vey useful tool for
detecting illegal drugs, forensic science, space exploration and carbon-14 dating
The components of a mass spectrometer

How the mass spectrometer works
A sample is injected into the spectrometer where it is heated and vaporised
The atoms or molecules are then bombarded by high energy electrons created by an
electron gun
The high energy electrons collide with the sample material and remove electrons creating
positive ions
The ions are then accelerated by attraction towards negatively charged plates
Many ions strike the plate and are discharged, but a few will pass through a gap in the plates
into a curved section of the spectrometer known as the flight tube
The flight tube is encased in electromagnets which create a strong electromagnetic field
that deflects the path of the ions in a curve
The ions pass onto a charged detector plate where every strike is recorded as a small
current which is then amplified
By varying the electric and magnetic fields all the charged particles can be deflected to the
detector which gives information about the mass/charge ratio and abundance of each ion
Page 8 of 14
Isotopes & Mass Spectra YOUR NOTES

Isotopes are different atoms of the same element that contain the same number of 
protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
These are atoms of the same elements but with different mass numbers
Therefore, the mass of an element is given as relative atomic mass (Ar) by using the average
mass of the isotopes
The relative atomic mass of an element can be calculated by using the relative
abundance values
(r elativ e abund anc e is ot op e 1 × m as s is ot op e 1 ) + (r elativ e abund anc e is ot op e 2 × m as s is ot op e 2 ) etc
Ar = 100
The relative abundance of an isotope is either given or can be read off the mass
spectrum
 Worked Example
Calculating the relative atomic mass of oxygen
A sample of oxygen contains the following isotopes:
What is the relative atomic mass, Ar, of oxygen in this sample, to 2dp?
Answer
( 99. 76 × 16) + (0 . 04 × 17) + (0 . 20 × 18)
Ar =
100
Ar = 16.0044
Ar = 16.00
Page 9 of 14
YOUR NOTES
 Worked Example

Calculating the relative atomic mass of boron
Calculate the relative atomic mass of boron using its mass spectrum, to 1dp:
Answer
(19. 9 × 10) + (80. 1 × 11)
Ar = 100
= 10 . 801 = 10 . 8
 Exam Tip
You can be expected to work with tables or graphs of data to calculate relative
atomic mass
You can also be expected to do these calculations backwards to determine the
abundance of one isotope given sufficient information
Mass spectra of molecules

When a compound is analysed in a mass spectrometer, vaporised molecules are
bombarded with a beam of high-speed electrons
These knock off an electron from some of the molecules, creating molecular ions:
The relative abundances of the detected ions form a mass spectrum: a kind of molecular
fingerprint that can be identified by computer using a spectral database
The peak with the highest m/z value is the molecular ion (M+) peak which gives information
about the molecular mass of the compound
This value of m/z is equal to the relative molecular mass of the compound
The M+1 peak
The [M+1] peak is a smaller peak which is due to the natural abundance of the isotope
carbon-13
The height of the [M+1] peak for a particular ion depends on how many carbon atoms are
present in that molecule; The more carbon atoms, the larger the [M+1] peak is
Page 10 of 14
For example, the height of the [M+1] peak for an hexane (containing six carbon atoms) YOUR NOTES
ion will be greater than the height of the [M+1] peak of an ethane (containing two 
carbon atoms) ion
 Worked Example
Determine whether the following mass spectrum belongs to propanal or butanal
Answer:
The mass spectrum corresponds to propanal as the molecular ion peak is at m/z = 58
Propanal arises from the CH3CH2CHO+ ion which has a molecular mass of 58
Butanal arises from the CH3CH2CH2CHO+ ion which has a molecular mass of 72
 Exam Tip
A mass spectrum can give lots of information about fragments of the overall
compound being analysed
Page 11 of 14
Mass Spectra - Predictions YOUR NOTES

You can also predict how a mass spectrum might appear for a given compound, e.g. 
ethanol, CH3CH2OH
The methyl, CH3+, fragment has a mass of 15.0
The ethyl, CH3CH2+, fragment has a mass of 29.0
The base ion, CH2OH+, fragment has a mass of 31.0
The whole molecule has a mass of 46.0
Predicting mass spectra becomes more complex with the inclusion of halogen isotopes
such as chlorine and bromine
Chlorine
Chlorine exists as two isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl
A compound containing one chlorine atom will therefore have two molecular ion peaks due
to the two different isotopes it can contain
35Cl = M+ peak
37Cl = [M+2] peak
The ratio of the peak heights is 3:1 (as the relative abundance of 35Cl is 3x greater than
that of 37Cl)
A diatomic chlorine molecule or a compound containing two chlorine atoms will have three
molecular ion peaks due to the different combinations of chlorine isotopes they can
contain
35Cl + 35Cl = M+ peak
35Cl + 37Cl = [M+2] peak
There is an alternative of 37Cl + 35Cl doubling the [M+2] peak
37Cl + 37Cl = [M+4] peak
The ratio of the peak heights is 9:6:1
This ratio can be deduced by using the probability of each chlorine atom
being 35Cl or 37Cl
35Cl + 35Cl = 3 4 × 3 4 = 9 16
35Cl + 37Cl = 3 4 × 1 4 = 3 16 but this doubles for the 37Cl + 35Cl option,
therefore, 6 16
37Cl + 37Cl = 1 4 × 1 4 = 1 16
The presence of bromine or chlorine atoms in a compound gives rise to a [M+2] and
possibly [M+4] peak
Page 12 of 14
YOUR NOTES

Mass spectrum of compounds containing one chlorine atom (1) and two chlorine atoms (2)
Bromine
Bromine too exists as two isotopes, 79Br and 81Br
A compound containing one bromine atom will have two molecular ion peaks
79Br = M+ peak
81Br = [M+2] peak
The ratio of the peak heights is 1:1 (they are of similar heights as their relative
abundance is the same!)
A diatomic molecule of bromine or a compound containing two bromine atoms will have
three molecular ion peaks
79Br + 79Br= M+ peak
79Br+ 81Br = [M+2] peak
81Br + 81Br= [M+4] peak
The ratio of the peak heights is 1:2:1
Page 13 of 14
YOUR NOTES

Mass spectrum of compounds containing one bromine atom
Page 14 of 14

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1.3 Atomic Structure

1.3.1 Sub-Atomic Particles YOUR NOTES

The basic structure of an atom (not to scale)

Chemical Elements YOUR NOTES

An atom is neutral and has no overall charge

The atomic number of a carbon atom is 6 YOUR NOTES

The atomic structure and symbols of the three isotopes of hydrogen

1.3.2 Isotopes & Mass Spectra YOUR NOTES

The components of a mass spectrometer

Isotopes & Mass Spectra YOUR NOTES

Mass spectra of molecules

Mass Spectra - Predictions YOUR NOTES

Mass spectrum of compounds containing one bromine atom

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